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The General Need for Effective and Economical Bioherbicides

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The General Need for Effective and Economical Bioherbicides Agricultural Research Service Natural Products Utilization Research Unit The General Need for Effective and Economical Bioherbicides National Center for Natural Products Research Stephen O. Duke [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service Science, Aug 16, 2013 “Weeds remain the largest concern of farmers” - Science, Aug 16, 2013 United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Köhler & Triebskorn – 2013 – Science 341: 759 herbicides fungicides insecticides United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Data from: Timmons, 1970; Appleby, 2005, and HRAC 25 20 15 10 Modes Modes of Action 5 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 another fine mess you've gotten us into United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Solutions: New herbicides with old MOAs? Old herbicides/new resistant crops? Bioherbicides? New herbicides with new MOAs? United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Biopestides according to EPA Microbial pesticides (biocontrol organisms, such as mycoherbicides) Biochemical pesticides Plant-incorporated protectants (e.g., Bt toxin produced by a transgene) United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Biochemical pesticide Naturally occurring substance that controls pests by non-toxic mechanisms Biochemical pesticides include substances, such as insect sex pheromones, that interfere with mating, as well as various scented plant extracts that attract insect pests to traps. Because it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a substance meets the criteria for classification as a biochemical pesticide, EPA has established a special committee to make such decisions. United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Fungicide 27% Herbicide 7% Insecticide 66% Biochemical Biopesticides Approved by EPA (1997-2010) United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Biological control organisms by pesticide taraget approved by EPA (1996-2010) 2 6 (13%) Fungi Insects 9 Weeds 29 Nematodes United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Biochemical bioherbicide options for green and organic production Bioherbicides United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Approved bioherbicidal products for organic weed management Essential oils Crude botanical preparations Vinegar Natural lipids and soaps United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Example of essential oil 50% lemon grass oil (rich in d-limonene) Non-selective United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Organic acids 20% citric acid United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Horticultural vinegar 20% acetic acid from a natural source with yucca extract as a sticker United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Mixtures 12% clove oil, 8% sodium laural sulfate and also vinegar and citric acid United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Chelated iron products (FeHEDTA) – hazardous ingredients - NaNO3 and nitrilotriacetate United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Crude botanical preparation Crab grass killer – 0.95% cinnamon bark Somewhat selective Effective at > 500 kg/ha formulated product United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Downside to these products Poor efficacy Very high use rates High cost Mostly non-selective United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Comparative Costs of organic weed management Young, S.L. 2004. Natural product herbicides for control of annual vegetation along roadsides. Weed Technology 18: 580-587 United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Typical example of pest management costs in organic agriculture Organic strawberries in California Weed management - $2085/A Other pest management - $696/A 2006 Univ. Calif. Coop. Exten. Bull. St-CC-06-O United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Bialaphos – Only herbicide currently sold that is produced by fermentation Tripeptide proherbicide converted to L-phosphinothricin in target plant United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 Better bioherbicides are badly needed to solve problems of both greener conventional and organic weed management Economical and The holy grail of effective bioherbicides = biopesticides United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service IR-4 biopesticide workshop – Sept. 10, 2014 .
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