Printed Circuit Boards As Platform for Disposable Lab-On-A-Chip Applications”

Macquarie University ResearchOnline

This is the published version of:

Christian Leiterer; Matthias Urban; Wolfgang Fritzsche; Ewa Goldys; David Inglis; “Printed circuit boards as platform for disposable lab-on-a-chip applications”. Proc. SPIE 9668, Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Systems, 96680X (December 22, 2015)

Access to the published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2202413

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Printed circuit boards as platform for disposable Lab-on-a-Chip applications

Christian Leiterer,a,b Matthias Urban,b Wolfgang Fritzsche,b Ewa Goldys a and David Inglisa*

aMacquarie University, Department of Physics and Engineering, 2109 Sydney, Australia

bUniversity Jena / Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena, Germany

Abstract. An increasing demand in performance from electronic devices has resulted in continuous shrinking of electronic components. This shrinkage has demanded that the primary integration platform, the printed circuit board (PCB), follow this same trend. Today, PCB companies offer ~100 micron sized features (depth and width) which mean they are becoming suitable as physical platforms for Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) and microfluidic applications. Compared to current lithographic based fluidic approaches; PCB technology offers several advantages that are useful for this technology. These include: Being easily designed and changed using free software, robust structures that can often be reused, chip layouts that can be ordered from commercial PCB suppliers at very low cost (1 AUD each in this work), and integration of electrodes at no additional cost. Here we present the application of PCB technology in connection with microfluidics for several biomedical applications. In case of commercialization the costs for each device can be even further decreased to approximately one tenth of its current cost.

Keywords: PCB, microfluidics, dielectrophoresis.

*Christian Leiterer, E-mail: [email protected]

1 Introduction

Due to the ongoing miniaturization of microelectronics, PCB fabrication has seen parallel reductions in size and increases in precision. To reach higher and higher circuit densities, multilayer technology and vias in the PCB area have become standard and present opportunities for electronic LOC devices to easily integrate sensors, actuators and light sources (e.g. LEDs) directly. Furthermore, PCBs themselves can be stacked on top of each other. Therefore PCBs have become excititng components for use in on-chip fluidic applications. This lego brick like assembly and exchange of components makes this platform a versatile technology for prototyping LOC solutions without the use of conventional lithographic steps.

Lately ideas have been published which propose, not only integrating electrodes and microfluidics into a PCB-LOC device, but also driving forces to realize the transportation of the liquid on the device. One widespread PCB-based LOC application is electro-wetting, which allows the directed manipulation of single droplets using pads on a PCB1,2. The intent here is to create a fully integrated system in one chip which can be operated autonomously. The most promising approaches are using surface-acoustic waves3–5, electromagnetic valves6 or electrolysis7,8.

Usually the microfluidic channels for LOC devices are fabricated by silicon or glass etching or soft lithographic methods like PDMS stamping9,10. These microfluidic systems are then often

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mounted on top of the printed circuit board, requiring further processing step to realize the alignment of the layers and integration of electrical components and sensors. In some cases this is acceptable, and we show one such example; however, an easy way to avoid this additional integration step is to use the PCB tracks and pads to realize microfluidic channels directly on the PCB. This is possible because the tracks and pads typically protrude from the surface about 100 microns, thereby setting the channel depth.

In this proceeding we present two LOC devices, which are realized using PCBs to show the feasibility of this approach. The first device demonstrates the separation of two different kind of polystyrene beads (charged and non-charged) by dielectrophoresis. The second device demonstrates mixing of two dyes in a microfluidic channel formed by metal tracks on the PCB. These metal tracks which form the side walls of the channel are also used as electrodes to affect yeast cells with dielectrophoresis.

2 Experimental

2.1 Dielectrophoresis using PCB-Chips

A checkerboard like arrangement of electrodes was designed with PCB CAD design software (freeware examples: Eagle: CadSoft Computer, Pleiskirchen) to realize a cell separation device using dielectrophoresis as the driving force. Electrodes are protrude 0.1 mm above the surface and are 0.6 mm x 0.6 mm with gaps of 0.2 mm. Square-shaped as well as circular-shaped electrodes are shown to apply sufficient force to either pull cells or similar sized florescent polystyrene beads to high-field-gradient regions (positive dielectrophoresis) or low-field-gradient regions (negative dielectrophoresis)11. To comfortably inject a cell suspension onto the chip, a small home-build chamber was made (shown in the bottom left of figure 1). The chamber consists of an aluminum framework (10 mm x 20 mm x 40mm) where the tube connectors are fixated, this framework holds also an inner smaller PDMS chamber (1.3 mm x 12.8 mm x 17.1 mm) which constraints the liquid sample and therefore defines the volume of the liquid sample on the chip. The tube connectors are connected to the chip via drill holes (0.8 mm) in the PCB sealed with small PDMS plugs. The PCB-Chip itself can be mounted into the chamber for the experiment. If the chip becomes damaged or worn out due to electrolysis, mechanical forces or contamination, it can be easily replaced while the chamber itself is reusable.

