DOCSLIB.ORG

Physical, Water and Redox Properties of Vertisols of the Sępopol Plain in North-Eastern Poland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Physical, Water and Redox Properties of Vertisols of the Sępopol Plain in North-Eastern Poland SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL 2020, 71(3), 185–193 https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/124450 Physical, water and redox properties of vertisols of the Sępopol Plain in north-eastern Poland Mirosław Orzechowski1*, Sławomir Smólczyński1, Barbara Kalisz1 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Plac Łódzki 3, 10–722 Olsztyn, Poland * Dr hab. inż. M. Orzechowski, [email protected], ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0041-8525 Abstract Received: 03.03.2020 Vertisols occurring in the Sępopol Plain in north-eastern Poland are characterized by high natural Accepted: 23.06.2020 fertility. They belong to the group of soils with high clay content, which show the ability of periodic Associated editor: C. Kabała shrinking and swelling of clay minerals. As a result of variable moisture conditions, deep cracks and sliding surfaces are formed on the surface of the soil aggregates. The purpose of this research was to determine the chemical, physical, air-water and redox properties of vertisols developed Keywords from glaciolimnic sediments of the Weichselian glaciation, and having textures of clay (C), loam (L) and heavy clay (HC). The studied soils had high fi eld water capacity (pF 2.0) and high content Vertisols of water unavailable to plants (pF 4.2), as well as low volume of air pores. A signifi cant positive Glaciolimnic sediments correlation was found between the amount of clay and the volume of water unavailable to plants Physical properties (pF 4.2), and a negative correlation between the amount of clay and content of water available to Water retention plants (AWC), including water readily available to plants (RAWC). The distribution of soil pores Redox potential was unfavourable, and the ratio of macropores to mesopores to micropores in humic horizons was 1:2.7–5.1:1.5–5.4. The studied vertisols had low values of redox potential (Eh) and oxygen diffusion rate (ODR). The values of the Eh were above 300 mV, a threshold value for oxidised and reduced soil, only in surface horizons. 1. Introduction and Kabała, 2014; Kabala et al., 2015; Dudek et al., 2019), near Ciechanów (Olszewski, 1956) and in the northern part of the Vertisols were separated as a new taxonomic unit in the country above 54° N – in the Sępopol Plain (Uggla and Witek, fifth (Polish Soil Classification 2011) and the sixth (Kabała et 1956; Długosz et al., 2009; Orzechowski et al., 2018) and around al., 2019) edition of Polish Soil Systematics (SGP6). In the SGP6 Gniew in the Starogard Lakeland (Prusinkiewicz, 2001; Mocek they were classified into the type of vertisols in the order of et al., 2009). swelling soils. These soils contain ≥ 30% of clay fraction and The origin of vertisols in Sępopol Plain is associated with have a wertik horizon of thickness of ≥ 25 cm. Vertisols have the deglaciation of ice-dammed lakes of Pomeranian phase of fusiform or lenticular structural aggregates and/or sliding Weichselian glaciation and accumulation of glaciolimnic de- surfaces (slickensides) in ≥ 10% of the soil volume. Vertisols posits (Körnke, 1930; Roszko, 1968). These deposits were par- are soils which origin is closely related to the lithology and ent materials for black earths and vertisols of specific chemi- mineralogical composition of the parent material. As a result cal, physical and hydraulic properties (Uggla and Witek, 1958; of swelling and shrinking of soil rich in clay minerals, deep Orzechowski et al., 2018). The mentioned soils are compacted cracks are formed (Kovda and Wilding, 2004; Łabaz and with low infiltration coefficient, frequently under gleyic condi- Kabała, 2014; IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015; Kabała et al., tions, which suggest reducing conditions in soils. In the past, 2019, Miller et al., 2010). Due to their high natural fertility, due to the „heavy“ granulometric composition, these soils were vertisols are an important soil group widespread in countries used as permanent grasslands. The use of these soils for grazing such as Australia, China, India, (Wilding, 2004) USA (Miller et with average annual precipitation in the range of 580–600 mm al., 2010), Senegal, Romania, Turkey, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and average annual air temperature of 7.2°C was beneficial and southern Spain (Ahmad, 1996; Favre et al., 1997; DeCarlo for the development of grass vegetation and accumulation of and Caylor, 2019). On the Earth’s surface, the majority of ver- soil humus (Uggla and Witek, 1958; Suchecki, 2010). Currently, tisols occur in the equatorial and subtropical zone. In Poland, vertisols are cultivated and winter wheat, winter oilseed rape, vertisols occur in the southwestern part, near Wrocław (Łabaz sugar beet and maize are grown on these soils. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee Soil Science Society of Poland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY NC ND 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 185 Orzechowski et al. SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL The purpose of this research was to determine the chemi- ric method. The content of organic carbon (TOC) and total nitro- cal, physical, air-water and redox properties of vertisols devel- gen (TN) was analysed using a CN Vario Max Cube Elementar oped from fine-grained glaciolimnic sediments in young glacial analyser, the content of exchangeable base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, landscape of north-eastern Poland. K+, Na+) was determined in the extract of ammonium acetate (1 mol dm–3) at the pH of 7.0. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ were deter- mined using iCAP 7400 ICP-OES Termo Scientific spectrometer. 2. Materials and methods Hydrolytic acidity (HA) was determined by the method of Kap- –3 pen after extraction in 1 mol dm CH3COONH4 (Van Reeuwijk, The research was carried out in the Sępopol Plain and 2002). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was calculated as the northern parts of the Masurian Lakeland – the areas of ice- sum of total exchange bases (TEB) and HA. dammed lakes origin of the Weichselian glaciation (Vistula) of Particle density (Sd) was determined by pycnometric method the Pomeranian phase (Fig. 1). At five sites of ice-dammed lakes and soil bulk density (Bd) in undisturbed 100 cm3 soil samples tak- origin, with different size, relief, hypsometry and soil cover, five en at four replications, steel cylinders. Total porosity (Tp) was cal- soil profiles were studied: near Reszel – Black vertisols (SGP6) – culated according to the equation: Tp = (Sd – Bd) × Sd –1 × 100 (%). Pellic Vertisol (Aric, Mollic, Hypereutric, Grumic, Endostagnic) Soil water retention properties were determined using low- – WRB 2015, (054°02′53.90 N 021°05′31.93 E, located at 94.5 m pressure (in pF range 0–2.7) and high-pressure (in pF range 3.0– a.s.l.) and Typical vertisols – Haplic Vertisol (Aric, Grumic, Hy- 4.2) chambers. Water capacities (Wv/v) were examined at water pereutric), (054°02′20.71 N 021°20′03.16 E, 88.0 m a.s.l.), near potential of 98.1 hPa (pF 2.0), 981.0 hPa (pF 3.0) and 15 547.9 Kętrzyn – Gleyic vertisols – Haplic Vertisol (Mollic, Hypereu- hPa (pF 4.2). The volume of the following soil pores and water tric, Gleyic) (054°02′28.80 N 021°20′34.32 E, 94.5 m a.s.l.), near capacities were calculated: macropores (total porosity-Wv/v at Sępopol – Typical vertisols – Haplic Vertisol (Aric, Hypereutric, pF 2.0), micropores (Wv/v at pF 4.2), mesopores (Wv/v at pF 2.0 – Mazic), (054°18′03.89 N 021°05′43.58 E, 41.5 m a.s.l.), and near Wv/v at pF 4.2). Mesopores are related to potential useful water Lidzbark Warmiński – Typical vertisols – Haplic Vertisol (Aric, retention because they contain water available to plants (AWC Hypereutric, Grumic), (054°09′54.19 N 020°32′31.73 E, 90.0 m – available water capacity). Among AWC, readily available wa- a.s.l.). Black and typical vertisols were under crop cultivation ter capacity – RAWC (Wv/v at pF 2.0 – Wv/v at pF 3.0), and small while gleyic vertisols were under permanent grasslands. The pores available water capacity – SAWC (Wv/v at pF 3.0 – Wv/v at studied vertisols do not occur in large soil complexes, but in pF 4.2) were calculated (Zawadzki, 1973, Walczak et al., 2002). various geomorphological structures forming a mosaic with Redox potential (Eh) and oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) were de- other soil types (black earths, lessive soils and brown soils). termined with a REDOX apparatus for measuring potential and In collected soil samples, using standard methods for min- diffusion rate in soil Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of eral soil studies, the following soil properties were determined: Sciences in Lublin (Stępniewska 1988) and reduction rate assess- soil texture by Bouyoucos-Cassagrande method modified by ment index (rH) was