Multimode Fibres: a Pathway Towards Deep-Tissue Fluorescence Microscopy”

Macquarie University ResearchOnline

This is the published version of:

Martin Plöschner; Tomáš Tyc; Tomáš Cižmár; “Multimode fibres: a pathway towards deep-tissue fluorescence microscopy”. Proc. SPIE 9668, Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Systems, 966840 (December 22, 2015)

Access to the published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2202355

Copyright 2015 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.

Multimode fibre: a pathway towards deep tissue fluorescence microscopy

Martin Plöschner*a,b, Tomáš Tycc, Tomáš Čižmára aSchool of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, College of Art, Science & Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK; bDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, School of Physics and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia; cDepartment of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic *[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Fluorescence microscopy has emerged as a pivotal platform for imaging in the life sciences. In recent years, the overwhelming success of its different modalities has been accompanied by various efforts to carry out imaging deeper inside living tissues. A key challenge of these efforts is to overcome scattering and absorption of light in such environments. Multiple strategies (e.g. multi-photon, wavefront correction techniques) extended the penetration depth to the current state-of-the-art of about 1000μm at the resolution of approximately 1μm. The only viable strategy for imaging deeper than this is by employing a fibre bundle based endoscope. However, such devices lack resolution and have a significant footprint (1mm in diameter), which prohibits their use in studies involving tissues deep in live animals. We have recently demonstrated a radically new approach that delivers the light in/out of place of interest through an extremely thin (tens of microns in diameter) cylindrical glass tube called a multimode optical fibre (MMF). Not only is this type of delivery much less invasive compared to fibre bundle technology, it also enables higher resolution and has the ability to image at any plane behind the fibre without any auxiliary optics. The two most important limitations of this exciting technology are (i) the lack of bending flexibility and (ii) high demands on computational power, making the performance of such systems slow. We will discuss how to overcome these limitations. Keywords: multimode optical fibre, digital holography, fluorescence microscopy, micro-endoscopy, wavefront shaping

1. INTRODUCTION

Research in life sciences increasingly relies on obtaining high spatial resolution information from systems and processes that are deep inside biological tissues 1. This represents a major obstacle as most if not all modern imaging techniques fall into three categories - high resolution with very limited penetration depth2, standard resolution with average penetration depth3 or low resolution with exceptional penetration depth 4 - none of which are able to observe sub-cellular systems deeper than few millimetres. In recent years, multimode fibre (MMF) based endoscopes presented a possible solution to this problem. As opposed to bulky single mode fibre bundles, MMFs are thin and as such cause minimum mechanical damage upon insertion. Both imaging 5-10 and micromanipulation11,12 techniques were demonstrated and showed great promise of the technology. The applications are based on the realisation that the input and output optical fields are related through the transformation matrix of the fibre. With the knowledge of the transformation matrix one can design an input field such that a desired output field is displayed at the other end of the fibre (beam-shaping) 12 and vice versa, one can use inverse transformation to realise imaging with the fiber 6. Both applications are realised using a hologram on a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). The two most important limitations of this exciting technology are (i) high demands on computational power, making the performance of such systems slow and (ii) the lack of bending flexibility. We will discuss how to overcome these limitations.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966840-1

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 2. ULTRA-FAST BEAM SHAPING AT THE OUTPUT FACET OF MULTIMODE OPTICAL FIBRE

In the following we focus our attention on the ability to shape the light at the output facet of the fibre. The hologram generation procedure for arbitrary output field is computationally very intensive, which, until recently, restricted the fibre-based manipulation and potential structured illumination imaging techniques to pre-calculated holograms. Our previously published system 13 dealt with the computational needs by harnessing the parallel power of modern GPUs and allowed real-time beam-shaping in multimode fibers. The system was capable of displaying on-demand oriented cube, made out of 120 points, at the distal end of the fiber at the refresh rate of 50 Hz. However, the key element of the system was an Acousto-Optic Deflector (AOD) that produced points at the distal end of the fiber in time-discrete intervals. The time-discretization of points removes the interference (present due to non-orthogonality of output points 12) but also significantly increases system complexity due to the presence of an AOD. Furthermore, only a limited number of points (120) was used for the output pattern as the fibre input fields would start to overlap in the SLM Fourier space for larger number of AOD deflections.

Here, we present a significantly simplified and improved system without the added AOD complexity. We remove the undesired interference effects computationally using the GPU accelerated Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) and Yang-Gu (YG) algorithms. The algorithms were previously implemented on a CPU platform 12 restricting the use of the technology to the pre-calculated holograms. The GPU implementation is two orders of magnitude faster than the CPU implementation allowing video-rate image control at the distal end of the fiber virtually free of interference effects.

Figure 1 shows the experimental setup used to realise AOD-free light-shaping at the end of M MF. The system is used to measure the transformation matrix of the fibre, w hich is then used for subsequent beam-shaping. We have used a modified version of Yang-Gu and Gerchberg-Saxton algori thms 13,14 and implemented the hologram generation on a GPU platform, which allows for massive parallelization of complex computatio ns involved. This allowed real-time beam-shaping (target refresh rate of more than 50 Hz) for complex output patterns at the end of the fibre.