For the experiment the sample was applied to the chamber using a standard syringe. To minimize electrolysis based damage to the printed circuit boards which would typically occur using electrodes made from copper, the PCBs were ordered with an ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) finish. This consists of gold plating with an underlying nickel layer to prevent oxidation. The following figure (Figure 1) shows the PCB-Chips, mounting chamber and the electrode polarity for the experiment (alternating current, ac).

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Figure 1. PCB-Chips for dielectrophoresis. Circular and square shaped copper electrodes plated with nickel and gold to minimize electrochemical oxidation on the electrodes (top). Disposable chip mounted in the fluidic chamber, the schematic shows the checker board like arrangement of the electrode polarity (bottom).

As a simple alternative to biological samples (e.g. cells, DNA), different fluorescent polystyrene beads were injected on the chip. Within a few seconds the beads are observed to cluster on the chip within high-field-gradient or low-field-gradient regions depending on the type of beads. In general the collection in the low-field-gradient regions was easier for this experiment, which is probably due to the significant electro-osmotic flow and heat based convection (applied voltages of 10 - 20V). 10-µm sized fluorescent polystyrene beads (green) can be collected in the low- field-gradient region (electrode gap and on top of the electrodes) of the PCB-Chip device (Figure 2, green beads). Carboxylated (negatively charged) 1-µm sized red fluorescent polystyrene beads on the other hand side can be collected in the high-field-gradient regions (electrode edges). These results are consistent with the findings of previous publications that used photolithographicly fabricated silicon chip technology12,13.

1. . I 4'

Figure 2. Dielectrophoresis based collection of fluorescent beads on the PCB chip device. At frequencies from 10- 1000 kHz the 10-µm, non-charged, green fluorescent beads can be collected in the low-field-gradient regions on the PCB-chip (gap), while the 1-µm, negatively charged, carboxylated red fluorescent beads are collected at the high- field-gradient regions on the chip (edges).

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 2.2 Simple microfluidics using a PCB

A very simple way to build a microfluidic chip is using a PCB CAD-Software (e.g. Eagle) to create a channel design, hereby the tracks and pads (metal parts) will act as channel walls while the non-conductive substrate will form the base of the channel. This arrangement forms a square shaped channel cross section(100 µm wide and 100 µm deep). The top of the chip can be sealed using an olefin-sheet and pressure sensitive adhesive which is commonly used to seal 96-well plates (T9571, Sigma-Aldrich). This way of sealing the microfluidic chip ensures withstanding moderate pressure and does not require any alignment. Pre-drilled holes from PCB manufactures can be used as connectors to apply external tubing using common syringe tubing connectors. Typically a hole/connector size of 1.7 mm was used and a barbed fitting inserted. However, in principle any hole/connector size can be fabricated und applied through the drill service provided by the PCB supplier. Here we present a proof-of-principle microfluidic chip, in the size of a microscope slide (in order to be easily mountable on a conventional inverse optical microscope). In the experiment two dyes are mixed in a straight channel to demonstrate the feasibility of this platform technology for further microfluidic application. Figure 3 shows an image of the device, a cross section illustration and a laminar flow mixing example using two dyes (red and blue) in a straight channel. Since no mixing unit has been introduced the two dyes are mixing very slowly, approximated by one dimensional diffusion and the error function solution to Fick’s second equation14.

CD micro channel side -view olefine cover metal track glass epoxy +F- tubing plug front -view tubing

Figure 3. A microfluidic chip based on a PCB as platform technology. (a) Microfludic chip in the size of a microscope slide (b) Schematic arrangement of the chip. (c) Diffusion based mixing of two dyes (red, blue) within a flowing, straight channel.

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx In a second experiment on the same chip, the manipulation of biological samples (here yeast cells) is demonstrated. Applying high frequency voltage to the metal structures on the PCB, which are forming channel walls, affects the cells by dielectrophoresis. These forces result in the formation of characteristic pearl-chain like structures15 due to the polarization of the spherical cells, as shown in Figure 4. Having the ability to apply an electrical field along a several centimeters on a microfluidic chip could be useful for sorting charged or polarizable micro and nano objects. In combination with a typical laminar flow profile, which results in a slower flow velocity close to the channel walls compared to the middle of channel, objects affected by the electrical field could be separated by time dependent elution. Here weakly affected objects will move faster and therefore be eluated earlier then the effected ones.

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Figure 4. Bright field microscopy image of yeast cells forming pearl string like structures during positive DEP in the PCB based microfluidic chip.

3 Conclusion

PCBs can be used to realize simple LOC devices and microfluidics without separate lithographically defined structures. It is demonstrated that PCBs can be a versatile platform to prototype LOC devices at very low cost near one Australian dollar per substrate. For now just a proof-of-principle study is published here, which can already show a variety of potential application for this technology. Using PCBs as electrode substrates for positive and negative dielectrophoresis could be demonstrated on the chip using two different kinds fluorescence modified polystyrene beads. Furthermore the etched metal structures (tracks) on the PCBs are used to realize microfluidic channels (width: ~100µm,, height ~100µm, square shaped), where a simple mixing procedure of two different dyes could be demonstrated. Finally a combination of dielectrophoresis and microfluidics, using the metal tracks on a PCB as the channel boundary as well as the electrodes for the DEP, allows affecting trapping of yeast cells by DEP force.

