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Biopesticides As Promising Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides: a Review of Their Current and Future Status

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Biopesticides As Promising Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides: a Review of Their Current and Future Status OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences Review Biopesticides as Promising Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides: A Review of Their Current and Future Status Lukmanul Hakim Samada and Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan Bioinformatics and Biomedicals Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia Article history Abstract: Biopesticides are living organisms or natural products that Received: 20-12-2019 control agricultural pests including bacteria, fungi, weeds, viruses and Revised: 23-03-2020 insects. Biopesticides can be classified into different categories, such as Accepted: 14-04-2020 microbial pesticides, plant-incorporated protectants and biochemicals. Corresponding Author: Biopesticides are a crucial component of integrated pest management Usman Sumo Friend programs for pest control, which lead to more natural alternatives to Tambunan chemical pesticides that are eco-friendly and safer. Since the emergence of Bioinformatics and biopesticides for potential pest management, numerous products have been Biomedicals Research Group, released and some of them dominate the market. This review paper will Department of Chemistry, discuss the current status, future prospect and challenges associated with Faculty of Mathematics and the use of biopesticides in pest control. Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia Keywords: Biopesticides, Pests, Integrated Pest Management, Eco- Email: [email protected] Friendly Introduction Biopesticides allow for a sustainable approach for improved crop production, which should increase their Agricultural pests, such as bacteria, weeds, insects use and popularity in the coming years (Mishra et al., and fungi can lower the yield and quality of crop 2015). Moreover, opinions about biopesticide use have production. The primary method used since the 1960s to begun to change because of the recent recognition of the control pests has been the intensive application of environmental consequences of chemical pesticides. chemical pesticides (Kumar and Singh, 2015). Although Other factors contributing to their increased use are pesticides have been successful at reducing pest advances in activity spectra spots and improved options populations, it is well known that their application can for delivery and application (Glare et al., 2012). also have negative effects on the environment and the Current research into biopesticides focuses on the crops itself. Therefore, eco-friendly management is improvement of their action spectra, including needed for sustainable crop production. Biopesticides mechanisms to replace the use of chemical pesticides in can be applied as an alternative to the use of chemical IPM plans (Nawaz et al., 2016). IPM is a method to pesticides as they have been shown to be effective for incorporate chemical, biological and physical methods pest management and the generation of sustainable for pest control (Ghewande and Nandagopal, 1997). agricultural products (Prabha et al., 2016). However, The main challenges of new biopesticides in the growth technical obstacles and challenges have limited their and utilization are how to market or promote it effectiveness to date (Nielsen et al., 2008). In the (Tripathi et al., 2020) and how to enhance the stability European Union, the impact of Integrated Pest and residual action of biopesticide (Damalas and Management (IPM) policies provides the incentive for Koutroubas, 2018). Previously, there were several novel pest management strategies, especially the use of methods applied for handling pests, such as traditional biopesticides, including living microorganisms or natural methods, chemical methods and biological methods products (Chandler et al., 2011). (Lindsey et al., 2020). Several factors indicate that biopesticides are This review aims to summarize the current status of excellent alternatives to synthetic pesticides. biopesticides in agriculture and research, their role in Specifically, they are highly effective, target-specific and IPM plans through the combination of biological have fewer environmental risks. Biopesticides can come methods and other pest control methods and future from a wide diversity of organisms and many products strategies to improve their commercialization and global have been released and registered in the agromarket. reach for effective pest control. © 2020 Lukmanul Hakim Samada and Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license. Lukmanul Hakim Samada and Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan / OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2020, 20 (2): 66.76 DOI: 10.3844/ojbsci.2020.66.76 Types of Biopesticide and Advantages substantial mortality of 7-14 days following exposure (Blanford et al., 2011). Biopesticide or biological pesticides can be defined as a natural product from living organisms including The Role of Biopesticides in Integrated Pest plants, nematodes, minerals and microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, that limit or reduces pest Management populations. Biopesticide has more specific pests target As pest problems continue to increase globally and than a chemical pesticide, thus it can be reduced the risk agriculture is now a global enterprise, IPM programs of other organisms, such as mammals and birds seem as a critical means to control the spread of pests. In (Thakore, 2006; Glare et al., 2012). The use of addition, pesticide resistance has become a big problem. biopesticides continues to increase globally each year. To address these problems, biopesticides have become The largest biopesticide market is in North America an integral part of the programs in the IPM and bio- (44%), with the European Union and Oceania each intensive pest management. Biopesticides are eco- having a 20% market share, Latin and South American friendly and can be used in some organic farming countries at 10% and Asia and India at approximately practices to protect against enemies and reduce chemical 6% each (Bailey et al., 2010). The Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides (Shishir et al., 2015). (Bt) as a sort of biological control that could eradicate The excellent potential for new biopesticides is lepidopterans have dominated the biocontrol market that demonstrated by farmers that attempt to use other demonstrated in 1990 reached 90% of the biocontrol biopesticides or botanical products, even if they are not sales (Berini et al., 2018). yet commercially available. Yet existing practices for Biopesticides can be classified into three primary controlling pests need to be summarized and farmers categories. The first group is referred to as microbial need greater education about the use of alternative pest pesticides, which include products that come from control methods. The goal of the IPM system is to microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and algae. For example, fungi can control provide a means to control and reduce the incidence of certain weeds and eradicate specific insects. In resistance to chemical pesticides. IPM uses multiple addition, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) often is used to natural and chemical approaches to control pests, which control insects on potato, cabbage and other crops. reduces dependency on chemical means. For example, in Microbial pesticides commonly control pests with their Thailand, biopesticides, such as neemand Bt, have specific toxic metabolites, which lead to disease to shown great potential as insecticides, when used in an pests and they can also inhibit the formation of other IPM strategy, to control M. vitrata (Kumar et al., 2014). microorganisms. The second group includes pesticidal Several botanical products and experimental substances in plants that result from plant genetic conventional chemicals indicate their potential to modification. The prime example is the transgenic significantly improve tomato and bell pepper production expression of the Bt gene that allows plants to under glasshouse conditions (George et al., 2015). intrinsically make a bacterial protein that kills pests. Invasive species, such as the Guatemala potato tuber Finally, there are nontoxic biochemical pesticides that moth Tecia solanivora (Povolny) (Lep. Gelechiidae) occur naturally to control pests, such as plant growth from Mesoamerica, have spread greatly in recent regulators that interrupt the growth, mating, or decades. This moth species is the primary potato pest in attractive pheromones in pests (Gupta and Dikshit, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador and there are no 2010; Kachhawa, 2017). effective control methods being used by farmers. To Most biopesticides work because of chemical overcome this problem, biopesticides have been reactions with the pests. For example, biopesticides from expanded and used in an IPM program by following fungi are employed to control weeds, beneficial bacterial these three steps; (1) identify entomopathogenic viruses pesticides are used to control fungal and bacterial disease by extensive bioprospecting in 12 countries around the and viral pesticides are used to resist insect pests world, (2) 20 Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (Hubbard et al., 2014). The pest like fungi can infect the (PhopGV) were characterized genetically and plants through their stomata or micropores in the leaf biologically so that the best candidate for biopesticide epidermis (Baarlen et al., 2007). A coherent plan is still formulation could be selected and (3) biopesticide dust required that ensures
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