A New Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Isfahan Province, Central Iran
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Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2015; 5(Suppl 1): S54-S58 S54 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtd Original article doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60857-X ©2015 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. All rights reserved. A new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan Province, Central Iran Abbas Doroodgar1, Fakhraddin Sadr2, Mohammad Reza Razavi3, Moein Doroodgar4, Mahdi Asmar3, Masoud Doroodgar4* 1Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran 2Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran. 3Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, I.R Iran. 4School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Objective: To determine the epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis including Received 2 Sep 2014 human infection, reservoirs and vectors in the city of Aran o Bidgol. Received in revised form 4 Sep, 2nd Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on Leishmania spp. isolated from rodents, revised form 9 Sep 2014, 3rd revised form 26 Feb 2015 sandflies and patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aran o Bidgol. Parasites were identified Accepted 8 Apr 2015 by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR technique and data were reported by using Available online 2 June 2015 descriptive statistics and frequency percent. Results: Random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR showed that 71.4% of human isolates were Leishmania major (L. major) and the rest were Leishmania tropica. In addition, 17.8% of Keywords: Cutaneous leishmaniasis Rhombomys opimus and 1.9% of female Phlebotomus papatasi were infected with L. major. Random amplified polymorphic Conclusions: The results indicate that L. major parasite is the causative agent of the disease among patients. And Rhombomys opimus and Phlebotomus papatasi are the main reservoir host DNA-PCR Reservoir and vector in the dissemination of L. major in the city. Therefore Aran o Bidgol is introduced Vector as a new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran in order to prevent zoonotic Human cutaneous leishmaniasis, and control of the rodents and sandflies are suggested. Iran 1. Introduction in 14 of the 22 countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Foci of zoonotic and anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) Leishmaniasis is still one of the world’s most neglected diseases, are Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria affecting largely the poorest people, mainly in developing and Yemen[3]. CL is the first most important vector borne disease countries. Three hundred and fifty million people are considered at present in Iran[4]. CL is seen in rural (wet) and urban (dry) at risk of contacting leishmaniasis, and some 2 million new cases forms in Iran. Although, about 20 000 cases of CL in various parts occur yearly (0.5 million of visceral leishmaniasis and l.5 million of Iran are reported annually, probably the true number is four or of cutaneous leishmaniasis)[1]. Leishmaniasis is caused by about five times more. Rural type is common in most rural areas of 15 20 distinct species, subspecies and strains of Leishmania parasites provinces and urban type is endemic in many parts of cities[5]. in approximately 90 countries and is transferred by adult female Isfahan Province is one of the main foci of the disease. Currently, sandflies[2]. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are mainly seen several foci of CL such as Isfahan City, Natanz and Ardestan are identified in the province. Phlebotomus papatasi (P. papatasi) and Rhombomys opimus (R. opimus) are the main vector and reservoir *Corresponding author: Masoud Doroodgar (MD), School of Medicine, Shahid host of rural CL in Iran and Isfahan Province respectively[6-8]. In Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. the past years, the limited cases of CL were seen in Aran o Bidgol Tel: +98 935 759 8099 City. In recent years, due to the population growth, expanding of E-mail: [email protected] the city, construction of settlements and established residential Foundation Project: Supported by Research of Kashan University of Medical areas near the nests of reservoir, rodents have changed the status Sciences, Iran (Grant No. 8118). Abbas Doroodgar et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2015; 5(Suppl 1): S54-S58 S55 of the disease. Reports from the health center of Aran o Bidgol fetal bovine serum[9]. on increasing CL cases led us to perform molecular studies on parasites isolated from patients, rodents and sandflies caught in 2.3. Rodent samples this area to identify the Leishmania species that causes CL in Aran o Bidgol, Central Iran, during 2007-2008. During the activity seasons of rodents in