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This work was supported by Marie-Curie-Network fellowship (DAAD P.R.I.M.E.), and grants from the Macquarie University Wireless Medical Devices Research Centre, and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics.

References

[1] Abdelgawad, M.., Wheeler, A. R., “Low-cost, rapid-prototyping of digital microfluidics devices,” Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 4(4), 349–355 (2008). [2] Chang, Y. X., Zhang, S. X.., Li, J. Y., “EWOD-Based Digital Microfluidic Chip and its Application,” Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158, 1071–1074 (2012). [3] Guttenberg, Z., Mueller, H., Habermueller, H., Geisbauer, A., Pipper, J., Felbel, J., Kielpinski, M., Scriba, J.., Wixforth, A., “Planar chip device for PCR and hybridization with surface acoustic wave pump,” Lab on a Chip 5(3), 308 (2005). [4] Yeo, L. Y.., Friend, J. R., “Ultrafast microfluidics using surface acoustic waves,” Biomicrofluidics 3(1), 012002 (2009). [5] Ding, X., Li, P., Lin, S.-C. S., Stratton, Z. S., Nama, N., Guo, F., Slotcavage, D., Mao, X., Shi, J., et al., “Surface acoustic wave microfluidics,” Lab on a Chip 13(18), 3626 (2013). [6] Lastochkin, D., Zhou, R., Wang, P., Ben, Y.., Chang, H.-C., “Electrokinetic micropump and micromixer design based on ac faradaic polarization,” Journal of Applied Physics 96(3), 1730 (2004). [7] Li, J., Wang, Y., Dong, E., Chen, H., “USB-driven microfluidic chips on printed circuit boards,” Lab on a Chip 14(5), 860 (2014). [8] Lui, C., Stelick, S., Cady, N., Batt, C., “Low-power microfluidic electro-hydraulic pump (EHP),” Lab Chip 10(1), 74–79 (2010). [9] Stone, H. A., Stroock, A. D.., Ajdari, A., “ENGINEERING FLOWS IN SMALL DEVICES,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 36(1), 381–411 (2004). [10] Duffy, D. C., McDonald, J. C., Schueller, O. J. A.., Whitesides, G. M., “Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(dimethylsiloxane),” Analytical Chemistry 70(23), 4974– 4984 (1998). [11] Pethig, R., “Dielectrophoresis: Status of the theory, technology, and applications,” Biomicrofluidics 4(2), 022811 (2010). [12] McCanna, J. P., Sonnenberg, A.., Heller, M. J., “Low level epifluorescent detection of nanoparticles and DNA on dielectrophoretic microarrays: Low level detection of nanoparticles and DNA,” Journal of Biophotonics 7(11-12), 863–873 (2014). [13] Sonnenberg, A., Marciniak, J. Y., Krishnan, R.., Heller, M. J., “Dielectrophoretic isolation of DNA and nanoparticles from blood: Nucleic acids,” ELECTROPHORESIS 33(16), 2482–2490 (2012). [14] Berg, H. C., Random walks in biology, Expanded ed, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J (1993). [15] Markx, G. H.., Pethig, R., “Dielectrophoretic separation of cells: Continuous separation,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering 45(4), 337–343 (1995).

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Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Systems

Benjamin J. Eggleton Stefano Palomba Editors

6–9 December 2015 Sydney, Australia

Sponsored by The University of Sydney (Australia) CUDOS—An ARC Centre of Excellence (Australia)

Cosponsored by NSW Government Trade and Investment (Australia) AOS—The Australian Optical Society (Australia) Office of Naval Research Global (United States) U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (United States)

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Volume 9668

Proceedings of SPIE 0277-786X, V. 9668

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ix Author Index

xiii Conference Committee

xvii Introduction

MICRO/NANOFLUIDICS AND OPTOFLUIDICS I

9668 0D Thermoset polyester-based superhydrophobic microchannels for nanofluid heat transfer applications [9668-10]

PHOTONICS I

9668 0F Fabrication and optical characterisation of InGaN/GaN nanorods [9668-12]

9668 0H Low loss and single mode metal dielectric hybrid-clad waveguides for Terahertz radiation [9668-14]

9668 0I Mid-infrared silicon pillar waveguides [9668-15]

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS II

9668 0L Mesoscopic effects in discretised metamaterial spheres [9668-18]

9668 0O Dynamic control of THz waves through thin-film transistor metamaterials [9668-21]

9668 0T Relative humidity sensing using dye-doped polymer thin-films on metal substrates [9668-27]

MICRO/NANOFLUIDICS AND OPTOFLUIDICS II

9668 0V Enhanced water vapour flow in silica microchannels and interdiffusive water vapour flow through anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes [9668-29]

9668 0W Low-temperature bonded glass-membrane microfluidic device for in vitro organ-on-a- chip cell culture models [9668-30]