3. BENDING DYNAMICS OF MULTIMODE FIBRE

The transformation matrix of the fibre is valid only for conformation of the fibre for which it was measured. Any changes in conformation of the fibre, such as bending, will lead to change of transformation matrix of the fibre and subsequent loss of imaging capability. We have recently shown 15, that it is possible to predict transformation matrix of the bent fibre from the transformation matrix of the straight fibre. This removes the necessity to empirically measure the transformation matrix every time the fibre conformation is changed, and also without the need to access the distal end of the fibre.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966840-2

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx LASER

SLM

.A /2 PM Fibs

-i5 A/2

,/4

L1 M Fiber SMFiber MO L3 A/4C(

NPBS Figure 1. Linearly polarised light (CrystaLaser CL532-075-S) passes through half-wave plate and optical isolator (Thorlabs IO-3-532-LP). This configuration prevents back reflections into the laser and at the same time allows control of power in the system. The second half-wave plate together with the polarising beam splitter was used to control the splitting of power between the two fiber coupling optical pathways. The optimal coupling into the Polarrisation Maintaing Fiber (PMF)(Thorlabs P1-488PM-FC-2) was achieved by using L1 f=100mm plano-convex lens and L2 f=8mm aspheric lens. Coupling into the single-mode fiber (SMF) (Thorlabs P1-405B-FC-5) was realised using a dielectric mirror M1 and aspheric lens L3 f=8mm. Both SMF and PMF were cleaved at the coupling site at an angle of approximately 10 degrees to remove the power oscillations in the system due to SMF and PMF acting like resonators. Without the angled cleave, the optical power in the system oscillated on average by 10 percent making the measurement of the transformation matrix inaccurate. The output polarisation of PMF was aligned with the polarisation axis of the SLM (BNS HSPDM512-(480-540nm)-DVI) and the light was collimated onto the SLM by L4 f=60 mm. The light from the SLM passed through L5 f=100 mm and all the light except the first order was filtered on the iris. Telescope consisting of lenses L6 f=50mm and L7 f=8mm, yielding a slightly higher NA than the NA of the MMF (Thorlabs FG050UGA) , was used for the coupling into the MMF. The quarter- wave plate transformed the linearly polarised light into circularly polarised light. This step ensures that the input field is decomposed into real-eigenmodes of the straight fiber, which then propagate through the fiber without coupling into other polarisation. The selected mode-basis works also very well for bended fibers, but the larger the bending the stronger the coupling to the opposite circular polarisation modes, which ultimately leads to stronger background noise during beam- shaping. Light exiting the MMF was collected by a microscope objective (MO) (Olympus PlanN 20x/0.40) and the circularly polarised light was transformed back to a linearly polarised light using another quarter-wave plate. The light was then re-combined with the collimated output L8 f=8 mm from SMF on the non-poolarising beam splitter (NPBS). Lens L9 f=150 mmm was used to image the patttern resulting from interferennce of SMF reeference and MMMF beam. CCCD (Basler piA640-210gm) was useed for transformmation matrix mmeasurement. SSMF beam waas blocked for ssubsequent beaam-shaping applicatioons.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966840-3

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

ss ee ee ss ee ee dd nn . . 15 al as can b specially thos specially 2c shows th 2c shows ng quality i easured chang easured r more detail r more ally predicte riment n in n in m he changes i he changes i e i e e e t c c e e o o m m (c) eory and exp eory arly not opti not arly means that means the fibre. F the fibre. eigenmodes eigenmodes ( ng and Figur and ng ry informatio ry perimentally the theoreti ix, the imag 4*02 I-Index t t h h f f e e i i r r s s a a x x ent between t between ent other. This This other. due bend to due mat mation ure 2a) is cl is 2a) ure e of the outpu e phases); (c) e phases); supplement res 2b show nformation o nformation hh )) rr ss mm gg ee uu oo 15 of the output lease see th lease see id used in tested. Fig ry good agree n to transfo n to erving the c e changes pha changes e case V in Fi n p ly match eac e e e r e r s m s m ( ( o o r r o o o (b hindi ampli) -10 bent fibre fibre bent y simply ob he two clea he two son shows a v e mode pyra e mode ical correcti that we hav we that etical predicti etical in bent fibre, bent in 20 yy ding of the fib ding of the ii bb tt rr hh TT ee odes Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966840-4 Proc. of SPIE Vol. e maximall value) (theo the theore s. The compar The s. ly predicted (plotted in t eo s of the fibr th tested. (b) Ben tested. of the m of the se changes. se changes. gg ra mm ll ee ss nn s r ge 40 x (mm] (a) r applyin easured pha easured 1target fo ure 3b). onformation 20 hase chan hase ular momentu be theoretica e eigenmode e configuratio tput eigenmod afte 55 cc gg gg pp rr mm t ending b re 3a. Bu ws se of thefib e 2. (a) Fibre e 2. (a) Fibre lculated the the lculated mproved (Fi mproved of USAF 19 ase of fibre ou low orbital an low orbital erimentally n matrix can n matrix 7[ rr i aa oo uu aa hh pp oo -R _ Figu with of p

aging phase S as ° s s 4 g R gure 2a sh gure The im seen on Fig significantly Fi change of ph ex for same transformati onwe how c !-0 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

PrNMI P"I IItsJi (a)i (b

Figure 3. (a) Imaging of the USAF 1951 target using the bent fibre (conformation V from Figure 2a) and empirically measured matrix for the straight fibre. (b) Imaging using the same bent fibre with the empirically measured matrix of the straight fibre, however, this time with theoretical corrections to eigenmode phases included.

