DOCSLIB.ORG

The Spatial Analysis of Annual Measles Incidence and Transition Threat Assessment in Iran in 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Original Article http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI) Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019(4 Dec);33.130. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.33.130 The spatial analysis of annual measles incidence and transition threat assessment in Iran in 2016 Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi1, Seyed Mohsen Zahraei2, Azam Sabouri2, Azadeh Asgarian3, Sima Afrashteh4, Hossein Ansari*5 Received: 6 Oct 2018 Published: 4 Dec 2019 Abstract Background: During the past years, due to the increase in immunization coverage and promotion of surveillance data, the incidence of measles decreased. This study aimed to determine the measles incidence risk, to conduct spatial mapping of annual measles incidence, and to assess the transition threat in different districts of Iran. Methods: A historical cohort study with retrospective data was conducted. The measles surveillance data containing 14 294 cases suspected of having measles in Iran were analyzed during 2014-2016. WHO Measles Programmatic Risk Assessment Tool was applied to calculate and map the incidence of measles in each district, to determine the annual incidence rate, and to conduct spatial threat assessment risk. Threat assessment was measured based on factors influencing the exposure and transmission of measles virus in the population. The annual measles incidence rate and spatial mapping of incidence in each Iranian district was conducted by Measles Programmatic Risk Assessment Tool. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics in Excel 2013 and Arc GIS 10.3. Results: Of 14 294 suspected cases, 0.6% (CI 95%: 0.599-0.619) were identified as clinically compatible measles, 0.280 (CI 95%: 0.275-0.284) as confirmed rubella, 0.52% (CI 95%: 0.516-0.533) as epi-linked measles, 4.6% (CI 95%: 0.450-0.464) as lab-confirmed measles, and 94% (CI 95%: 93.93-94.11) were discarded. The annual incidence rate in cases per 100 000 populations increased from 0.0726, (CI 95%; 0.0714-0.0738) in 2014 to 0.1154 (CI 95%; 0.1135-0.1173) in 2016, and the 3-year incidence rate during the study period was 1.032 (CI 95%; 1.017-1.047) and the annual average was 0.3442 (CI 95%; 0.3387-0.3496). Conclusion: The average annual incidence rate of measles in Iran was low, but after a 11-fold increase in the number of measles cases in 2015, the number of measles cases decreased to more than 7-times in 2016. However, maintaning a high immunization coverage of measles and timely vaccination can be effective in reaching the goal of measles elimination. Keywords: Incidence rate, Iran, Measles, Surveillance, Spatial mapping Conflicts of Interest: None declared Funding: None *This work has been published under CC BY-NC-SA 1.0 license. Copyright© Iran University of Medical Sciences Cite this article as: Mohammadbeigi A, Zahraei SM, Sabouri A, Asgarian A, Afrashteh S, Ansari H. The spatial analysis of annual measles incidence and transition threat assessment in Iran in 2016. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019 (4 Dec);33:130. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.33.130 Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO) re- (2). During the past years, the routine immunization cover- ports, the measles cases showed a high speed decreasing age was increased and the surveillance system data were trend in morbidity and mortality in the recent years (1). Iran improved and, consequently, the disease incidence de- is one of the countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region creased (3-7). Thus, the endemic virus transmission have ______________________________ Downloaded from mjiri.iums.ac.ir at 19:21 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 [ DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.33.130 ] Corresponding author: Dr Hossein Ansari, [email protected] ↑What is “already known” in this topic: 1. Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical During the past years, the routine immunization coverage of Sciences, Qom, Iran measles was increased and the surveillance quality was 2. Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical improved. Consequently, the incidence of measles decreased Education, Tehran, Iran and the endemic virus transmission was interrupted in Iran. 3. Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 4. Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran →What this article adds: 5. Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The annual incidence rate of measles in Iran was low; the Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran average annual incidence rate was 3.442 per 1 million people. The annaul incidence rate in 2014 was 0.726 per 1 million, which suddenly increased to more than 11-fold in 2015. However, the annual incidence rate decreased to 1.154 per 1 million in 2016 by supplimentary immunization activities. Annual measles incidence in Iran already been interrupted in Iran (2). disease and the vaccination status of suspected cases were In the early 1980s, regular outbreaks of measles occurred assessed. Four measles classification in surveillance data in Iran and 30 000 to 50 000 cases of measles were reported were used in data analysis. The clinical case of measles is annually (2). After starting the expanded immunization defined as a person with fever and maculopapular rash that program in Iran, the number of measles cases decreased and have cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis and have the measles- by the nationwide campaign of measles-rubella in 2003, the specific IgM antibodies. However, the laboratory classifi- measles cases decreased to zero (2-4). During the 5 years cation outline should be applied in countries with low inci- after the catch-up campaign during 2004–2008, the inci- dence or elimination phase. The laboratory classification dence of measles was 0.2 cases per 1 000 000 persons and scheme to define each case classification, including labor- 103 laboratory-confirmed measles cases were registered atory-confirmed, epidemiologically confirmed, clinically (8). According to our recent study, the overall immuniza- confirmed, and discarded, was based on WHO protocol of tion coverage for all routine vaccines in Iran was 96.8% (5). measles surveillance (15). During 2014-2016, the number Moreover, the coverage of MMR1 and MMR2 vaccine in of lab-confirmed measles cases was 653, epi-linked mea- the outskirt area of large Iranian cities was estimated as sles 75, and clinically compatible measles 87, respectively. 97.1% and 94.9%, respectively (5, 9). However, the high- Therefore, the total number of measles cases during 2014 est delay in vaccination occurred in MMR2 with 74.9% (9). to 2016 was 815. However, from 2000, effective efforts to eradicate measles Threat assessment of measles is evaluated based on fac- have slowed, as the disease and mortality rates decreased in tors that may influence the risk of exposure and transmis- the world (2, 7). Nevertheless, based on our recent analysis, sion of measles virus among people. The threat assessment there was not any inequity in immunization coverage indicators are based on 4 indexes: (1) reported measles among Iranian children according to demographic charac- cases among specific age groups, (2) recent measles cases teristics; however, the prevalence of immunization delay reported in a bordering district, (3) population density, and was higher in migrant population (10). Moreover, inade- (4) presence of vulnerable population groups (VPGs). The quacy in MMR immunization is related to place of living, presence of VPG was assessed by local knowledge of the mother’s education, and immigration, which can be associ- EPI manager at the national or district level. These groups ated with occurrence of measles (11). This study aimed to are defined by WHO and based on the guideline of measles determine measles incidence risk, to conduct spatial map- programmatic risk assessment tool (14). Moreover, these ping of annual measles incidence, and to assess the transi- definitions for VPG were used in other studies (1, 16, 17). tion threat in different districts of Iran. VPGs included 8 different factors in people that increased the risk of measles outbreaks, which have been mentioned Methods in our recent study (7). The measles surveillance data of Iran during 2014-2016 This study was approved by the ethical committee of were analyzed in a historical cohort study with retrospec- Qom University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUQ.REC. tive data. The measles surveillance system in Iran, as a ro- 197.029 code). The authors reported the overall results of bust communicable diseases surveillance system, is respon- the study, and thus it was impossible to identify the pa- sible for collecting and reporting surveillance data (12) and, tients. based on WHO standard recommendations, should detect and report all measles cases (2). Moreover, measles surveil- Data analysis lance data, the mapping of all districts of Iran in the Geo- The WHO measles programmatic risk assessment tool graphic Information System (GIS) shape file, population was used for data analysis. This tool was developed to esti- size in 2016 census for each district, and the EPI manager mate the risk point score of measles outbreak in each region assessment at the national or district level were used in data based on surveillance data, population size, and vaccination analysis. Based on the population size in 2016 census in coverage, surveillance quality indicators of measles, and Iran and the area of each district, population density was presence of VPGs. Moreover, the shape files of all Iranian estimated and the annual incidence rate for measles was districts were used to map the spatial incidence of measles. calculated. Finally, according to the incidence rate in 2016, Furthermore, the annual measles incidence rate and spatial Downloaded from mjiri.iums.ac.ir at 19:21 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 [ DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.33.130 ] the spatial mapping of measles incidence was depicted for mapping of incidence in each Iranian district was con- each district.
Recommended publications
  • Controversy Over Coseismic Surface Faulting in the Zagros Orogenic Belt of Iran: Evidence from Geological Field