9668 0X Printed circuit boards as platform for disposable lab-on-a-chip applications [9668-31]

9668 0Y Enabling rapid behavioral ecotoxicity studies using an integrated lab-on-a-chip system [9668-32]

9668 0Z 3D printed polymers toxicity profiling: a caution for biodevice applications [9668-33]

iii

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 9668 10 Lab-on-chip platform for circulating tumor cells isolation [9668-34]

9668 12 Bubble-induced acoustic mixing in a microfluidic device [9668-36]

9668 13 Automation of Daphtoxkit-F biotest using a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology [9668-37]

PHOTONICS II

9668 16 Damage monitoring using fiber optic sensors and by analysing electro-mechanical admittance signatures obtained from piezo sensor [9668-41]

9668 17 Electron-beam induced diamond-like-carbon passivation of plasmonic devices [9668-42]

9668 19 Tunable microwave notch filter created by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a silicon chip [9668-44]

POSTER SESSION

9668 1J Effect of BMITFSI to the electrical properties of methycelloluse/chitosan/NH4TF-based polymer electrolyte [9668-158]

9668 1Q Fabrication and optical characterization of a 2D metal periodic grating structure for cold filter application [9668-166]

9668 1R Illumination dependent carrier dynamics of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite [9668-168]

9668 1U Dynamic evaluation and control of blood clotting using a microfluidic platform for high- throughput diagnostics [9668-171]

9668 1W Testing organic toxicants on biomicrofluidic devices: why polymeric substrata can lead you into trouble [9668-175]

9668 1Y Evaluation of additive element to improve PZT piezoelectricity by using first-principles calculation [9668-177]

9668 20 Resonance breakdown of dielectric resonator antennas on ground plane at visible frequencies [9668-179]

9668 23 Calculation of the dynamic characteristics of micro-mirror element based on thermal micro-actuators [9668-182]

9668 24 Efficient butt-coupling of surface plasmons on a silver-air interface [9668-183]

9668 29 Development of functional nano-particle layer for highly efficient OLED [9668-188]

9668 2B Misalignment tolerant efficient inverse taper coupler for silicon waveguide [9668-190]

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 9668 2C Design and simulation of piezoelectric PZT micro-actuators with integrated piezoresistive displacement sensors for micro-optics applications [9668-191]

9668 2D Surface plasmon interference lithography using Al grating structure on glass [9668-192]

9668 2H Preparation and imaging performance of nanoparticulated LuPO4:Eu semitransparent films under x-ray radiation [9668-196]

9668 2J Comparison of sensor structures for the signal amplification of surface plasmon resonance immunoassay using enzyme precipitation [9668-198]

9668 2N Development of myoelectric control type speaking valve with low flow resistance [9668-203]

9668 2S Luminescent solar concentrator improvement by stimulated emission [9668-208]

9668 2T Investigation of emission properties of vacuum diodes with nanodiamond-graphite emitters [9668-209]

9668 2W Hollow silicon microneedle array based trans-epidermal antiemetic patch for efficient management of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting [9668-214]

9668 2Y A homeostatic, chip-based platform for zebrafish larvae immobilization and long-term imaging [9668-174]

9668 2Z Quantum plasmonics for next-generation optical and sensing technologies [9668-216]

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS III

9668 33 Evaluation of zinc oxide nano-microtetrapods for biomolecule sensing applications [9668-55]

9668 34 2D materials for nanophotonic devices (Invited Paper) [9668-56]

NANOPHOTONICS FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS I

9668 3B Some minding about the creation of multi-spectrum passive terahertz imaging system [9668-61]

PHOTONICS III

9668 3J Dipole-fiber systems: radiation field patterns, effective magnetic dipoles, and induced cavity modes (Invited Paper) [9668-70]

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9668 3O Designing small molecule polyaromatic p- and n-type semiconductor materials for organic electronics [9668-74]

9668 3P Experimental investigation of a nanofluid absorber employed in a low-profile, concentrated solar thermal collector [9668-75]

9668 3R Optical properties of arrays of five-pointed nanostars [9668-77]

9668 3S Plasmonic response in nanoporous metal: dependence on network topology [9668-78]

9668 3U Graphene nano-ribbon with nano-breaks as efficient thermoelectric device [9668-80]

9668 3V Modeling of graphene nanoscroll conductance with quantum capacitance effect [9668-81]

NANOPHOTONICS FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS II

9668 3Y Systematic assessment of blood circulation time of functionalized upconversion nanoparticles in the chick embryo [9668-84]

9668 3Z A wirelessly powered microspectrometer for neural probe-pin device [9668-85]

9668 40 Multimode fibres: a pathway towards deep tissue fluorescence microscopy [9668-86]

9668 42 Optical parameter measurement of highly diffusive tissue body phantoms with specially designed sample holder for photo diagnostic and PDT applications [9668-88]

SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES

9668 43 Improved properties of phosphor-filled luminescent down-shifting layers: reduced scattering, optical model, and optimization for PV application [9668-90]