REFERENCES

[1] Sun, C. K., Chu, S. W., Chen, S. Y., Tsai, T. H., Liu, T. M., Lin, C. Y., Tsai, H. J., “Higher harmonic generation microscopy for developmental biology,” Journal of Structural Biology 147(1), 19–30 (2004). [2] Toomre, D., Bewersdorf, J., “A new wave of cellular imaging,” Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 26, 285–314 (2010). [3] Drexler, W., Morgner, U., Kärtner, F. X., Pitris, C., Boppart, S. A., Li, X. D., Ippen, E. P., Fujimoto, J. G., “In vivo ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Optics Letters 24(17), 1221–1223 (1999). [4] Foster, F. S., Pavlin, C. J., Harasiewicz, K. A., Christopher, D. A., Turnbull, D. H., “Advances in ultrasound biomicroscopy,” Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 26(1), 1–27 (2000). [5] Choi, Y., Yoon, C., Kim, M., Yang, T. D., Fang-Yen, C., Dasari, R. R., Lee, K. J., Choi, W., “Scanner-free and wide-field endoscopic imaging by using a single multimode optical fiber,” Physical Review Letters 109(20), 203901, APS (2012). [6] Čižmár, T., Dholakia, K., “Exploiting multimode waveguides for pure fibre-based imaging,” Nat Commun 3, 1027, Nature Publishing Group (2012). [7] Papadopoulos, I. N., Farahi, S., Moser, C., Psaltis, D., “Increasing the imaging capabilities of multimode fibers by exploiting theproperties of highly scattering media,” Optics Letters 38(15), 2776–2778 (2013). [8] Thompson, A. J., Paterson, C., Neil, M. A., Dunsby, C., French, P. M., “Adaptive phase compensation for ultracompact laser scanning endomicroscopy,” Optics Letters 36(9), 1707–1709, Optical Society of America (2011). [9] Papadopoulos, I. N., Farahi, S., Moser, C., Psaltis, D., “High-resolution, lensless endoscope based on digital scanning through a multimode optical fiber,” Biomedical Optics Express 4(2), 260, Optical Society of America (2013).

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966840-5

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

[10] Choi, Y., Yoon, C., Kim, M., Yang, J., Choi, W., “Disorder-mediated enhancement of fiber numerical aperture,” Optics Letters 38(13), 2253–2255 (2013). [11] Bianchi, S., Di Leonardo, R., “A multi-mode fiber probe for holographic micromanipulation and microscopy,” Lab on a Chip - Miniaturisation for Chemistry and Biology 12(3), 635–639 (2012). [12] Čižmár, T., Dholakia, K., “Shaping the light transmission through a multimode optical fibre: complex transformation analysis and applications in biophotonics,” Opt. Express 19(20), 18871–18884, Optical Society of America (2011). [13] Ploschner, M., Straka, B., Dholakia, K., Čižmár, T., “GPU accelerated toolbox for real-time beam-shaping in multimode fibres,” Opt. Express 22(3), 2933–2947 (2014). [14] Ploschner, M., Čižmár, T., “Compact multimode fiber beam-shaping system based on GPU accelerated digital holography,” Optics Letters 40(2), 197–200 (2015). [15] Ploschner, M., Tyc, T., Čižmár, T., “Seeing through chaos in multimode fibres,” Nature Photonics 9(8), 529– 535 (2015).

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966840-6

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE

Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Systems

Benjamin J. Eggleton Stefano Palomba Editors

6–9 December 2015 Sydney, Australia

Sponsored by The University of Sydney (Australia) CUDOS—An ARC Centre of Excellence (Australia)

Cosponsored by NSW Government Trade and Investment (Australia) AOS—The Australian Optical Society (Australia) Office of Naval Research Global (United States) U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (United States)

Published by SPIE

Volume 9668

Proceedings of SPIE 0277-786X, V. 9668

SPIE is an international society advancing an interdisciplinary approach to the science and application of light.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-1

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx The papers in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. Additional papers and presentation recordings may be available online in the SPIE Digital Library at SPIEDigitalLibrary.org.

The papers reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon.

Please use the following format to cite material from these proceedings: Author(s), "Title of Paper," in SPIE Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Systems, edited by Benjamin J. Eggleton, Stefano Palomba, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9668 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2015) Six-digit Article CID Number.

ISSN: 0277-786X ISSN: 1996-756X (electronic) ISBN: 9781628418903

Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time)· Fax +1 360 647 1445 SPIE.org

Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/15/$18.00.

Printed in the United States of America.

Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library.

SPIEDigitalLibrary.org

Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model. A unique citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online and print versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system structured as follows: . The first four digits correspond to the SPIE volume number. . The last two digits indicate publication order within the volume using a Base 36 numbering system employing both numerals and letters. These two-number sets start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B … 0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript.