    Controversy Over Coseismic Surface Faulting in the Zagros Orogenic Belt of Iran: Evidence from Geological Field

    World Journal of Environmental Biosciences All Rights Reserved WJES © 2014 Available Online at: www.environmentaljournals.org Volume 6, Supplementary: 63-70 ISSN 2277- 8047 Controversy Over Coseismic Surface Faulting in The Zagros Orogenic Belt of Iran: Evidence from Geological Field Alireza Sepasdar1, Ahmad Zamani2*, Kouros Yazdjerdi2, Mohsen Poorkermani3, M. Ghorashi4 1Department of geology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran 2-Department of geology, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad university, Shiraz, Iran. 3-Department of geology, North Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 4Geological survey of Iran, Po13185-1494, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT In this research, it was attempted to examine the impact of tectonic activities on Surmehmountain to create the rupture. Surmeh anticline is the most important geological feature of the southwest Zagros orogeny belt in Fars province, Iran. The structure of the rock of Paleozoic- Mesozoic age is complex. Several levels of deformation are probably recognized in the Alpian orogeny. The Alpian Orogeny produced folds, low angle thrust, numerous normal faults, a moderate graben and widespread fracture zones. The trend of most faults, folds and fracture zones is from northwest to southeast. In this county, the main fault is Surmeh thrust. Due to these effects, Dalan formation contains some clay minerals, Marl perch on Dalan formation and beneath it, perch Foraghan formation and Hurmoz series. At the following tectonic phase, the region creates an appropriate condition for salt diapirism, therefore, in the north county, two salt domes can be seen which are called Jahani dome. Although, the Earth scientists believe that in the southwest of Zagros organic belt, the surficial rupture cannot be seen.
  • Accepted Manuscript

    Accepted Manuscript

    Accepted Manuscript Analysis of the 2012 Ahar-Varzeghan (Iran) seismic sequence: Insights from statistical and stress transfer modeling Pouye Yazdi, Miguel Angel Santoyo, Jorge M. Gaspar-Escribano PII: S0921-8181(17)30368-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.12.007 Reference: GLOBAL 2691 To appear in: Global and Planetary Change Received date: 16 July 2017 Revised date: 17 October 2017 Accepted date: 6 December 2017 Please cite this article as: Pouye Yazdi, Miguel Angel Santoyo, Jorge M. Gaspar-Escribano , Analysis of the 2012 Ahar-Varzeghan (Iran) seismic sequence: Insights from statistical and stress transfer modeling. The address for the corresponding author was captured as affiliation for all authors. Please check if appropriate. Global(2017), https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.12.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Analysis of the 2012 Ahar-Varzeghan (Iran) Seismic Sequence: Insights from Statistical and Stress Transfer Modeling Pouye Yazdi (1); Miguel Angel Santoyo (2); Jorge M. Gaspar-Escribano (3) (1) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), ETSI Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía, C/Mercator 2, Campus Sur 28031 Madrid, Spain [email protected] (2) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Institute of Geophysics in Campus Morelia 58190 Morelia, México [email protected] (3) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), ETSI Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía, C/Mercator 2, Campus Sur 28031 Madrid, Spain [email protected] Abstract The 2012 Ahar-Varzeghan (Northwestern Iran) earthquake doublet and its following seismic sequence are analyzed in this paper.
  • Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960S and 1970S

    Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960S and 1970S

    Podoces, 2008, 3(1/2): 1–30 Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960s and 1970s DEREK A. SCOTT Castletownbere Post Office, Castletownbere, Co. Cork, Ireland. Email: [email protected] Received 26 July 2008; accepted 14 September 2008 Abstract: The 12-year period from 1967 to 1978 was a period of intense ornithological activity in Iran. The Ornithology Unit in the Department of the Environment carried out numerous surveys throughout the country; several important international ornithological expeditions visited Iran and subsequently published their findings, and a number of resident and visiting bird-watchers kept detailed records of their observations and submitted these to the Ornithology Unit. These activities added greatly to our knowledge of the status and distribution of birds in Iran, and produced many records of birds which had rarely if ever been recorded in Iran before. This paper gives details of all records known to the author of 92 species that were recorded as rarities in Iran during the 12-year period under review. These include 18 species that had not previously been recorded in Iran, a further 67 species that were recorded on fewer than 13 occasions, and seven slightly commoner species for which there were very few records prior to 1967. All records of four distinctive subspecies are also included. The 29 species that were known from Iran prior to 1967 but not recorded during the period under review are listed in an Appendix. Keywords: Rare birds, rarities, 1970s, status, distribution, Iran. INTRODUCTION Eftekhar, E. Kahrom and J. Mansoori, several of whom quickly became keen ornithologists.
  • Is Shavuot 1 Or 2 Days Long?

    Is Shavuot 1 Or 2 Days Long?

    Weekly Since 1924 $40 PER YEAR WITHIN MONROE COUNTY, $42 OUTSIDE COUNTY/SEASONAL 70¢ PER ISSUE n VOL. XCVII, NO. 50 n ROCHESTER, N.Y. n SIVAN 5, 5780 n MAY, 28, 2020 Is Shavuot 1 or The Millennial Rabbis Behind 2 Days Long? @Modern_Ritual Use Instagram To Make Judaism Accessible BY RACHEL SHERMAN Clapping hands emojis, mil- lennial pink table runners, and glittered Shabbat candles fill a colorful grid on Modern Ritual, the Jewish educational Insta- gram page run by rabbis Rena Singer and Samantha Frank. Rena and Samantha, “Sam,” are challenging stereotypes If you live in the land of Is- the Reform movement, which and calming anxieties around rael, Shavuot is a one-day hol- keeps only one). That’s not just coronavirus along the way. iday. Everywhere else it’s cele- Shavuot, either. When the two rabbinical school brated for two days (except by (Shavuot — Page 12) friends started the account in 2017, they had no idea that they were inadvertently preparing Researchers Find for prayer during a pandemic. (@Modern_Ritual/Instagram) After three years of develop- ing a virtual presence, the duo now well-equipped to meet the school at the Hebrew Union Existing Drug Effective — who named their platform new need for virtual spiritual College Jewish Institute of Re- “Modern Ritual” for accessi- support. ligion in New York City when Against Coronavirus ble traditions of Judaism — is The two were in graduate (Accessible — Page 7) US to End Waivers Allowing Foreign Firms to Work at Iranian Nuclear Sites BY JACKSON RICHMAN (JNS) — The Trump adminis- tration announced that it would end waivers that have allowed Russian, Chinese and Europe- an companies to continuously operate at Iranian nuclear facil- ities, ending the last vestiges of sanctions relief under the 2015 Iran nuclear deal.
  • (Mercet, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in the Middle East