9668 46 Nanostructured metallic rear reflectors for thin solar cells: balancing parasitic absorption in metal and large-angle scattering [9668-93]

9668 47 Novel plasmonic materials to improve thin film solar cells efficiency [9668-94]

9668 48 Ultrafast charge generation and relaxation dynamics in methylammonium lead bromide perovskites [9668-95]

9668 49 Nanosphere lithography for improved absorption in thin crystalline silicon solar cells [9668-97]

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS I

9668 4G Acellular organ scaffolds for tumor tissue engineering [9668-102]

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9668 4L Sub-wavelength Si-based plasmonic light emitting tunnel junction [9668-107]

FABRICATION I

9668 4T Nano-engineered flexible pH sensor for point-of-care urease detection [9668-210]

9668 4U Development of the magnetic force-induced dual vibration energy harvester using a unimorph cantilever [9668-115]

9668 4W CMOS compatible fabrication process of MEMS resonator for timing reference and sensing application [9668-143]

MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MICRO/NANODEVICES

9668 50 A temperature-compensated optical fiber force sensor for minimally invasive surgeries [9668-154]

9668 52 Liquid marble as microbioreactor for bioengineering applications [9668-149]

9668 53 Sub-bandage sensing system for remote monitoring of chronic wounds in healthcare [9668-219]

PLASMONICS II

9668 57 Transforming polarisation to wavelength via two-colour quantum dot plasmonic enhancement [9668-128]

9668 5B Plasmonic nano-resonator enhanced one-photon luminescence from single gold nanorods [9668-133]

9668 5C Plasmon resonances on opto-capacitive nanostructures [9668-134]

FABRICATION II

9668 5J Spectroscopic behavior in whispering-gallery modes by edge formation of printed microdisk lasers [9668-119]

9668 5O Optical properties of refractory TiN, AlN and (Ti,Al)N coatings [9668-144]

9668 5P Optimisation of Schottky electrode geometry [9668-141]

vii

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9668 5Q Application of novel iron core/iron oxide shell nanoparticles to sentinel lymph node identification [9668-151]

9668 5R Bio-functionalisation of polyether ether ketone using plasma immersion ion implantation [9668-104]

9668 5S Microscale resolution fracture toughness profiling at the zirconia-porcelain interface in dental prostheses [9668-105]

9668 5T Wafer-scale epitaxial graphene on SiC for sensing applications [9668-122]

9668 5U Conductivity and electrical studies of plasticized carboxymethyl cellulose based proton conducting solid biopolymer electrolytes [9668-123]

9668 5V Controlled deposition of plasma activated coatings on zirconium substrates [9668-124]

9668 5W Determination of effect factor for effective parameter on saccharification of lignocellulosic material by concentrated acid [9668-224]

viii

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Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B...0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc.

Abbey, Brian, 17 Čižmár, Tomáš, 40 Afshar, Shahraam V., 3J Collis, Gavin E., 3O Aghili, Sina, 5W Combariza, Miguel E., 1U Akhavan, Behnam, 5V Conibeer, Gavin, 0F Alameh, K., 10, 4T Cortie, Michael B., 3R, 3S, 5C, 5O Al-Dirini, Feras, 3U Cousins, Aidan, 5Q Alhasan, Layla, 52 Crisostomo, Felipe, 3P Ali, Amer, 5T Dai, Xi, 0F Alnassar, Mohammad Saleh N., 5P Davies, Michael, 5R Annamdas, Venu Gopal Madhav, 16 Davis, Timothy J., 57 Anwar, S., 42 de Sterke, C. Martijn, 24 Appelt, Christian, 0F Deng, Xiaofan, 48 Arbatan, Tina, 52 Denisov, Alexander, 3B Argyros, Alexander, 2S Ding, Boyang, 0T Arifin, N. A., 1J Disney, Claire E. R., 46 Arnold, Matthew D., 3S, 5C, 5O Dowd, A., 5C Asundi, Anand, 16 Eggleton, Benjamin J., 0I, 19 Atakaramians, Shaghik, 0H, 3J Evans, Robin, 4W Bagnall, Darren M., 49 Evstafyev, Sergey S., 23 Bakas, A., 2H Feng, Yu, 0F Balaur, Eugeniu, 17 Firdous, S., 42 Batentschuk, Miroslaw, 43 Fisher, Caitlin, 24 Best, Michael, 12 Fleming, Simon, 2S Bilek, Marcela, 5R, 5V Fooladvand, M., 10 Bilokur, M., 5O Forberich, Karen, 43 Blaikie, Richard, 0T Fountos, G., 2H Boretti, A., 47 Friedrich, Timo, 0Z, 2Y Botten, Lindsay C., 24 Fritzsche, Wolfgang, 0X Brabec, Christoph J., 43 Fumeaux, Christophe, 20 Broderick, N., 50 Galí, Marc A., 3S Cartlidge, Rhys, 1W Gao, Xiaofang, 0W Casas-Bedoya, A., 19 Gentle, Angus R., 3S, 5O Castelletto, S., 47 Goktas, Hasan, 4L Chan, Peggy P. Y., 52 Goldys, Ewa, 0X, 3Y Chang, Yuanchih, 49 Gong, Qihuang, 5B Chen, Cong, 5J Gornev, E. S., 2T Chen, H., 50 Gray, E., 10 Chen, Huaying, 12 Grebenik, Ekaterina, 3Y Chen, Sheng, 1R Green, Martin A., 1R, 46, 48 Chen, Ssu-Han, 2B, 2C Guller, Anna, 3Y, 4G Chen, Weijian, 0F Harada, Takaaki, 48 Cheng, Yuqing, 5B Hariz, Alex, 53

Cherukhin, Yuriy, 3B He, Yingbo, 5B Choi, Haechul, 29 Heilmann, Martin, 0F Choi, Kyung Cheol, 2D Henning, Anna M., 5Q Choi, Sang H., 3Z Hewakuruppu, Yasitha L., 3P Choi, Yoonseuk, 29 Hiramatsu, Kazumasa, 1Q Christiansen, Silke, 0F Hjerrild, Natasha, 3P Chung, Chia-Yang, 0D Ho-Baillie, Anita, 1R, 48

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-9

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Holland, Anthony S., 5P Lu, Yiqing, 3Y Hossain, Faruque M., 3U Lu, Yuerui, 34 Hossain, Md Sharafat, 3U Lunt, Alexander J. G., 5S Howard, Douglas, 5Q Luong, Stanley, 5P Huang, Shujuan, 0F, 1R, 48 MacQueen, Rowan W., 2S Huang, Yushi, 0Y, 13, 1W Maheshwari, Muneesh, 16 Hudson, Darren D., 0I Marpaung, David, 19 Huynh, Duc H., 4W Marshall, B. J., 4T Iakimov, Tihomir, 5T Maurya, D. K., 10, 4T Inglis, David, 0X Mawatari, Kazuma, 0W Isa, M. I. N., 5U McKenzie, David R., 0V, 5R Ismail, Razali, 3V McPhedran, Ross C., 0L, 24 Ivanov, Ivan G., 5T Mehmood, Nasir, 53 Jagadish, Chennupati, 0O Mesgari, Sara, 0D, 3P Jain, Kanika, 52 Michael, Aron, 2B, 2C James, Timothy D., 57 Michail, C., 2H Jiang, Liming, 3U Michler, Johann, 5S Kalyvas, N., 2H Mimaki, Shinya, 2N Kandarakis, I., 2H Miroshnichenko, Andrey E., 3J Karlsson, Mikael, 33, 5T Mitchell, Arnan, 1U Kaslin, Jan, 0Z, 2Y Miyake, Hideto, 1Q Kaysir, Md Rejvi, 2S Mo, Z., 50 Kee, Tak W., 48 Moaied, Modjtaba, 2Z Khaledian, Mohsen, 3V Mohanty, Gaurav, 5S Kharbikar, Bhushan N., 2W Monro, Tanya M., 3J Khiar, A. S. A., 1J Morita, Y., 4U Kim, Min Hyuck, 3Z Morrison, Blair, 19 Kim, Min-Hoi, 29 Morrison, Karl, 3P Kim, Yong Min, 2D Motogaito, Atsushi, 1Q Kitamori, Takehiko, 0W Mulvaney, Paul, 57 Kito, Masanori, 1Q Nadort, Annemarie, 3Y Kivshar, Yuri S., 3J Nakamachi, E., 4U Kondyurin, Alexey, 5R Nawaz, M., 42 Korobova, Natalia E., 23 Nelson, Melanie R. M., 5Q Korsunsky, Alexander M., 5S Neo, Tee K., 5S Kou, Shan Shan, 17 Nesbitt, Warwick, 1U Kr., Sindhu, 2W Nguyen, Phuong D., 4W Krč, Janez, 43 Nguyen, Thanh C., 4W Kuhlmey, Boris T., 0H Nodeh, Ali Arasteh, 5W Kumar S., Harish, 2W Noor, N. A. M., 5U Kumari, Madhuri, 0T Nugegoda, Dayanthi, 0Y, 13, 1W Kurkov, Alexander, 4G Oki, Yuji, 5J Kwok, Chee Yee, 2B, 2C Ooe, Katsutoshi, 2N Lan, Shengchang, 3B Orlov, S. N., 2T Langley, Daniel, 17 Ostrikov, Kostya (Ken), 2Z Lapine, Mikhail, 0L Ozawa, Masaaki, 5J Latzel, Michael, 0F Pagani, Mattia, 19 Lee, Jae-Hyun, 29 Panayiotakis, G. S., 2H Lee, Uhn, 3Z Pang, John Hock Lye, 16 Lei, Wenwen, 0V Payne, David N. R., 49

Leiterer, Christian, 0X Pei, Jiajie, 34 Li, Haisu, 0H Petersen, Elena, 4G Li, Jifeng, 5J Petkovic-Duran, Karolina, 12 Li, Qiyuan, 3P Pillai, Supriya, 46, 49 Liang, Liuen, 3Y Plöschner, Martin, 40 Lin, Jiao, 17 Pocock, Kyall J., 0W Lipovšek, Benjamin, 43 Pollard, Michael E., 49 Liu, Hao, 3B Poulton, Christopher G., 0L, 24 Lu, Guowei, 5B Prestidge, Clive A., 0W Lu, Hai, 0O Priest, Craig, 0W