study area in years 2007-2008[10], wild rodents were captured by Sherman live 2. Materials and methods trap baited with cucumber in rural areas (around the infected villages). The traps were placed at the end of each day and This cross-sectional study included 42 patients, 54 rats and 1 531 checked the next morning for captured rodents. The captured sandflies from the study area. animals were anesthetized and identified based on morphological characteristics[11,12]. After washing and disinfecting rat ears, 2.1. Study area internal and external surface partition of ears were scratched and discharged from the blood, and thin layers were spread over Aran o Bidgol City is located in the southwestern margin of the microscopic slides[13]. Slides were studied by microscope after central desert of Iran and restricted from north by Salt Lake of Aran being stained with Giemsa. If Leishman body was observed in o Bidgol, Qom and Semnan provinces, from west by the city of direct samples, the rat ear blood was cultured in the NNN medium. Kashan, from south by Natanz and from east by the city of Ardestan. Aran o Bidgol is one of the cities of Isfahan Province and is situated 2.4. Sandflies samples between 51°29' E and 34°14' N with an elevation of 912 m above the sea level. Aran o Bidgol with an area of 6 051 km2 is located in the By using sticky paper (castor oil-coated white papers 20 cm×× central part of Iran; it lies 235 km by road southwest of the capital 30 cm) every two weeks per month from June to October, aspirator Tehran and 210 km from the province center (Figure 1). The and funnel traps from inside and outside of the locations (wall climate of Aran o Bidgol is desert conditions; the annual rainfall is cracks and rodent nests) sandflies were captured[14]. Sandflies were 100-150 mm, the minimum and maximum temperatures recorded identified through diagnostic key[15]. After sandflies were washed were −5 °C in winter and 48 °C in summer. in 1% detergent and then in sterile distilled water, they were dissected in fresh sterile normal saline under the stereomicroscope. In case there were any move and flagellates bodies were observed, some were cultured into liquid phase of NNN medium and some Aran Bidgol were inoculated in tails of BALB/c mice. If sandfly was infected with Leishmania major (L. major), the mice were also infected with CL after 4-12 weeks when parasites were collected from Isfahan the mice wound and cultured under sterile conditions in the NNN medium. 2.5. Sample culture and DNA extraction from positive smears Rodents, sandflies and humans’ wounds samples were cultured into liquid phase of NNN medium and Schneider’s medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 200 IU/mL penicillin G at 26 °C. Promastigotes were harvested from a 15 mL Figure 1. Geographical location of Aran o Bidgol and its districts, stationary phase of mass culture by centrifugation (4 000 r/min at showing the region of study. 4 °C for 10 min) and washed for 3 times in cold sterile phosphate 2.2. Human samples buffer saline (pH = 7.2). The sediment was resuspended in 500 µL of cell lysis buffer consisting of 50 mmol/L ethylene diamine tetraacetic The study was performed on 42 patients, who were referred to acid, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfonate, 50 mmol/L NaCl and 50 mmol/ the health centers in city of Aran o Bidgol (including urban and L Tris-HCl, pH = 8.0 with 100 µg/mL proteinase K, and incubated rural areas) between 2 to 65 years of age residing in Aran o Bidgol at 55 °C overnight. The lysate was extracted by phenol/chloroform City (57% male and 43% female). Medical ethics were considered followed by ethanol precipitation. The DNA was resuspended in and all patients were satisfied to participate in this work. Fourty- double distilled water and stored at 4 °C. Working solutions were two patients with skin lesions were suspected of CL and 14 isolates adjusted to 10 ng/µL in double distilled water[9]. of Leishmania species were collected. Samples were obtained from the edge of skin lesion of patients by using vaccinostyle and 2.6. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR were fixed with pure methanol. Following the staining of samples procedure by Giemsa, CL was confirmed by observation of the parasite (amastigotes) by light microscopy. They were cultivated in Novy- RAPD-PCR was employed for detection and identification of MacNeal-Nicole (NNN) medium and maintained for 7 days and L. major in rodent, sandfly and humans’ ulcers by the method then subcultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% of explained by Mauricio et al.[16]. Each 20 μL of RAPD reaction, Abbas Doroodgar et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2015; 5(Suppl 1): S54-S58 S56 contained 20 ng genomic DNA, 2 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.2 mmol/ L dNTP (Roche Biotech), 20 pmol of each primer, 1 IU Tag 1 2 M 3 4 5 6 polymerase (Roche Biotech) in the PCR buffer.