calculated according to the formula: –3 –1 Prószynski, pH in H2O and in 1 mol dm KCl by the potentiomet- rH = (Eh × 29 ) + 2 × pH Fig. 1. Location of studied soil sites 186 SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL Physical, water and redox properties of vertisols Coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) was calculated at which in humic horizons ranged from 16.0 g kg–1 to 58.0 g kg–1. the soil sample moisture content corresponding to a pressure The TN content was between 1.81 g kg–1 and 3.87 g kg–1. Gleyic of 33 kPa. vertisols, which were under permanent grasslands, had the highest contents of TOC and TN. The C/N ratio ranged from 7.3 to 15.0. Vertisols also had high CEC, above 23.81 cmol (+) kg–1, 3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Distribution of Nematodes in Vertisol Aggregates Under a Permanent Pasture in Martinique
    Applied Soil Ecology ELSEVIER Applied Soil Ecology 4 (1996) 193-200 Distribution of nematodes in vertisol aggregates under a permanent pasture in Martinique Patrick Quénéhervé, Jean-Luc Chotte * Laboratoire de Nhnatologie et Laboratoire de Matière Organique des Sols Tropicaux, Centre ORSTOM, B.P. 8006,97259 Fort de France Cedex, Martinique Accepted 13 May 1996 Abstract This study reports on the distribution of nematodes in different soil habitats under a permanent pasture of digitgrass (Digitaria decuinbens Stent. cv. 'Pangola') in Martinique. The objectives were (i) to evaluate a gentle fractionation method compatible with further soil nematode extraction and (ii) to assess the respective soil microhabitats of plant-feeding nematodes and free-living nematodes. This study indicated that gentle soil fractionation can effectively separate soil habitats and allow the recovery of associated nematodes. Plant-feeding nematodes were equally distributed between inter-aggregate pores, habitats constituted of aggregated fine silt + clay particles and roots + rhizosphere. Most of free-living nematodes (53%) resided in inter-aggre- gate pores. Irrespective of the food resource, densities of nematodes (number per gram of habitat) were similar in habitats coarser than 1000 pm (A5000, A2000, and A1000). Habitats with the finest soil (A200) were not favourable sites because of the rarity of roots (for plant-feeding nematodes) and physical constraints. Keywords: Nematode; Pasture; Soil aggregates; Soil fractionation; Soil habitats; Soil porosity; Vertisol 1. Introduction indicated that carbon concentration controls the dis- tribution of soil microorganisms. Griffin (1981) Soils consist of an assemblage of solid particles demonstrated the importance of water suction in and air-filled or water-filled pores of different sizes microbial metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Management of Vertisols for Crop Production in Ethiopia: a Review
    Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.6, No.24, 2016 Integrated Management of Vertisols for Crop Production in Ethiopia: A Review Tadesse Debele 1 Haile Deressa 2 1.Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P.O.Box – 19, Ambo, Ethiopia 2.Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, P.O.Box 100009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Abstract In Ethiopia, Vertisols account for 12.6 million hectares, of which about 7.6 million ha found in the highlands and are generally waterlogged due to abundant rainfall during the growing period. These soils are generally hard when dry and sticky when wet, a very low infiltration rate when the surface is sealed, very low saturated hydraulic conductivity and compaction as a result of swelling, and therefore presents serious limitations to their use. Crop production on these soils is limited because of impeded drainage, difficulty of land preparation, soil erosion and low fertility. Long-term adaptations to climate changes on Vertisols management require structural changes to overcome the harsh conditions. Vertisols have considerable productive potential, but they are usually underutilized in the traditional production system. Hence, achieving sustainable and improved management of Vertisols has been a major challenge for Ethiopian farmers for many years. Vertisols management technologies essentially early planting, drainage using BBM, improved variety, and fertilizers application were developed to effectively and efficiently utilize these soils. Early planting of short maturing wheat and teff varieties opened an opportunity for double cropping; excess water drained from the furrows would be utilized for supplemental irrigation.