    (Mercet, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in the Middle East

    J. Crop Prot. 2016, 5 (2): 307-311______________________________________________________ doi: 10.18869/modares.jcp.5.2.307 Short Paper First record of Hemiptarsenus autonomus (Mercet, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in the Middle East Amir-Reza Piruznia1, Hossein Lotfalizadeh2* and Mohammad-Reza Zargaran3 1. Department of Plant Protection, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran. 2. Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran. 3. Department of Forestry, Natural Resource Faculty, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran. Abstract: Hemiptarsenus autonomus (Mercet, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Eulophinae) was found for the first time outside of Europe. Studied specimen was collected by a Malaise trap in the north west of Iran, East-Azarbaijan province, Khajeh (46°38'E & 38°09'N). Current record of Hemiptarsenus species of Iran adds up to seven species. These species and their geographical distribution in Iran are listed. Keywords: Chalcidoidea, new distribution, record, Iran, fauna Introduction12 Materials and Methods Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Iran Samplings were made in using the Malaise trap has been listed by Hesami et al. (2010) and Talebi in East-Azarbaijan province, Khajeh, Iran during et al. (2011). They listed 122 eulophid species summer of 2015. All the materials were from different parts of Iran including three species subsequently transferred to the laboratory at of the genus Hemiptarsenus Westwood, 1833 Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan (Hesami et al., 2010; Talebi et al., 2011). Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Recently Lotfalizadeh et al. (2015) reported Resources, Tabriz. External morphology was Hemiptarsenus waterhousii Westwood, 1833 as a illustrated using an Olympus™ SZH, equipped parasitoid of alfalfa leaf miners in the northwest with a Canon™ A720 digital camera.
  • Iran Eco Adventure Tours

    Iran Eco Adventure Tours

    Iran Eco Adventure TOURS “My mother was one of the first professional female rock climbers in Iran and she was the memberof first Iranian student team to climb Mount Everest.She introduced my uncle to mountaineering then my uncle in turn converted other members of the family.” SahandAghdaie recalls as he explains the backstory of Iran Eco Adventure. For Sahand, the founder and CEO of Iran Eco Adventure Tours Co., mountaineering and nature are like family heirlooms. Thus, he joined his uncle in 2006 to bring into being one of the pioneer Iranian companies in Eco adventures. Iran Eco Adventure is the brand name of incoming tours and a division of Spilet Eco Adventures Co. It’s an Iran based company and for over 10 years we’ve been made memories and trips for people who love outdoor activities and hiking, have a passion for travel and a bucket list of exciting adventures. Iran Eco Adventure Our travel experience runs deep, from years mountaineering and traveling in nature of Iran to research trips and just bouncing around every corner of the country. This deep experience is the reason behind our pioneering approach to winning itineraries. Whether you’ve taken many trips, or you’re tying up for the first time, we design and offer everything in the tour program according to your needs. Our tours offer variety of adventure activities ranging from hiking, trekking and biking to alpine skiing and desert safari. Giving you the joy of adventure in numerous locations of our beautiful country under our proficiency steam is what our company mission is all about and we pride ourselves on our knowledge of destinations and our dedication to nature.
  • Engineering and Structural Geology Evaluation of Khansar-Boien Miyandasht Tunnel

    Engineering and Structural Geology Evaluation of Khansar-Boien Miyandasht Tunnel

    Engineering and Structural Geology Evaluation of Khansar-Boien Miyandasht Tunnel Ghazaleh Edrisi M.Sc. Structural Geology and Tectonics The University of Damghan, Semnan, Iran e-mail: [email protected] Rassoul Ajalloeian Associate Professor The University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Lack of geological and tectonical knowledge in a region causes hazard in project implementation. There are many examples related to this issue in Iran and the world. Main purpose of this research is to analyze the fractures because of their importance and effect on the implementation of engineering and civil engineering projects such as Khansar-Boien Miyandasht tunnel. For this purpose, the process and density of the fractures and their spatial-geometric position were investigated. Therefore, joints and faults in the Khansar syncline area and the site of Khansar–Boien Miyandasht tunnel were collected, then processed by interpreted in the software such as Stereo32 and Georient. According to the result, a group of joints can be related to pre-tectonics, another one can be related to syn-tectonics(folding and faulting) and some fractures are related to the post-tectonics. Geomechanically, syn-tectonic fractures are extensive in depth and these issues are very important, so it should be considered in implementing the project of Khansar tunnel. Results of the geological engineering study such as, uniaxial strength test, point loading, Schmidt hammer, and ultra-sonic Test were showed high-resistance massive orbitolina limestone , and alternation of shale , limestone , medium- resistance limestone and black slates include low resistance that lead to apply the supports with higher safety factor.
  • Assessing the Impact of Competitiveness on Urban Network Transformation Using Social Network Analysis (Case: Isfahan City-Region)

