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Roller Skiing: Physiological Responses and Comparison with Running at Same Intensity in Cross-Country Skiers

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Roller Skiing: Physiological Responses and Comparison with Running at Same Intensity in Cross-Country Skiers Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011. The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning ROLLER SKIING: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND COMPARISON WITH RUNNING AT SAME INTENSITY IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS EBRU ÇETIN1, ULVIYE BİLGİN1, DYARIM İMDAT1 Abstract The purpose of our investigation was to compare some physiological, metabolic and respiratory responses in roller ski and submaximal running exercise at preferred levels of exertion. Four males and six females junior cross-country ski racers performed 30 min submaximal roller skiing and running (75% HR max) at least 2 days between bouts for any given subject. Heart rate (HR), Oxygen uptake ( O2), carbon dioxide production ( CO2), tidal volume (VT), oxygen pulse (O2 pulse), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and metabolic equivalent (MET) were monitored continuously using a portable, breath by breath spirometry system. Blood samples were obtained from fingertip at baseline, at the end and five minutes after exercise and analyzed for whole blood lactate concentration. The same test protocol was used for all two exercise modes. HR, O2, CO2, O2 pulse and MET were significantly higher in running than roller skiing only in the first three minutes of exercise sessions. A significantly higher O2 was observed during running exercise than roller skiing, but there were no differences in lactic acid levels, minute ventilation and RER. Tidal volume also showed a significant increase in roller ski exercise after 15 minutes compared to running. We conclude that roller ski and running are both equally valuable for training endurance ability in cross-country skiers. Coaches and athletes should be aware that roller ski and running elicit similar blood lactate concentration and heart rate at a given exercise intensity. Future studies should compare the cardiovascular training effects of running and roller ski exercise in individuals of varying levels of fitness and skiing ability. Key Words: sub maximal exercise, O2 max, XC Skiing Introduction and also hard training (K.W. Rundell, D.W. Which activities do successful cross- Bacharach 1995). country (XC) ski racers actually do for conditioning? Ingjer demonstrated that the average O2 Although training varies considerably among the 1School of Physical Education and Sport, Gazi University, Ankara, TURKEY Email: [email protected] Received 22.04.2011 / Accepted 07.06.2011 best elite athletes, it is possible to generalize to some max of world class skiers was significantly greater degree (P. Petersen et al. 1999). Skiing just as the than that of less successful skiers only when it was concept of specificity explains, the best training for divided by lean body mass, not when it was divided the ski racing is skiing. The best skiers practice on by simple body mass. One thing is clear, the teams glaciers in summer (N.V. Mahood et al. 2001). But which have the greater success are those which have only skiing is not enough for conditioning and also skiers with the highest maximal oxygen is not possible. The other several training methods consumption (F. Ingjer 1991). are as follows, ranked in order of specificity for Training may be regarded as a tool that nordic ski racing; roller skiing, ice skating and in when used correctly elicits specific physiological line skating, hill work with ski poles, rowing, hiking, responses. Each stage of the training plan, the running, cycling and others include orienteering, amount and type of exercise one does will determine rock climbing, kayaking, triathlons, swimming, how fit and race ready one will become. The tennis and soccer (P. Gervais, C. Wronko 1988; A.J. physiological effects of each training intensity will Larson 2006; P. Petersen et al. 1999). dictate the amount of training component scheduled The single physiological variable that most during a given training cycle (M. Boyle 2004). clearly distinguishes the champion cross-country Every level of cross-country skiers must include a skier from the average person or even the highly certain amount of endurance exercise in the trained but less successful skier is the maximal program. Over distance training is an important oxygen consumption (S. Seiler 1996). In the component for developing and maintaining aerobic unforgiving world of XC racing, there seems to be capacity and maximal oxygen consumption (R. no substitute for a BIG ENGINE (U. Bergh 1982; F. Sleamaker, R. Browning 1996). Low intensity Ingjer 1991). This capacity requires both genetics overdistance training sessions are most effective if 352 Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH Vol. XI, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2011, Romania The JOURNAL is nationally acknowledged by C.N.C.S.I.S., being included in the B+ category publications, 2008-2011. The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning Ten subjects (4 women and 6 men) were the intensity is between 55 and 65 percent of O2 max. tested on 2 occasions using a different mode of The more oxygen can be delivered to the exercise for each test: running and roller skiing. A working muscles, the greater the energy supply, and combined-sex group was used because the exercise the faster the body can ski over distance (E. Cetin, I. modes tested are common training modes for both Yarım 2006; J. Newton, J. Henderson 1998). male and female cross-country skiers. There are no Running is a simple training technique, known gender specific differences in the which has been used in one form or another submaximal physiological responses to these modes throughout the history of sports. Over the years, a of exercise. Consequently, the data for men and number of Olympic, professional and amateur women were pooled to provide a total sample size of athletes have used running to improve their 10 test subjects. performances. Athletes in almost all sports use The test sequence was randomly assigned running to improve especially their aerobic capacity to each subject over 1-week period. Tests were (G.T. Moran, G. McGlynn 1997). Running activities conducted in the post competition season, during the such as distance exercise are very effective in recovery phase of the training cycle. Usual training increasing the ability of cardio respiratory system to prior to testing included daily on-snow skiing, supply oxygen to the working muscles. Cross- running and weight training; training had been country skiers often use distance running during the ceased one week prior to testing. All subjects were whole season to maintain aerobic performance (G.T. comfortable with roller skiing and running on it. All Moran, G. McGlynn 1997; R. Sleamaker, R. exercise modes followed the same protocol. Browning 1996). Running can provide excellent Subjects aerobic work but it does not account for upper body Ten cross-country junior ski racers, 4 fitness. The endurance capacity of the upper body women and 6 men volunteered to be tested. Prior to has always been important for the skier. One of the testing, each subject provided his or her written areas where most endurance athletes are weak is consent to participate in the study. Subjects were upper body endurance and power. Among elite well-trained, regional or international level skiers, an interesting pattern occurs during the competitors. Subjects had at least 6 years of season. Whole body maximal oxygen competitive experience in cross-country skiing and consumptionpeaks very early in the seasonal build- roller skiing. up. However, performance peak during the season Procedures seems to correspond to the peaking of upper-body Height and weight were measured on the endurance capacity, measured as upper body peak day of the first test, prior to testing, using a stadiometer and a calibrated scale. Subject O2 (U. Bergh 1987). characteristics can be found in Table 1. Subjects The next best method of practising cross- were randomly assigned to a testing sequence that country skiing during the summer is roller skiing. included either a 30 minute submaximal running or The summer and fall are critical training months for roller ski exercise. The testing sequence was cross-country skiers. Roller skiing is a must for randomized for all subjects to reduce any training or those who are serious about progress. The best learning effect. All tests were administered during juniors, elite and master skiers are spending 25-50% one week period with at least 2 days between bouts of their training time on roller ski (M.D. Hoffman et for any given subject. Due to scheduling constraints, al. 1992). This training method effects especially on tests were scheduled throughout the day between improving the cardiovascular and neuromuscular 9:00 AM and 13:00 PM in 20–22 0C.Subjects were functions required for cross-country skier (F. instructed not to exercise or train on the day of Wöllzenmüller 1982). testing and to maintain their usual diet. The purpose of this investigation was to Subjects used the same pair of Eagle Skate, compare some physiological, metabolic and ratcheted roller skis (100 mm) for the roller ski respiratory responses to roller ski and running exercise. Subjects used their own boots, poles, and exercise at preferred submaximal levels of exertion. helmet, which they commonly used in training. Four males and six females elite cross-country ski Skate poles generally reached the subject's upper racers performed 30 min submaximal roller ski and lip. running exercises. All tests were performed with the same METHODS method; it was a 30 minutes sub-maximal field Experimental Approach to the Problem roller skiing and running test.
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