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-2

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Contents

ix Author Index

xiii Conference Committee

xvii Introduction

MICRO/NANOFLUIDICS AND OPTOFLUIDICS I

9668 0D Thermoset polyester-based superhydrophobic microchannels for nanofluid heat transfer applications [9668-10]

PHOTONICS I

9668 0F Fabrication and optical characterisation of InGaN/GaN nanorods [9668-12]

9668 0H Low loss and single mode metal dielectric hybrid-clad waveguides for Terahertz radiation [9668-14]

9668 0I Mid-infrared silicon pillar waveguides [9668-15]

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS II

9668 0L Mesoscopic effects in discretised metamaterial spheres [9668-18]

9668 0O Dynamic control of THz waves through thin-film transistor metamaterials [9668-21]

9668 0T Relative humidity sensing using dye-doped polymer thin-films on metal substrates [9668-27]

MICRO/NANOFLUIDICS AND OPTOFLUIDICS II

9668 0V Enhanced water vapour flow in silica microchannels and interdiffusive water vapour flow through anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes [9668-29]

9668 0W Low-temperature bonded glass-membrane microfluidic device for in vitro organ-on-a- chip cell culture models [9668-30]

9668 0X Printed circuit boards as platform for disposable lab-on-a-chip applications [9668-31]

9668 0Y Enabling rapid behavioral ecotoxicity studies using an integrated lab-on-a-chip system [9668-32]

9668 0Z 3D printed polymers toxicity profiling: a caution for biodevice applications [9668-33]

iii

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-3

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 9668 10 Lab-on-chip platform for circulating tumor cells isolation [9668-34]

9668 12 Bubble-induced acoustic mixing in a microfluidic device [9668-36]

9668 13 Automation of Daphtoxkit-F biotest using a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology [9668-37]

PHOTONICS II

9668 16 Damage monitoring using fiber optic sensors and by analysing electro-mechanical admittance signatures obtained from piezo sensor [9668-41]

9668 17 Electron-beam induced diamond-like-carbon passivation of plasmonic devices [9668-42]

9668 19 Tunable microwave notch filter created by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a silicon chip [9668-44]

POSTER SESSION

9668 1J Effect of BMITFSI to the electrical properties of methycelloluse/chitosan/NH4TF-based polymer electrolyte [9668-158]

9668 1Q Fabrication and optical characterization of a 2D metal periodic grating structure for cold filter application [9668-166]

9668 1R Illumination dependent carrier dynamics of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite [9668-168]

9668 1U Dynamic evaluation and control of blood clotting using a microfluidic platform for high- throughput diagnostics [9668-171]

9668 1W Testing organic toxicants on biomicrofluidic devices: why polymeric substrata can lead you into trouble [9668-175]

9668 1Y Evaluation of additive element to improve PZT piezoelectricity by using first-principles calculation [9668-177]

9668 20 Resonance breakdown of dielectric resonator antennas on ground plane at visible frequencies [9668-179]

9668 23 Calculation of the dynamic characteristics of micro-mirror element based on thermal micro-actuators [9668-182]

9668 24 Efficient butt-coupling of surface plasmons on a silver-air interface [9668-183]

9668 29 Development of functional nano-particle layer for highly efficient OLED [9668-188]

9668 2B Misalignment tolerant efficient inverse taper coupler for silicon waveguide [9668-190]

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-4

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 9668 2C Design and simulation of piezoelectric PZT micro-actuators with integrated piezoresistive displacement sensors for micro-optics applications [9668-191]

9668 2D Surface plasmon interference lithography using Al grating structure on glass [9668-192]

9668 2H Preparation and imaging performance of nanoparticulated LuPO4:Eu semitransparent films under x-ray radiation [9668-196]

9668 2J Comparison of sensor structures for the signal amplification of surface plasmon resonance immunoassay using enzyme precipitation [9668-198]

9668 2N Development of myoelectric control type speaking valve with low flow resistance [9668-203]

9668 2S Luminescent solar concentrator improvement by stimulated emission [9668-208]

9668 2T Investigation of emission properties of vacuum diodes with nanodiamond-graphite emitters [9668-209]

9668 2W Hollow silicon microneedle array based trans-epidermal antiemetic patch for efficient management of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting [9668-214]

9668 2Y A homeostatic, chip-based platform for zebrafish larvae immobilization and long-term imaging [9668-174]

9668 2Z Quantum plasmonics for next-generation optical and sensing technologies [9668-216]

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS III

9668 33 Evaluation of zinc oxide nano-microtetrapods for biomolecule sensing applications [9668-55]

9668 34 2D materials for nanophotonic devices (Invited Paper) [9668-56]

NANOPHOTONICS FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS I

9668 3B Some minding about the creation of multi-spectrum passive terahertz imaging system [9668-61]

PHOTONICS III

9668 3J Dipole-fiber systems: radiation field patterns, effective magnetic dipoles, and induced cavity modes (Invited Paper) [9668-70]

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-5

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS IV

9668 3O Designing small molecule polyaromatic p- and n-type semiconductor materials for organic electronics [9668-74]

9668 3P Experimental investigation of a nanofluid absorber employed in a low-profile, concentrated solar thermal collector [9668-75]

9668 3R Optical properties of arrays of five-pointed nanostars [9668-77]

9668 3S Plasmonic response in nanoporous metal: dependence on network topology [9668-78]

9668 3U Graphene nano-ribbon with nano-breaks as efficient thermoelectric device [9668-80]

9668 3V Modeling of graphene nanoscroll conductance with quantum capacitance effect [9668-81]