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-10

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Qian, Yi, 3Y, 4G Wang, Peng, 2B, 2C Qiu, Jing Hui, 3B Wang, Qin, 33, 5T Rabus, Dominik G., 1U Warkiani, Majid Ebrahimi, 0D Rehman, A., 42 Weiss, Anthony, 5R Rehman, K., 42 Wen, Xiaoming, 0F, 1R, 48 Ren, Fang-Fang, 0O Withayachumnankul, Withawat, 20 Roberts, Ann, 57 Wlodkowic, Donald, 0Y, 0Z, 13, 1W, 2Y Rosa, L., 47 Woffenden, Albert, 3P Rosengarten, Gary, 0D, 3P Xia, Keyu, 5B Ryu, Soichiro, 5J Xu, Renjing, 34 Sadatnajafi, Catherine, 17 Xu, W., 50 Saiprasad, N., 47 Xu, Wei-Zong, 0O

Sakurai, Kohei, 2N Yafarov, R. K., 2T Samoilykov, Vyacheslav K., 23 Yakimova, Rositza, 5T Sardarinejad, A., 4T Yang, Chih-Tsung, 2J Sarvi, Fatemeh, 52 Yang, Jianfeng, 0F Schmidt, Timothy W., 2S Yang, Jiong, 34 Scott, Jason A., 3P Yasoda, Yutaka, 1Y Seferis, I. E., 2H Ye, Jiandong, 0O Shadrivov, Ilya V., 3J Yeo, Giselle, 5R Shahcheraghi, N., 5C Yoon, Hargsoon, 3Z Shekhter, Anatoly, 4G Yoshioka, Hiroaki, 5J Shen, Hongming, 5B Yu, Xinghuo, 1U Shen, Wei, 52 Yue, Pan, 5P Sheng, Rui, 1R, 48 Zeler, J., 2H Shrestha, Santosh, 0F Zhang, Shuang, 34 Singh, Neetesh, 0I Zhao, Wei, 33, 5T Skafidas, Efstratios, 3U, 4W Zhao, Yichen, 33, 5T Skommer, Joanna, 0Z Zheng, Cheng, 3P Smith, Geoffrey B., 3S, 5O Zhu, Feng, 0Z, 1W, 2Y Solodovnyk, Anastasiia, 43 Zhu, Shaoli, 3R Song, Kyo D., 3Z Zhu, Yonggang, 12 Sorger, Volker J., 4L Ziman, M., 10 Srivastava, Rohit, 2W Zou, Chengjun, 20 Stern, Edda, 43 Zou, Longfang, 20 Syväjärvi, Mikael, 5T Zvyagin, Andrei, 3Y, 4G Tai, Matthew C., 3S Zych, E., 2H Tan, Hark Hoe, 0O Tay, C. Y., 4T Taylor, Robert A., 0D, 3P Tereshhenko, Anatolij M., 23 Thierry, Benjamin, 0W, 2J, 5Q Tilley, Richard D., 5Q Timoshenkov, Alexey S., 23, 2T Timoshenkov, Sergey P., 23, 2T Timoshenkov, V. P., 2T Tjin, Swee Chuan, 16 Topič, Marko, 43 Toprak, Muhammet S., 33, 5T Tovar-Lopez, Francisco, 1U Trusova, Inna, 4G Tsuchiya, Kazuyoshi, 1Y Tyc, Tomáš, 40 Uetsuji, Yasutomo, 1Y Umaba, M., 4U Urban, Matthias, 0X Valais, I., 2H Voelcker, Nico, 53 Wakelin, Edgar, 5R Wang, Chenxi, 0W

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-11

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Conference Committee

Conference Chair Benjamin J. Eggleton, The University of Sydney (Australia)

Conference Co-chair Stefano Palomba, The University of Sydney (Australia)

Conference Program Committee Brian Abbey, La Trobe University (Australia) Andrea M. Armani, The University of Southern California (United States) Marcela M. M. Bilek, The University of Sydney (Australia) Alvaro Casas Bedoya, The University of Sydney (Australia) Peggy P. Y. Chan, RMIT University (Australia) Wenlong Cheng, Monash University (Australia) C. Martijn de Sterke, The University of Sydney (Australia) James Friend, University of California, San Diego (United States) Ewa M. Goldys, Macquarie University (Australia) Daniel E. Gomez, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) Min Gu, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia) Stefan Harrer, IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences- Melbourne (Australia) Stephen Holler, Fordham University (United States) Baohua Jia, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia) Saulius Juodkazis, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia) Adrian Keating, The University of Western Australia (Australia) Dwayne D Kirk, Melbourne Center for Nanofabrication (Australia) Alexander M. Korsunsky, University of Oxford (United Kingdom) Zdenka Kuncic, The University of Sydney (Australia) Gareth F. Moorhead, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) David Moss, RMIT University (Australia) Dragomir N. Neshev, The Australian National University (Australia) Fiorenzo Gabriele Omenetto, Tufts University (United States) Kostya Ostrikov, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) Rupert F. Oulton, Imperial College London (United Kingdom) Min Qiu, Zhejiang University (China) David D. Sampson, The University of Western Australia (Australia) Cather M. Simpson, The University of Auckland (New Zealand)

