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Stability Studies of an Offshore Wind Farms Cluster Connected with VSC- HVDC Transmission to the NORDEL Grid

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Stability Studies of an Offshore Wind Farms Cluster Connected with VSC- HVDC Transmission to the NORDEL Grid Stability Studies of an Offshore Wind Farms Cluster Connected with VSC- HVDC Transmission to the NORDEL Grid Raphael Boinne Master of Science in Electric Power Engineering Submission date: April 2009 Supervisor: Terje Gjengedal, ELKRAFT Co-supervisor: René Feuillet, INPG Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Electrical Power Engineering Problem Description According to the Kyoto Protocol ratified in 1998 by the European States, Norway should reduce its C02 emission. To reach this goal and to satisfy the rise of consumption, Norway, which has a large potential of wind power electricity, plans to build large wind farms up to 1000 MW in the North Sea. Furthermore, Norway is interconnected with the other Scandinavian countries and recently with the Netherlands and may supply them during peak consumption and thus have an important role on the stability of the Nordic grid. In this approach, STATKRAFT, the main Norwegian supplier of electricity studies the feasibility of large floating offshore wind farms linked with HVDC transmission to the shore. The main work of the thesis is to simulate a large offshore wind farm connected with a VSC-HVDC transmission (Voltage Source Converter). Simulations shall be performed with the SIEMENS software PSS/E. Load flows on the entire NORDEL grid shall be done. The thesis will put emphasis on the stability of the system and the choice of the connection points. The feasibility of the connection of a wind farms cluster shall also be studied and investigated, as well as the mix of HVAC and HVDC connections inside the wind farms cluster. Assignment given: 24. November 2008 Supervisor: Terje Gjengedal, ELKRAFT ii Spring 2009 PREFACE This thesis has been written at the Department of Electrical Power Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in cooperation with Statkraft. This thesis closes not only my Electrical Power Engineering International Master but also my two years spent in Norway as exchange student. In the following, I would like to thank all the people who directly influenced my work and the progress of my master thesis. Very special thanks go to Terje Gjengedal who was not only my supervisor but also the professor in charge of the wind power specialization course at NTNU which I followed last year. I have during this course acquired much new knowledge and I have also got the opportunity to visit wind turbine factories and climb up wind turbines. I would like to thank him for giving me the chance to write a master thesis on wind power and for all the advices and guidance he gave me during my work. I would like to thank people from the SINTEF for their help and advice, especially the Professor Trond Toftevåg for his explanation. I also want to thank Knut Sommerfelt for the time he took to help me with PSS/E. I would like to thank all my Norwegian friends, especially my four housemates: Bjarte, Tarjei, Erik and Oyvind and also my officemate Sverre. Special thank goes also to my Erasmus friends, especially Daniele and Luka with whom I have spent lot of my free time. I would like to thank my French friends stayed in Norway, Maxime and Fabien, who have supported me during my thesis and with whom I have also spent lot of time. Other thanks go to my girlfriend Sarah who let me go study abroad for so long. Finally, I thank my family for supporting me throughout my studies and giving me the chance to study in Norway. Raphael BOINNE Trondheim, the 27th of April 2009 Spring 2009 iii iv Spring 2009 ABSTRACT Offshore wind power has proven to be a renewable energy source with a high potential, especially in the North Sea, where an important development is going on. The location of the wind farms tends to move far from the coast to benefit stronger and more constant wind. In the same time, the power output of the wind farm is increasing to several hundreds of MW up to 1 GW. In the European liberalized electricity market, the interconnection of the countries become very important to facilitate the cross-border trade of electricity but also to improve the reliability of the grid. Combining this both aspects into one, a big offshore HVDC grid connecting countries and large wind farms spread allover the North Sea is currently being studied and developed. So in addition of the challenge given by a high penetration of the wind power production in the European power production scheme, new challenges are opened especially for the offshore transmission. This master thesis presents the integration to grid of a single 1 GW or a cluster of wind farms connected to an oil rig with different connection scheme based on HVDC transmission using the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) technology. The connection of the offshore wind farms is done either with a single HVDC transmission or two HVDC transmissions connected to the main grid at two different Points of Common Connection situated in the south-west of Norway. The wind farms are not represented in detail but by a single generator. They are equipped for the simulation with Double Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) to be representative of the reality, almost half of the wind turbines are today equipped with DFIG technology. Two disturbances are used to test the electrical stability of the system: a classical 150ms three fault phase in agreement with the grid code requirements on the ride fault through requirements and 100ms fault leading to the tripping of a line. The impact of using different types of generator is also investigated with the simulation of cluster wind farm where a wind farm is equipped with Fixed Speed Generator (FIG). The emphasis is put on the response of the VSC-converter and to a lesser extent on the behaviour of the wind turbine generator. It is demonstrated the capacity of the VSC-converter to stabilize a small grid alone and to “isolate” a disturbance. The voltage and the frequency offshore are practically unaffected by a fault onshore and vice versa. As expected, it is demonstrated that the multiplication of the VSC-HVDC converter in a grid improves the stability of the system. Finally, it has been noticed that there maybe some interactions if several different types of generators are used. The replacement of a generator by another type inside the wind farm cluster may change completely the dynamic behaviour after a disturbance. Simulations are performed with PSS/E. Spring 2009 v vi Spring 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1 PRESENTATION ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 STATE OF THE OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN THE NORTH SEA..................................................... 3 1.1.1 History ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Technologies involved........................................................................................................................ 5 1.1.3 Trends & market................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 WIND TURBINE GENERATORS............................................................................................................. 9 1.2.1 Fixed speed wind turbine ................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Limited variable speed wind turbine ............................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Variable speed wind turbine with DFIG ......................................................................................... 10 1.2.4 Variable speed wind turbine with full scale frequency converter................................................... 11 1.3 FUTURE OF THE WIND POWER........................................................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Challenge of a high penetration of wind power .............................................................................. 12 1.3.2 HVDC network in the North Sea, interconnection.......................................................................... 12 1.3.3 Floating offshore wind turbine ........................................................................................................ 15 1.4 SPECIFIC ROLE FOR NORWAY ........................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 High wind resources ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.4.2 Electricity production based on hydropower .................................................................................. 18 1.4.3 Balance wind power with hydro power ........................................................................................... 19 1.4.4 Economic benefit.............................................................................................................................. 20 2 HVDC TECHNOLOGY................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1 HISTORY .................................................................................................................................................
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