NANOPHOTONICS FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS II

9668 3Y Systematic assessment of blood circulation time of functionalized upconversion nanoparticles in the chick embryo [9668-84]

9668 3Z A wirelessly powered microspectrometer for neural probe-pin device [9668-85]

9668 40 Multimode fibres: a pathway towards deep tissue fluorescence microscopy [9668-86]

9668 42 Optical parameter measurement of highly diffusive tissue body phantoms with specially designed sample holder for photo diagnostic and PDT applications [9668-88]

SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES

9668 43 Improved properties of phosphor-filled luminescent down-shifting layers: reduced scattering, optical model, and optimization for PV application [9668-90]

9668 46 Nanostructured metallic rear reflectors for thin solar cells: balancing parasitic absorption in metal and large-angle scattering [9668-93]

9668 47 Novel plasmonic materials to improve thin film solar cells efficiency [9668-94]

9668 48 Ultrafast charge generation and relaxation dynamics in methylammonium lead bromide perovskites [9668-95]

9668 49 Nanosphere lithography for improved absorption in thin crystalline silicon solar cells [9668-97]

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS I

9668 4G Acellular organ scaffolds for tumor tissue engineering [9668-102]

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-6

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx PLASMONICS I

9668 4L Sub-wavelength Si-based plasmonic light emitting tunnel junction [9668-107]

FABRICATION I

9668 4T Nano-engineered flexible pH sensor for point-of-care urease detection [9668-210]

9668 4U Development of the magnetic force-induced dual vibration energy harvester using a unimorph cantilever [9668-115]

9668 4W CMOS compatible fabrication process of MEMS resonator for timing reference and sensing application [9668-143]

MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MICRO/NANODEVICES

9668 50 A temperature-compensated optical fiber force sensor for minimally invasive surgeries [9668-154]

9668 52 Liquid marble as microbioreactor for bioengineering applications [9668-149]

9668 53 Sub-bandage sensing system for remote monitoring of chronic wounds in healthcare [9668-219]

PLASMONICS II

9668 57 Transforming polarisation to wavelength via two-colour quantum dot plasmonic enhancement [9668-128]

9668 5B Plasmonic nano-resonator enhanced one-photon luminescence from single gold nanorods [9668-133]

9668 5C Plasmon resonances on opto-capacitive nanostructures [9668-134]

FABRICATION II

9668 5J Spectroscopic behavior in whispering-gallery modes by edge formation of printed microdisk lasers [9668-119]

9668 5O Optical properties of refractory TiN, AlN and (Ti,Al)N coatings [9668-144]

9668 5P Optimisation of Schottky electrode geometry [9668-141]

vii

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-7

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS II

9668 5Q Application of novel iron core/iron oxide shell nanoparticles to sentinel lymph node identification [9668-151]

9668 5R Bio-functionalisation of polyether ether ketone using plasma immersion ion implantation [9668-104]

9668 5S Microscale resolution fracture toughness profiling at the zirconia-porcelain interface in dental prostheses [9668-105]

9668 5T Wafer-scale epitaxial graphene on SiC for sensing applications [9668-122]

9668 5U Conductivity and electrical studies of plasticized carboxymethyl cellulose based proton conducting solid biopolymer electrolytes [9668-123]

9668 5V Controlled deposition of plasma activated coatings on zirconium substrates [9668-124]

9668 5W Determination of effect factor for effective parameter on saccharification of lignocellulosic material by concentrated acid [9668-224]

viii

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-8

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Authors

Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B...0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc.

Abbey, Brian, 17 Čižmár, Tomáš, 40 Afshar, Shahraam V., 3J Collis, Gavin E., 3O Aghili, Sina, 5W Combariza, Miguel E., 1U Akhavan, Behnam, 5V Conibeer, Gavin, 0F Alameh, K., 10, 4T Cortie, Michael B., 3R, 3S, 5C, 5O Al-Dirini, Feras, 3U Cousins, Aidan, 5Q Alhasan, Layla, 52 Crisostomo, Felipe, 3P Ali, Amer, 5T Dai, Xi, 0F Alnassar, Mohammad Saleh N., 5P Davies, Michael, 5R Annamdas, Venu Gopal Madhav, 16 Davis, Timothy J., 57 Anwar, S., 42 de Sterke, C. Martijn, 24 Appelt, Christian, 0F Deng, Xiaofan, 48 Arbatan, Tina, 52 Denisov, Alexander, 3B Argyros, Alexander, 2S Ding, Boyang, 0T Arifin, N. A., 1J Disney, Claire E. R., 46 Arnold, Matthew D., 3S, 5C, 5O Dowd, A., 5C Asundi, Anand, 16 Eggleton, Benjamin J., 0I, 19 Atakaramians, Shaghik, 0H, 3J Evans, Robin, 4W Bagnall, Darren M., 49 Evstafyev, Sergey S., 23 Bakas, A., 2H Feng, Yu, 0F Balaur, Eugeniu, 17 Firdous, S., 42 Batentschuk, Miroslaw, 43 Fisher, Caitlin, 24 Best, Michael, 12 Fleming, Simon, 2S Bilek, Marcela, 5R, 5V Fooladvand, M., 10 Bilokur, M., 5O Forberich, Karen, 43 Blaikie, Richard, 0T Fountos, G., 2H Boretti, A., 47 Friedrich, Timo, 0Z, 2Y Botten, Lindsay C., 24 Fritzsche, Wolfgang, 0X Brabec, Christoph J., 43 Fumeaux, Christophe, 20 Broderick, N., 50 Galí, Marc A., 3S Cartlidge, Rhys, 1W Gao, Xiaofang, 0W Casas-Bedoya, A., 19 Gentle, Angus R., 3S, 5O Castelletto, S., 47 Goktas, Hasan, 4L Chan, Peggy P. Y., 52 Goldys, Ewa, 0X, 3Y Chang, Yuanchih, 49 Gong, Qihuang, 5B Chen, Cong, 5J Gornev, E. S., 2T Chen, H., 50 Gray, E., 10 Chen, Huaying, 12 Grebenik, Ekaterina, 3Y Chen, Sheng, 1R Green, Martin A., 1R, 46, 48 Chen, Ssu-Han, 2B, 2C Guller, Anna, 3Y, 4G Chen, Weijian, 0F Harada, Takaaki, 48 Cheng, Yuqing, 5B Hariz, Alex, 53