    [Show full text]
  • World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
    ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Horizons
    Exam III Wednesday, November 7th Study Guide Posted Tomorrow Review Session in Class on Monday the 4th Soil Taxonomy and Classification Diagnostic Horizons Epipedons Subsurface Mollic Albic Umbric Kandic Ochric Histic Argillic Melanic Spodic Plaggen Anthropic Oxic 1 Surface Horizons: Mollic- thick, dark colored, high %B.S., structure Umbric – same, but lower B.S. Ochric – pale, low O.M., thin Histic – High O.M., thick, wet, dark Sub-Surface Horizons: Argillic – illuvial accum. of clay (high activity) Kandic – accum. of clay (low activity) Spodic – Illuvial O.M. accumulation (Al and/or Fe) Oxic – highly weathered, kaolinite, Fe and Al oxides Albic – light colored, elluvial, low reactivity Elluviation and Illuviation Elluviation (E horizon) Organic matter Clays A A E E Bh horizon Bt horizon Bh Bt Spodic horizon Argillic horizon 2 Soil Taxonomy Diagnostic Epipedons Diagnostic Subsurface horizons Moisture Regimes Temperature Regimes Age Texture Depth Soil Taxonomy Soil forming processes, presence or Order Absence of major diagnostic horizons 12 Similar genesis Suborder 63 Grasslands – thick, dark Great group 250 epipedons High %B.S. Sub group 1400 Family 8000 Series 19,000 Soil Orders Entisols Histosols Inceptisols Andisols Gelisols Alfisols Mollisols Ultisols Spodosols Aridisols Vertisols Oxisols 3 Soil Orders Entisol Ent- Recent Histosol Hist- Histic (organic) Inceptisol Incept- Inception Alfisol Alf- Nonsense Ultisol Ult- Ultimate Spodosol Spod- Spodos (wood ash) Mollisol Moll- Mollis (soft) Oxisol Ox- oxide Andisol And- Ando (black) Gelisol
    [Show full text]
  • Geology As a Georegional Influence on Quercus Fagaceae Distribution
    GEOLOGY AS A GEOREGIONAL INFLUENCE ON Quercus FAGACEAE DISTRIBUTION IN DENTON AND COKE COUNTIES OF CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS AND CHOCTAW COUNTY OF SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA, USING GIS AS AN ANALYTICAL TOOL George F. Maxey, B.S., M.S. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2007 APPROVED: C. Reid Ferring, Major Professor Miguel Avevedo, Committee Member Kenneth Dickson, Committee Member Donald Lyons, Committee Member Paul Hudak, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of Geography Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Maxey, George F. Geology as a Georegional Influence on Quercus Fagaceae Distribution in Denton and Coke Counties of Central and North Central Texas and Choctaw County of Southeastern Oklahoma, Using GIS as an Analytical Tool. Doctor of Philosophy (Environmental Science), December 2007, 198 pp., 30 figures, 24 tables, references, 57 titles. This study elucidates the underlying relationships for the distribution of oak landcover on bedrock and soil orders in two counties in Texas and one in Oklahoma. ESRI’s ArcGis and ArcMap was used to create surface maps for Denton and Coke Counties, Texas and Choctaw County, Oklahoma. Attribute tables generated in GIS were exported into a spreadsheet software program and frequency tables were created for every formation and soil order in the tri-county research area. The results were both a visual and numeric distribution of oaks in the transition area between the eastern hardwood forests and the Great Plains. Oak distributions are changing on this transition area of the South Central Plains.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Soil Type on the Reliability of the Prediction Model
    agronomy Article Influence of Soil Type on the Reliability of the Prediction Model for Bioavailability of Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu in the Soils of the Republic of Serbia Jelena Maksimovi´c*, Radmila Pivi´c,Aleksandra Stanojkovi´c-Sebi´c , Marina Jovkovi´c,Darko Jaramaz and Zoran Dini´c Institute of Soil Science, Teodora Drajzera 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] (R.P.); [email protected] (A.S.-S.); [email protected] (M.J.); [email protected] (D.J.); [email protected] (Z.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The principles of sustainable agriculture in the 21st century are based on the preservation of basic natural resources and environmental protection, which is achieved through a multidisciplinary approach in obtaining solutions and applying information technologies. Prediction models of bioavailability of trace elements (TEs) represent the basis for the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence in digital agriculture. Since the bioavailability of TEs is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil, which are characteristic of the soil type, in order to obtain more reliable prediction models in this study, the testing set from the previous study was grouped based on the soil type. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of improvement in the prediction of bioavailability of TEs by using a different strategy of model development. After the training set was grouped based on the criteria for the new model development, the developed basic models were compared to the basic models from the previous study. The second step was to develop Citation: Maksimovi´c,J.; Pivi´c,R.; models based on the soil type (for the eight most common soil types in the Republic of Serbia—RS) Stanojkovi´c-Sebi´c,A.; Jovkovi´c,M.; and to compare their reliability to the basic models.