    Assessing the Impact of Competitiveness on Urban Network Transformation Using Social Network Analysis (Case: Isfahan City-Region)

    To cite this document: Mohammadi, M., Shahivandi, A., Moradi Chadgani, D., & Rastghalam, N. (2019). Assessing the Impact of Competitiveness on Urban Network Transformation Using Social Network Analysis (Case: Isfahan City-Region). Urban Economics and Management, 7(1(25)), 1-22. www.iueam.ir Indexed in: ISC, EconLit, Econbiz, SID, EZB, GateWay-Bayern, RICeST, Magiran, Civilica, Google Scholar, Noormags, Ensani ISSN: 2345-2870 Assessing the Impact of Competitiveness on Urban Network Transformation Using Social Network Analysis (Case: Isfahan City-Region) Mahmood Mohammadi Associate professor, Department of Urban Development, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ahmad Shahivandi Assistant professor, Department of Urban Development, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Dariush Moradi Chadgani Assistant professor, Department of Urban Development, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Niloofar Rastghalam* Master of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Received: 2018/04/19 Accepted: 2018/09/11 Abstract: The urban network is a collection of large and small cities, each of which, in terms of size and performance, affects the evolutionary process of the area. This study uses the two concepts of competitiveness and urban network to investigate the effective factors in the occurrence and intensification of inequalities in the urban network of Esfahan. In this regard, the changes and transformations of Esfahan urban network during three periods of 1375, 1385 and 1395 with regard to competitiveness indices and considering the distance Downloaded from iueam.ir at 23:18 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 between cities (based on flow analysis method) and creation of competitiveness matrix, using urban network mapping In the social network analysis (Gephi) software is measured.
  • Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Intrusive Pluton in North of Golpayegan (Central Part of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone)

    Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Intrusive Pluton in North of Golpayegan (Central Part of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone)

    Open Journal of Geology, 2014, 4, 481-494 Published Online September 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2014.49035 Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Intrusive Pluton in North of Golpayegan (Central Part of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone) Marzieh Shahpari1*, Afshin Ashja Ardalan1, Mohammad Hashem Emami2, Mohammad Ali Arian1, Abdollah Yazdi3 1Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Geology, Eslamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eslamshahr, Iran 3Department of Geology, Kahnooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran Email: *[email protected] Received 19 July 2014; revised 15 August 2014; accepted 11 September 2014 Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Granitoid pluton in the north of Golpayegan is located in 10 km north of Golpayegan at Sanandaj- Sirjan zone. Dominant rocks of this region include granite, syenite, and gabbro. Granite type is granular with medium to coarse crystals and its mineralogical composition contains alkali feld- spar + quartz + plagioclase + biotite + secondary minerals (opaque + sphene + apatite). Granite rocks have calc-alkaline and metaluminous to peraluminous nature, relative enrichment of Rb over Sr, and relative enrichment of LILE over HFSE elements. These granites, which are type I, are derived from the melting of metagreywackes and their tectonic setting is of upper continental crust and post-orogenic setting. Gabbroic type is older than other types of the pluton and is gra- nular with medium to fine crystal.
  • Introduction 7 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Introduction 7 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Peyvand Biglari1, Sadegh Chinikar2, Hamid Belqeiszadeh1, Masoud Ghaffari3 ,Siavash Javaherizadeh4, Sahar Khakifirouz5, Tahmineh Jalali5, Ahmad Ali Hanafi bojd7 ,Faezeh Faghihi6 , Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy7,* 1Faculty of Modern Medical Science, Biology Biosystematic department, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch. 2The head of Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran. 3Chairman veterinary office of Golpayegan, Isfahan province , Tehran University of Veterinary, Iran. 4Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Clinical Laboratory Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch. 5Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran. 6Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Introduction 7 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ticks Species Frequency of Hyalomma Genus Background: Ticks are one of the main *Corresponding Author: Zakkyeh telmadarraiy; e.mail: [email protected]. vectors which transmit different pathogens Results to human and animals. Ticks play important 50.00% 55.69% In this study, total number of 237 ticks was collected. Approximately, 10.75% roles in disease transmission. They are 40.00% of the domestic animals were infected by ticks. All ticks were belonged to Hyalomma anatolicum vector of many diseases; including 30.00% Hyalomma sp family Ixodidae and classified into 3 genera and 5 species. Totally, 74.26% of 15.35% Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), 18.18% Hyalomma asiaticum ticks were belonged to Hyalomma genus; while 22.79% of ticks were 20.00% 7.38% Hyalomma marginatum Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Ricketsiosis, Haemaphysalis sulcata and 2.95% of them were Rhipicephaluss sanguineus.
  • A New Perspective on the Status of the Intestinal Parasitic Infections in the Rural Areas of Fars Province South of Iran