Cherukhin, Yuriy, 3B He, Yingbo, 5B Choi, Haechul, 29 Heilmann, Martin, 0F Choi, Kyung Cheol, 2D Henning, Anna M., 5Q Choi, Sang H., 3Z Hewakuruppu, Yasitha L., 3P Choi, Yoonseuk, 29 Hiramatsu, Kazumasa, 1Q Christiansen, Silke, 0F Hjerrild, Natasha, 3P Chung, Chia-Yang, 0D Ho-Baillie, Anita, 1R, 48

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-9

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Holland, Anthony S., 5P Lu, Yiqing, 3Y Hossain, Faruque M., 3U Lu, Yuerui, 34 Hossain, Md Sharafat, 3U Lunt, Alexander J. G., 5S Howard, Douglas, 5Q Luong, Stanley, 5P Huang, Shujuan, 0F, 1R, 48 MacQueen, Rowan W., 2S Huang, Yushi, 0Y, 13, 1W Maheshwari, Muneesh, 16 Hudson, Darren D., 0I Marpaung, David, 19 Huynh, Duc H., 4W Marshall, B. J., 4T Iakimov, Tihomir, 5T Maurya, D. K., 10, 4T Inglis, David, 0X Mawatari, Kazuma, 0W Isa, M. I. N., 5U McKenzie, David R., 0V, 5R Ismail, Razali, 3V McPhedran, Ross C., 0L, 24 Ivanov, Ivan G., 5T Mehmood, Nasir, 53 Jagadish, Chennupati, 0O Mesgari, Sara, 0D, 3P Jain, Kanika, 52 Michael, Aron, 2B, 2C James, Timothy D., 57 Michail, C., 2H Jiang, Liming, 3U Michler, Johann, 5S Kalyvas, N., 2H Mimaki, Shinya, 2N Kandarakis, I., 2H Miroshnichenko, Andrey E., 3J Karlsson, Mikael, 33, 5T Mitchell, Arnan, 1U Kaslin, Jan, 0Z, 2Y Miyake, Hideto, 1Q Kaysir, Md Rejvi, 2S Mo, Z., 50 Kee, Tak W., 48 Moaied, Modjtaba, 2Z Khaledian, Mohsen, 3V Mohanty, Gaurav, 5S Kharbikar, Bhushan N., 2W Monro, Tanya M., 3J Khiar, A. S. A., 1J Morita, Y., 4U Kim, Min Hyuck, 3Z Morrison, Blair, 19 Kim, Min-Hoi, 29 Morrison, Karl, 3P Kim, Yong Min, 2D Motogaito, Atsushi, 1Q Kitamori, Takehiko, 0W Mulvaney, Paul, 57 Kito, Masanori, 1Q Nadort, Annemarie, 3Y Kivshar, Yuri S., 3J Nakamachi, E., 4U Kondyurin, Alexey, 5R Nawaz, M., 42 Korobova, Natalia E., 23 Nelson, Melanie R. M., 5Q Korsunsky, Alexander M., 5S Neo, Tee K., 5S Kou, Shan Shan, 17 Nesbitt, Warwick, 1U Kr., Sindhu, 2W Nguyen, Phuong D., 4W Krč, Janez, 43 Nguyen, Thanh C., 4W Kuhlmey, Boris T., 0H Nodeh, Ali Arasteh, 5W Kumar S., Harish, 2W Noor, N. A. M., 5U Kumari, Madhuri, 0T Nugegoda, Dayanthi, 0Y, 13, 1W Kurkov, Alexander, 4G Oki, Yuji, 5J Kwok, Chee Yee, 2B, 2C Ooe, Katsutoshi, 2N Lan, Shengchang, 3B Orlov, S. N., 2T Langley, Daniel, 17 Ostrikov, Kostya (Ken), 2Z Lapine, Mikhail, 0L Ozawa, Masaaki, 5J Latzel, Michael, 0F Pagani, Mattia, 19 Lee, Jae-Hyun, 29 Panayiotakis, G. S., 2H Lee, Uhn, 3Z Pang, John Hock Lye, 16 Lei, Wenwen, 0V Payne, David N. R., 49