    [Show full text]
  • 19Th World Congress of Soil Science Working Group 1.1 the WRB
    19th World Congress of Soil Science Working Group 1.1 The WRB evolution Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia 1 – 6 August 2010 Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ii 1 Diversity and classification problems of sandy soils in subboreal 1 zone (Central Europe, Poland) 2 Finding a way through the maze – WRB classification with 5 descriptive soil data 3 Guidelines for constructing small-scale map legends using the 9 World Reference Base for Soil Resources 4 On the origin of Planosols – the process of ferrolysis revisited 13 5 Orphans in soil classification: Musing on Palaeosols in the 17 World Reference Base system 6 Pedometrics application for correlation of Hungarian soil types 21 with WRB 7 The classification of Leptosols in the World Reference Base for 25 Soil Resources 8 The World Reference Base for Soils (WRB) and Soil 28 Taxonomy: an initial appraisal of their application to the soils of the Northern Rivers of New South Wales 9 A short guide to the soils of South Africa, their distribution and 32 correlation with World Reference Base soil groups ii Diversity and classification problems of sandy soils in subboreal zone (Central Europe, Poland) Michał Jankowski Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, Email [email protected] Abstract The aim of this study was to present some examples of sandy soils and to discuss their position in soil systematics. 8 profiles represent: 4 soils widely distributed in postglacial landscapes of Poland (Central Europe), typical for different geomorphological conditions and vegetation habitats (according to regional soil classification: Arenosol, Podzolic soil, Rusty soil and Mucky soil) and 4 soils having unusual features (Gleyic Podzol and Rusty soil developed in a CaCO 3-rich substratum and two profiles of red-colored Ochre soils).
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Water Content and Yield a Vertisol in a Rain-Fed Olive Grove Under Four Different Soil Management Practices in a Four Year Experiment
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 20, EGU2018-5390, 2018 EGU General Assembly 2018 © Author(s) 2018. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Soil water content and yield a vertisol in a rain-fed olive grove under four different soil management practices in a four year experiment. Maria Auxiliadora Soriano (1), Jose Manuel Cabezas (2), and Jose Alfonso Gómez (3) (1) Department of Agronomy. University of Cordoba. Córdoba. Spain. , (2) IFAPA-Centro Alameda del Obispo, Natural Resources Department, Córdoba, Spain, (3) Inst.for Sustainable Agriculture. CSIC, Department of Agronomy, Cordoba, Spain. Vertisols are frequent in agricultural areas of Andalusia, Southern Spain. They have traditionally been dedicated to rainfed annual crops. In recent years it has been an expansion of olive cultivation in these soils due to their higher profitability. These soils shrink when drying, originating vertical cracksand the farmers give passes of work during the summer, with the aim to cover the cracks and reduce the loss of water by evaporation of the soil. This practice involves the elimination of plant residues on the ground, so the soil will be unprotected at the beginning of the wet season, where high intensity precipitation is frequent, these being ideal conditions for the loss of soil due to water erosion (Gómez et al., 2014). The objective of this work was to study the soil water content of a vertisol in a rain-fed olive grove under ned two different soil management strategies: a) temporary cover crop during of Bromus rubens in the lanes from fall to mid Spring, or b) or bare soil all the year through application of herbicides.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydropedological Model of Vertisol Formation Along the Gulf Coast Prairie Land Resource Area of Texas
    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2039–2053, 2009 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/2039/2009/ Hydrology and © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under Earth System the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Hydropedological model of vertisol formation along the Gulf Coast Prairie land resource area of Texas L. C. Nordt and S. G. Driese Department of Geology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA Received: 31 March 2009 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 30 April 2009 Revised: 22 October 2009 – Accepted: 22 October 2009 – Published: 3 November 2009 Abstract. Vertisols are clayey soils containing slickensides tions. The sum of our data suggests that Vertisols form- and wedge-shaped aggregates formed by shrink-swell pro- ing in the Coast Prairie of Texas with MAP greater than cesses in seasonally wet climates. The dynamic distribution 1276 mm should be classified as aquerts because of the pres- of macro- and microvoids as a by-product of this unique pe- ence of aquic conditions. These same soils may also meet doturbation process, accompanied by microtopographic lows the definition of hydric as one criterion for the identification and highs (gilgai), mitigate our ability to make accurate and of Federally-protected wetlands. However, there is a con- precise interpretations of aquic and hydric conditions in these siderable disjunct between protracted periods of saturation problem soils. We studied Vertisols across a subhumid to hu- and limited periods of reduction in these soils. Based on the mid climosequence to assess the formation of redoximorphic distribution of redoximorphic features in the study area, re- features on shallow, linear (nondepressional) landscape posi- gional water table data, and recent electrical resistivity data tions in response to varying levels of rainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Soil Systems on the Basis of Transfer Factors of Radionuclides from Soil to Reference Plants
    IAEA-TECDOC-1497 Classification of soil systems on the basis of transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to reference plants Proceedings of a final research coordination meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held in Chania, Crete, 22–26 September 2003 June 2006 IAEA-TECDOC-1497 Classification of soil systems on the basis of transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to reference plants Report of the final research coordination meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture held in Chania, Crete, 22–26 September 2003 June 2006 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Food and Environmental Protection Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL SYSTEMS ON THE BASIS OF TRANSFER FACTORS OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM SOIL TO REFERENCE PLANTS IAEA, VIENNA, 2006 IAEA-TECDOC-1497 ISBN 92–0–105906–X ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria June 2006 FOREWORD The IAEA Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection include the general requirement to keep all doses as low as reasonably achievable, taking account of economic and social considerations, within the overall constraint of individual dose limits. National and Regional authorities have to set release limits for radioactive effluent and also to establish contingency plans to deal with an uncontrolled release following an accident or terrorist activity. It is normal practice to assess radiation doses to man by means of radiological assessment models. In this context the IAEA published (1994), in cooperation with the International Union of Radioecologists (IUR), a Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments to facilitate such calculations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soil Orders of Texas
    The Soil Orders of Texas The system for classifying soils, Soil Taxonomy, is used worldwide. The highest level of Soil Taxonomy is the Soil Order. There are 12 recognized soil orders in the world. Of these, the state of Texas has 9. There are more than 1,300 soil series in Texas, and each series is classified in one of these 9 soil orders. The Dominant Soil Orders map represents the general distribution of 7 of the 9 soil orders in Texas. The 7 soil orders, Alfisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Ultisols, and Vertisols, are mapped extensively in the state. The other 2 soil orders, Histosols and Spodosols, which are mapped in the southeastern part of the state, are not shown on the map because they cover relatively small areas. The soil orders not found in Texas are Andisols (volcanic soils), Gelisols (frozen soils), and Oxisols (highly weathered tropical soils). Alfisols Inceptisols The Duval series is an example of an Alfisol. Alfisols have a subsurface The Weswood series is an example of an Inceptisol. Inceptisols are soils with accumulation of clay and have greater than or equal to 35 percent base weakly developed subsurface horizons. These soils may be shallow to saturation. Duval soils occur in the Northern and Western Rio Grande Plain on bedrock, occur on steeply sloping land, or they may be very deep soils in nearly level to gently sloping uplands. areas subject to intermittent flooding. Weswood soils occur along the flood plains of the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in central Texas. Aridisols Mollisols The Upton series is an example of an Aridisol.
    [Show full text]
  • Vertisols and Associated Soils: Bibliographic Database with Special Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa
    Vertisols and associated soils: Bibliographic database with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa Table of Contents I Haque; P Pathak; N Z Lupwayi Tsige Amare & Asgelil Dibabe 1994 Technical Committee of the Joint Vertisol Project Addis Ababa, Ethiopia AUTHORS I Haque Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Section, ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P Soils and Agroclimatology Division, ICRISAT, Patancheru, AP, India (Consultant, May to Sep Pathak 1994, Joint Vertisol Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) N Z University of Malawi, Bunda College of Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi. Post Doctoral Associate in Lupwayi Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Section, 1992-1994, ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tsige Training and Information Department, ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Amare Asgelil Institute of Agricultural Research, Holletta, Ethiopia Dibabe Correct Haque I; Pathak P; Lupwayi N Z; Tsige Amare; Asgelil Dibabe (1994) Vertisols and associated Citation: soils: Bibliographic database with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa. Technical Committee of the Joint Vertisol Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 83 pp. This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version. Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations/Acronyms BIBLIOGRAPHIC INDEX Documentation Books Bibliographies Conferences Reports, bulletins
    [Show full text]