Natural Pans As an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites
water Article Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites Robert Arendt 1,* , Christian Reinhardt-Imjela 1 , Achim Schulte 1, Leona Faulstich 1 , Tobias Ullmann 2 , Lorenz Beck 2,3 , Sandro Martinis 3 , Petrina Johannes 4 and Joachim Lengricht 4 1 Institute of Geographical Science, Applied Physical Science–Environmental Hydrology and Resource Management, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany; christian.reinhardt-imjela@fu-berlin.de (C.R.-I.); achim.schulte@fu-berlin.de (A.S.); leona.faulstich@fu-berlin.de (L.F.) 2 Institute of Geography and Geology, Julius-Maximilians-Universitaet Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; tobias.ullmann@uni-wuerzburg.de (T.U.); lorenz.beck1@stud-mail.uni-wuerzburg.de (L.B.) 3 German Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Geo-Risks and Civil Security, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Weßling, Germany; sandro.martinis@dlr.de 4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, José Eduardo dos Santos Campus, University of Namibia, Ongwediva P.O. Box 3624, Namibia; pjohannes@unam.na (P.J.); jlengricht@unam.na (J.L.) * Correspondence: robert.arendt@fu-berlin.de; Tel.: +49-30-838-63590 Abstract: Numerous ephemeral rivers and thousands of natural pans characterize the transboundary Iishana-System of the Cuvelai Basin between Namibia and Angola. After the rainy season, surface Citation: Arendt, R.; water stored in pans is often the only affordable water source for many people in rural areas. High Reinhardt-Imjela, C.; Schulte, A.; inter- and intra-annual rainfall variations in this semiarid environment provoke years of extreme flood Faulstich, L.; Ullmann, T.; Beck, L.; events and long periods of droughts.
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