Leiterer, Christian, 0X Pei, Jiajie, 34 Li, Haisu, 0H Petersen, Elena, 4G Li, Jifeng, 5J Petkovic-Duran, Karolina, 12 Li, Qiyuan, 3P Pillai, Supriya, 46, 49 Liang, Liuen, 3Y Plöschner, Martin, 40 Lin, Jiao, 17 Pocock, Kyall J., 0W Lipovšek, Benjamin, 43 Pollard, Michael E., 49 Liu, Hao, 3B Poulton, Christopher G., 0L, 24 Lu, Guowei, 5B Prestidge, Clive A., 0W Lu, Hai, 0O Priest, Craig, 0W

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-10

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Qian, Yi, 3Y, 4G Wang, Peng, 2B, 2C Qiu, Jing Hui, 3B Wang, Qin, 33, 5T Rabus, Dominik G., 1U Warkiani, Majid Ebrahimi, 0D Rehman, A., 42 Weiss, Anthony, 5R Rehman, K., 42 Wen, Xiaoming, 0F, 1R, 48 Ren, Fang-Fang, 0O Withayachumnankul, Withawat, 20 Roberts, Ann, 57 Wlodkowic, Donald, 0Y, 0Z, 13, 1W, 2Y Rosa, L., 47 Woffenden, Albert, 3P Rosengarten, Gary, 0D, 3P Xia, Keyu, 5B Ryu, Soichiro, 5J Xu, Renjing, 34 Sadatnajafi, Catherine, 17 Xu, W., 50 Saiprasad, N., 47 Xu, Wei-Zong, 0O

Sakurai, Kohei, 2N Yafarov, R. K., 2T Samoilykov, Vyacheslav K., 23 Yakimova, Rositza, 5T Sardarinejad, A., 4T Yang, Chih-Tsung, 2J Sarvi, Fatemeh, 52 Yang, Jianfeng, 0F Schmidt, Timothy W., 2S Yang, Jiong, 34 Scott, Jason A., 3P Yasoda, Yutaka, 1Y Seferis, I. E., 2H Ye, Jiandong, 0O Shadrivov, Ilya V., 3J Yeo, Giselle, 5R Shahcheraghi, N., 5C Yoon, Hargsoon, 3Z Shekhter, Anatoly, 4G Yoshioka, Hiroaki, 5J Shen, Hongming, 5B Yu, Xinghuo, 1U Shen, Wei, 52 Yue, Pan, 5P Sheng, Rui, 1R, 48 Zeler, J., 2H Shrestha, Santosh, 0F Zhang, Shuang, 34 Singh, Neetesh, 0I Zhao, Wei, 33, 5T Skafidas, Efstratios, 3U, 4W Zhao, Yichen, 33, 5T Skommer, Joanna, 0Z Zheng, Cheng, 3P Smith, Geoffrey B., 3S, 5O Zhu, Feng, 0Z, 1W, 2Y Solodovnyk, Anastasiia, 43 Zhu, Shaoli, 3R Song, Kyo D., 3Z Zhu, Yonggang, 12 Sorger, Volker J., 4L Ziman, M., 10 Srivastava, Rohit, 2W Zou, Chengjun, 20 Stern, Edda, 43 Zou, Longfang, 20 Syväjärvi, Mikael, 5T Zvyagin, Andrei, 3Y, 4G Tai, Matthew C., 3S Zych, E., 2H Tan, Hark Hoe, 0O Tay, C. Y., 4T Taylor, Robert A., 0D, 3P Tereshhenko, Anatolij M., 23 Thierry, Benjamin, 0W, 2J, 5Q Tilley, Richard D., 5Q Timoshenkov, Alexey S., 23, 2T Timoshenkov, Sergey P., 23, 2T Timoshenkov, V. P., 2T Tjin, Swee Chuan, 16 Topič, Marko, 43 Toprak, Muhammet S., 33, 5T Tovar-Lopez, Francisco, 1U Trusova, Inna, 4G Tsuchiya, Kazuyoshi, 1Y Tyc, Tomáš, 40 Uetsuji, Yasutomo, 1Y Umaba, M., 4U Urban, Matthias, 0X Valais, I., 2H Voelcker, Nico, 53 Wakelin, Edgar, 5R Wang, Chenxi, 0W

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-11

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-12

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Conference Committee

Conference Chair Benjamin J. Eggleton, The University of Sydney (Australia)

Conference Co-chair Stefano Palomba, The University of Sydney (Australia)

Conference Program Committee Brian Abbey, La Trobe University (Australia) Andrea M. Armani, The University of Southern California (United States) Marcela M. M. Bilek, The University of Sydney (Australia) Alvaro Casas Bedoya, The University of Sydney (Australia) Peggy P. Y. Chan, RMIT University (Australia) Wenlong Cheng, Monash University (Australia) C. Martijn de Sterke, The University of Sydney (Australia) James Friend, University of California, San Diego (United States) Ewa M. Goldys, Macquarie University (Australia) Daniel E. Gomez, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) Min Gu, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia) Stefan Harrer, IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences- Melbourne (Australia) Stephen Holler, Fordham University (United States) Baohua Jia, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia) Saulius Juodkazis, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia) Adrian Keating, The University of Western Australia (Australia) Dwayne D Kirk, Melbourne Center for Nanofabrication (Australia) Alexander M. Korsunsky, University of Oxford (United Kingdom) Zdenka Kuncic, The University of Sydney (Australia) Gareth F. Moorhead, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) David Moss, RMIT University (Australia) Dragomir N. Neshev, The Australian National University (Australia) Fiorenzo Gabriele Omenetto, Tufts University (United States) Kostya Ostrikov, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) Rupert F. Oulton, Imperial College London (United Kingdom) Min Qiu, Zhejiang University (China) David D. Sampson, The University of Western Australia (Australia) Cather M. Simpson, The University of Auckland (New Zealand)