    A New Perspective on the Status of the Intestinal Parasitic Infections in the Rural Areas of Fars Province South of Iran

    Archive of SID Iran J Public Health, Vol. 48, No.8, Aug 2019, pp.1518-1522 Short Communication A New Perspective on the Status of the Intestinal Parasitic Infections in the Rural Areas of Fars Province South of Iran Mojtaba NOWROZI 1, Gholam Reza MOWLAVI 2, Mostafa ALISHAVANDI 1, *Gholamreza HATAM 3 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] (Received 24 Mar 2018; accepted 19 May 2018) Abstract Background: Parasitoses are among the most important problems of most countries especially developing countries. We aimed to detect the situation of intestinal parasitic infections in the Farashband district in Fars Province South of Iran and identify influential factors in the escalation of parasitic diseases and to reduce them. Methods: Overall, 1009 participants from the age of 6 months to 90 years were selected from 3 cities and 15 villages of Farashband district, Fars Province South of Iran from 2015 to 2016. Parasitological methods such as the direct assay method, formalin-ether concentration method, and zinc sulfate flotation were used for diagnosis of worm eggs, cysts, and protozoa trophozoite. Susceptible and protozoan positive samples were stained using the Trichrome stain- ing method. The modified acid-fast staining procedure was conducted for diarrheal samples and the results were used for diagnosis of coccidia.
  • UNIVERSITY of KWAZULU-NATAL the Provision of Efficient Transport

    UNIVERSITY of KWAZULU-NATAL the Provision of Efficient Transport

    UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL The Provision of Efficient Transport Services in the Iranian Maritime and Land Transport Interface By Farhad Razkhaneh 206525761 A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics School of Accounting, Economics and Finance College of Law & Management Studies Supervisor: Professor Trevor Jones 2014 ii Acknowledgements I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who helped me through the process and preparation of this Doctoral Thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Professor Trevor Jones, who meticulously read through the drafts and provided me with valuable editorial suggestions and guided me with technical comments, criticisms, guidance and support through the various stages of the writing and completion of this thesis. His efforts, knowledge and experience in international trade and transportation, ports and maritime, and merchant shipping transport related issues, have contributed towards the success of this thesis. The research and writing of this thesis, whilst at times difficult and challenging, has contributed towards my academic knowledge development, with which I hope to humbly contribute, through further writing, teaching and research, back to society. Special thanks to Professor Geoff Harris for reading earlier chapters of this thesis and providing the valuable suggestions and guidance to me. I extend my thanks to friends in the School of Accounting, Economics and Finance at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Professor Dev Tewari and Post Doc Mr. O.B. Saiedo for their help. In addition, I am grateful for support and interest shown by colleagues in the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping lines and individuals in the freight industry, in particular Mr.