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Volker J. Sorger, The George Washington University (United States) Din Ping Tsai, Academia Sinica (Taiwan) Niek F. Van Hulst, ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (Spain) Frédérique Vanholsbeeck, The University of Auckland (New Zealand) Seok-Hyun Yun, Harvard Medical School (United States) Yonggang Zhu, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia)

Session Chairs 1A Nanostructured Materials I Ann Roberts, The University of Melbourne (Australia)

1B Micro/Nanofluidics and Optofluidics I Warwick P. Bowen, The University of Queensland (Australia)

1C Photonics I Justin J. Cooper-White, The University of Queensland (Australia)

2A Nanostructured Materials II Yuri S. Kivshar, The Australian National University (Australia) Mikhail Lapine, University of Technology, Sydney (Australia)

2B Micro/Nanofluidics and Optofluidics II Hywel Morgan, University of Southampton (United Kingdom) Neetesh Singh, The University of Sydney (Australia)

2C Photonics II Isabelle Staude, Friedrich-Schiller University (Germany) Antony Orth, RMIT University (Australia)

3A Nanostructured Materials III Frank Vollmer, Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts (Germany) Volker J. Sorger, The George Washington University (United States)

3B Nanophotonics for Biology and Medical Applications I Krasimir Vasilev, University of South Australia (Australia) Prineha Narang, California Institute of Technology (United States)

3C Photonics III Igal Brener, Sandia National Labs (United States) Christian Wolff, University of Technology, Sydney (Australia)

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 4A Nanostructured Materials IV Kenneth B. Crozier, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (United States) Haisu Li, The University of Sydney (Australia)

4B Nanophotonics for Biology and Medical Applications II Baohua Jia, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia)

4C Solar Cell Technologies Diana Antonosyan, The Australian National University (Australia) Alexander L. Gaeta, Columbia University (United States)

5A Biocompatible Materials I Yuerui Lu, The Australian National University (Australia) Sergey S. Kruk, The Australian National University (Australia)

5B Plasmonics I Nikolai Strohfeldt, Universität Stuttgart (Germany) Stefan A. Maier, Imperial College London (United Kingdom)

5C Fabrication I Mingkai Liu, The Australian National University (Australia) Arnan Mitchell, RMIT University (Australia)

6A Medical and Biological Micro/Nanodevices Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop, The University of Queensland (Australia)

6B Plasmonics II Shaghik Atakaramians, The University of Sydney (Australia) Timothy D. James, The University of Melbourne (Australia)

6C Fabrication II David D. Sampson, The University of Western Australia (Australia) Alexander S. Solntsev, The Australian National University (Australia)

7A Biocompatible Materials II Peggy P. Chan, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia)

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-15

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Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Introduction

In December 2013, the United Nations declared 2015 as the International Year of Light (IYL), recognizing the immense importance of light-based technologies in our lives, for our futures, and for the development of humankind.

In December 2015, the SPIE Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Applications symposium and the new Australian Institute for Nanoscience (AIN) at the University of Sydney’s Camperdown campus offered the opportunity to celebrate the culmination of the IYL and heightened global awareness of the importance of light-based technologies, including nanoscience.

The SPIE symposium is an interdisciplinary forum for collaboration and learning among top researchers in all fields related to nano- and microscale materials and technologies. This 2015 event took place over 4 days, 6-9 December, and included both oral and poster presentations with a focus on nanostructured and biocompatible materials, medical and biological micro/nanodevices, micro/nanofluidics and optofluidics, nanophotonics for biology and medical applications, plasmonics, and solar cell technologies and fabrication.

The University of Sydney is Australia’s first university with an outstanding global reputation for academic and research excellence. Located close to the heart of Australia’s largest and most international city, the Camperdown campus features a mixture of iconic gothic-revival buildings and state-of-the- art teaching, research, and student support facilities. The University of Sydney attracts many of the most talented students in Australia drawn by its range of quality degrees and strong track record of research programs. The University’s academics are leaders in their disciplines nationally and internationally, driving major research initiatives.

Sydney is Australia’s truly international city and one of the world’s most iconic and livable cities in the world, with plenty of open space, famous beaches, glittering harbour, waterways and bushland, great climate and vibrant culture rich of entertainment, cultural activities, and sporting events. Sydney is at the heart of Australia’s economy, and is ranked first in the Asia Pacific in terms of intellectual capital and innovation. Sydney offers a safe and secure environment for individuals and families, with world-class health care, education, transport and telecommunications with a multicultural environment as over a third of Sydney’s population was born overseas.

Benjamin J. Eggleton Stefano Palomba

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