xiii

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-13

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Volker J. Sorger, The George Washington University (United States) Din Ping Tsai, Academia Sinica (Taiwan) Niek F. Van Hulst, ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (Spain) Frédérique Vanholsbeeck, The University of Auckland (New Zealand) Seok-Hyun Yun, Harvard Medical School (United States) Yonggang Zhu, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia)

Session Chairs 1A Nanostructured Materials I Ann Roberts, The University of Melbourne (Australia)

1B Micro/Nanofluidics and Optofluidics I Warwick P. Bowen, The University of Queensland (Australia)

1C Photonics I Justin J. Cooper-White, The University of Queensland (Australia)

2A Nanostructured Materials II Yuri S. Kivshar, The Australian National University (Australia) Mikhail Lapine, University of Technology, Sydney (Australia)

2B Micro/Nanofluidics and Optofluidics II Hywel Morgan, University of Southampton (United Kingdom) Neetesh Singh, The University of Sydney (Australia)

2C Photonics II Isabelle Staude, Friedrich-Schiller University (Germany) Antony Orth, RMIT University (Australia)

3A Nanostructured Materials III Frank Vollmer, Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts (Germany) Volker J. Sorger, The George Washington University (United States)

3B Nanophotonics for Biology and Medical Applications I Krasimir Vasilev, University of South Australia (Australia) Prineha Narang, California Institute of Technology (United States)

3C Photonics III Igal Brener, Sandia National Labs (United States) Christian Wolff, University of Technology, Sydney (Australia)

xiv

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-14

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx 4A Nanostructured Materials IV Kenneth B. Crozier, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (United States) Haisu Li, The University of Sydney (Australia)

4B Nanophotonics for Biology and Medical Applications II Baohua Jia, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia)

4C Solar Cell Technologies Diana Antonosyan, The Australian National University (Australia) Alexander L. Gaeta, Columbia University (United States)

5A Biocompatible Materials I Yuerui Lu, The Australian National University (Australia) Sergey S. Kruk, The Australian National University (Australia)

5B Plasmonics I Nikolai Strohfeldt, Universität Stuttgart (Germany) Stefan A. Maier, Imperial College London (United Kingdom)

5C Fabrication I Mingkai Liu, The Australian National University (Australia) Arnan Mitchell, RMIT University (Australia)

6A Medical and Biological Micro/Nanodevices Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop, The University of Queensland (Australia)

6B Plasmonics II Shaghik Atakaramians, The University of Sydney (Australia) Timothy D. James, The University of Melbourne (Australia)

6C Fabrication II David D. Sampson, The University of Western Australia (Australia) Alexander S. Solntsev, The Australian National University (Australia)

7A Biocompatible Materials II Peggy P. Chan, Swinburne University of Technology (Australia)

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-15

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-16

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx Introduction

In December 2013, the United Nations declared 2015 as the International Year of Light (IYL), recognizing the immense importance of light-based technologies in our lives, for our futures, and for the development of humankind.

In December 2015, the SPIE Micro+Nano Materials, Devices, and Applications symposium and the new Australian Institute for Nanoscience (AIN) at the University of Sydney’s Camperdown campus offered the opportunity to celebrate the culmination of the IYL and heightened global awareness of the importance of light-based technologies, including nanoscience.

The SPIE symposium is an interdisciplinary forum for collaboration and learning among top researchers in all fields related to nano- and microscale materials and technologies. This 2015 event took place over 4 days, 6-9 December, and included both oral and poster presentations with a focus on nanostructured and biocompatible materials, medical and biological micro/nanodevices, micro/nanofluidics and optofluidics, nanophotonics for biology and medical applications, plasmonics, and solar cell technologies and fabrication.

The University of Sydney is Australia’s first university with an outstanding global reputation for academic and research excellence. Located close to the heart of Australia’s largest and most international city, the Camperdown campus features a mixture of iconic gothic-revival buildings and state-of-the- art teaching, research, and student support facilities. The University of Sydney attracts many of the most talented students in Australia drawn by its range of quality degrees and strong track record of research programs. The University’s academics are leaders in their disciplines nationally and internationally, driving major research initiatives.

Sydney is Australia’s truly international city and one of the world’s most iconic and livable cities in the world, with plenty of open space, famous beaches, glittering harbour, waterways and bushland, great climate and vibrant culture rich of entertainment, cultural activities, and sporting events. Sydney is at the heart of Australia’s economy, and is ranked first in the Asia Pacific in terms of intellectual capital and innovation. Sydney offers a safe and secure environment for individuals and families, with world-class health care, education, transport and telecommunications with a multicultural environment as over a third of Sydney’s population was born overseas.

Benjamin J. Eggleton Stefano Palomba

xvii

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-17

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

xviii

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9668 966801-18

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx