's Wheels, Wings & Moving Things

History | Health | Happiness Doncaster’s Wheels, Wings and Moving Things Introduction: Doncaster has a strong industrial and railway heritage; some of the most famous locomotives in the world were built and designed at ‘the Plant.’ Doncaster hosted one of the world’s first aviation meetings in 1909 and the first British fighter jets to be used in the Second World War, Gloster Meteors, were stationed at RAF Finningley, what is now a busy and expanding Robin Hood Airport. Ford cars also once rolled off production lines in the town. Perhaps you have your own memories of some of these great moving machines? What Above: Approach to Doncaster station. memories do wheels bring back for you? Your Image: Heritage Doncaster first bike, your first car, rail journeys to the seaside?

In this pack you will find a variety of activities that relate to Doncaster’s history of wheels, wings and moving things. We hope you enjoy this opportunity to reflect. Please feel free to share your thoughts and memories by emailing: [email protected]. We’d love to hear from you!

Contents Within the sections below you will find a variety of activities. Page 2: A Coaching Town Fit for the Races Page 3-10: Doncaster’s Railway Heritage Pages 11-13: Give us a Coggie/ Doncaster Cycling Stories/On your Bike Pages 14-15: Ford in Doncaster/British Made Ford Cars Page 16: Music on the Move Quiz Page 17: Word Search Page 18-19: Trams and Trolleybuses Page 20: Guess the Wheels, Wings and Moving Things Page 21: Crossword Page 22: ’s First Flying Show! Page 23: The Flying Flea The Gloster Meteor in level flight, 1st January 1946. Page 24-25: Make your own Paper Plane Image: Royal Air Force Official Pages 26- 27: Answers and Image Sources Photographer/Public domain A Coaching Town Fit for the Races Doncaster is one of the largest towns in the UK and is the largest metropolitan borough. Since Roman times Doncaster has been a central travel point. The Romans established a fort in Doncaster as it was a strategic staging point on the way between Lincoln and York. The 1700s were a busy period for Doncaster. During this time Doncaster was a coaching town. A coaching town was an established stopping point where travellers, horses and their riders could take a service break. There were many inns that offered food and board for weary travellers in Doncaster.

Above left: Doncaster from The Old Coaching Days in Yorkshire. Illustrator unknown. Circa 1889. Image: British Library Right: The Mansion House, 1961; St Sepulchre Gate- North side Image: Doncaster Local Studies Library

The Mansion House was built in 1744, based on designs by the architect James Paine. During the 1700s the Mansion House would have been the location for fancy parties. There was also living accommodation for the mayor during his year in office- although very few actually used it for that purpose.

Let’s reminisce: Have you stayed the night anywhere memorable? ______

2 Made in Doncaster: Famous Locomotives and

Before we go full steam ahead and explore some history of the railways in Doncaster, let’s test your Doncaster built locomotive knowledge!

ACTIVITY: Can you name the or locomotive using the A world famous locomotive (Image details in answers) images or symbols that give clues to the name? Fill in the gaps below with your answers.

1. ______/ S______

2. ______

3. ______/ ______

Clue: A royal celebration in 1977

4. This train was built in 1936, Designed by Sir Gresley but built at Darlington works. The name directly links to Doncaster!

______/R______

4.Doncaster Rovers. Rovers. 4.Doncaster

Mallard 3. Silver Jubilee Jubilee Silver 3. Mallard 2. back) at details image (Full Scotsman Flying 1. ANSWERS:

3 Doncaster’s Railway Heritage

In 1853 the Great Northern Railway Locomotive and Carriage Building Works relocated from Boston in Lincolnshire to Doncaster. The company was expanding rapidly and needed somewhere more convenient to repair its locomotives and ‘the Plant’ was born.

Doncaster went from being a small, quiet, provincial Georgian market town with a population of roughly 24,000 to an engineering superpower overnight. The population of Doncaster increased rapidly over the following years, as men flocked to the town with their families to begin work at the Plant. A large housing programme was undertaken to supply basic but affordable homes for the new workforce, and a church and a school were also built next to the Plant for the benefit of the workers . The first locomotive was manufactured in Doncaster in 1868, and so began one of the most significant periods in the town’s history. Sir Patrick Stirling, a railway engineer originally from Scotland, became Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Northern Railway works in Doncaster in the 1860s. Stirling designed the famous Stirling Singles which were built in the . His son, also named Patrick, played for Doncaster Rovers and became Mayor of Doncaster. In 1923 as the railway companies were renationalised and Doncaster became the main design centre for LNER.

Top: ‘The Plant.’ (Doncaster Railway Works) Image: Heritage Doncaster Bottom: Boiler shop at Doncaster Railway Works. Science Museum Group Collection. Copyright The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum. 4 Left: about 1938. Right: Erecting shop at Doncaster railway works, 1947. Images: © The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum

Engineering genius Sir Nigel Gresley, Chief Mechanical Engineer at the Doncaster Works, designed arguably the world’s most famous locomotive; the . The Flying Scotsman was exhibited at the British Empire Exhibition to represent the new LNER company. It went on to become the first locomotive in the world to reach 100mph. In the 1930s, Gresley designed a new class of streamlined A4 locomotives, which were also built in Doncaster, and chose one of them, Mallard, to chase the world speed record for a steam locomotive in 1938. Mallard still holds the world record for the fastest steam locomotive when it reached 126mph. In 2013 Mallard returned to Doncaster, place of her birth, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of that record. The Mallard is now on display at the National Rail Museum in York along with her older sister the Flying Scotsman. Although much of the Plant works has now gone, its legacy lives on through the survival of those great engineering masterpieces. Doncaster remains an important railway town to this day and was chosen to be the site of the new National College for High Speed Rail.

ACTIVITY: True or false? Did you read the text? The answers are in there! Tick true or false for each statement below.

Statement True False The fastest steam locomotive was made in Doncaster

The Doncaster Railway plant was formed in 1868

Sir Norman Gresley was Chief Mechanical Engineer at ‘the Plant’

The railway engineer Sir Patrick Stirling had a son who played for

Doncaster Rovers

, TRUE , Nigel was name his - 1853,FALSE was It - FALSE , TRUE ANSWERS:

5 Let’s Go on a Journey…

Towards Pegler’s 1993. David Allison. Watercolour. Image: Heritage Doncaster. The construction of the Great North Railway Company’s line from Leeds to and the subsequent extensions to York, Hull, Sheffield and Lincoln made Doncaster a major railway junction on the main East Coast Line. The first station, opened in 1849, was a wooden structure which was totally rebuilt in 1865. It was rebuilt in its present form in 1938.

In the painting above the artist shows the main line as it goes ‘up’ to London. On the left can be seen St James’s Church, which was built in 1858 to cater for the growing population of Balby, while in the far distance is Pegler’s chimney. Let’s Reminisce: What journeys have you taken in your life? Think of a journey that brings back positive memories for you. It could be a journey you took regularly or it might have been a once in a lifetime journey. Pause what you are doing. Make sure you are sat comfortably. Close your eyes and try to imagine the sights, sounds and smells of that journey. How do you feel? Are you excited, content, calm or nervous? Explore how you feel below. ______6 Poem: From A Railway Carriage by R. L Stevenson (1885)

There is a tradition in poetry of capturing the experience of a railway journey through rhyme and rhythm of verse. Here is a poem by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1885, a couple of years after he’d had a runaway bestseller with Treasure Island. ACTIVITY: Read the poem out loud. Can you hear the rhythm of the train?

Faster than fairies, faster than witches, Bridges and houses, hedges and ditches; And charging along like troops in a battle, All through the meadows the horses and cattle: All of the sights of the hill and the plain Fly as thick as driving rain; And ever again, in the wink of an eye, Painted stations whistle by. LNER Smoking carriage, 1944. Image: Science Museum Group Here is a child who clambers and scrambles, Collection. All by himself and gathering brambles; Here is a tramp who stands and gazes; And there is the green for stringing the daisies! Here is a cart run away in the road Lumping along with man and load; And here is a mill and there is a river: LNER C1 Class Engine. Doncaster Works Each a glimpse and gone for ever! collection. Image: The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum

ACTIVITIES: • Does this poem make you think of rail travel? • Underline a line that you like in the poem • What do you like about it? ______

7 Activity: Create Your Own Travel Inspired Acrostic An acrostic is a fun and simple poem that you can create by writing a word down the side of a page. You then make up a poem from the first letters in each line. You can use a word or two, or a verse of many words for each line. It does not have to rhyme. Below is an example of an acrostic poem using the word ‘Train.’ Try creating your own acrostic poems below. T Travelling R Riding A becomes: Arriving I In to N New places

Have a go at creating an acrostic of your own name. ______P______L______A ______N______E ______

C______A______R______

Above: British Railways 4-6-2 Class A4 No 60022 "Mallard", 1951. Right: Painters at Doncaster works, 1947. Images: Science Museum Group Collection, Doncaster Works collection. 8 Objects and Memories…

Model of a ‘Stirling Single’ locomotive, c. 1984. Image: Heritage Doncaster. This is a model of a 4-2-2 ‘Stirling Single’ locomotive. It was built by Mr Denis William Woodruff, a former employee, between 1980 and 1984. It is now part of Heritage Doncaster’s collection. We have chosen it to represent the importance of the Plant works and locomotive building to Doncaster.

Let’s Reminisce: Is there an object that you own which has importance and significance to you? Why not find it and look at it again. What memories does it bring back? Write about it below. ______

9 Activity: Spot The Difference Two engines of the type illustrated in the first image below were built in 1848 by Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson for the Midland Railway. The second drawing has been altered. There are ten differences to spot. Can you find them? Circle anything you notice that is different. The answers are at the back.

Midland Railway 4-2-0 Crampton Locomotive No 131 built by Kitson, Thompson & Hewitson in 1848; line drawing in side view. Image: Unknown author. Public Domain.

10 Give Us A Coggie/ Give Us A Cog!

Many of us will have memories of riding bicycles. For some of us this could be riding along country roads from village to village, or perhaps cycling over the fields with friends in the summer time. What about riding to and from work in all weathers?

Miner on a bicycle. Image: Heritage Doncaster Cog-a local expression known in Doncaster– Meaning to jump on the back of someone’s bike for a lift. 11 Doncaster Cycling Stories

Cycling shops in Doncaster. Left: Millns & Co. Right: The Halford Cycle Co Ltd. Images: Heritage Doncaster. Did You Know? The Halfords shop opened its doors in 1909 at 56 Hallgate. It stayed there for seventy years before moving to 17 Cleveland Street in 1980 and to the Colonnades in 1986. A new larger store opened in 1989 on the site of the Doncaster Evening Post offices on the North Bridge.

Frank Smith, a track cyclist from Brodsworth and a race at Brodsworth in 1941 as well as a team photograph. Images: Heritage Doncaster

Cycling Clubs Many of the local villages had their own cycling clubs, often associated with the mines. Those included Askern Cycling Club, of which Tour de France rider Peter Hill was a member, Conisbrough Ivanhoe, Thorne Paragon, and Rossington Road and Path. There were also clubs in Brodsworth and Armthorpe. Brodsworth Racing Cycling Club was founded in May 1927 by a group of cyclists who trained on the track at the Brodsworth Miners’ Welfare Ground. For the first four years the club operated as a section of the Miners’ Welfare. In 1931 it broke away from the Welfare and began to flourish as a racing club under the name Brodsworth Racing Cycling Club. 12 On Your Bike!

Image above: Co-op delivery tricycle, c. 1920. Image: Heritage Doncaster.

Vehicles like this Co-op delivery tricycle were once a common sight in Doncaster, with boys delivering the daily or weekly shopping on them to those who struggled to get out.

Image above: Men at a cycling club in Doncaster. Image: Heritage Doncaster Let’s Reminisce: Your first mode of transport was likely to have been a push bike. Did you own one? What colour was it? What memories does your bike bring back for you? ______13 Ford in Doncaster Image Heritage Doncaster Heritage Image Ford Popular Hall. Popular Ford at Cusworth

The Ford Popular is the most famous mass-produced car to be made in Doncaster. Advertised as the world’s cheapest saloon car, the Popular was launched in 1953 and it was made in Doncaster from 1955 until 1964 as well as at other Ford plants. By the time the Ford Motor Company’s works at Carr Hill closed 155 000 Ford Populars had rolled off the production line. Thames Vans and Ford Anglias were also made in Doncaster. The majority of cars produced were exported to America and sales totalled over $5million. In its heyday the Carr Hill factory employed 1,500 people.

Activity: Can you guess the price of a FORD POPULAR in 1953? The answer is on the next page. A: £391 B: £450 C: £290

Let’s Reminisce: What was your first car? What model was it? What colour was it? How long did you own it for? Or perhaps there is another car you owned that has special memories for you? Write about it below. ______

14 British Made Ford Cars: The Price is Right!

Activity: The Ford popular was £391in 1953. Did you guess right? Can you guess the cost of these other Ford models of cars at the time of production? All of these cars have been manufactured in Britain.

Ford Anglia Guess the price (Produced in 1948? between 1939-48) A: £650 • Top speed: 62 B: £410 MPH C: £310 • Gears: 3

Ford Cortina MKIII GXL. Guess the 1972 price of a The Ford Cortina was a new Ford popular family car built Cortina MK by Ford of Britain in III in 1972? various guises from 1962 A:763 to 1982. It was the B: £963 's best- C: £1100 selling car of the 1970s. • Top speed: 86 MPH • Gears: 4

1983 Ford Escort.MK1 Guess the Overview: Ford launched price of a the Escort Mk1 in the Ford Escort in late sixties as a 1983? replacement for the A: £4400 Anglia. A low cost family B: £6700 car with a four-cylinder C: £8700 engine. The Mk1 Ford • Top speed: 85MPH

• Gears:.4

Ford Anglia 1948= £310, Ford Cortina MK3 1972= £963, Ford Escort 1983=£6700 Escort Ford £963, 1972= MK3 Cortina Ford £310, 1948= Anglia Ford ANSWERS:

15 Music On The Move!

Activity: Here are some lyrics of two well-known records that refer to driving or a car. Can you guess the bands? There is an image for each which gives a clue.

Drive My Car by The ______

Baby, you can drive my car Yes, I'm gonna be a star Baby, you can drive my car And maybe I'll love you

Activity: There are lots of songs that reference driving, wheels, wings and moving things. Take it Easy By The______Can you think of others? Write them below. ______Well, I'm a-runnin' down the road, ______tryin' to loosen my load ______I've got seven women on my mind ______Four that want to own me, ______two that want to stone me ______One said she's a friend of mine ______Take it easy, take it easy ______Don't let the sound of your own wheels drive you crazy ______Lighten up while you still can ______Don't even try to understand ______Just find a place to make your stand ______

Take it easy

by The Eagles The by Easy It Take Beatles, The by Car My Drive ANSWERS:

16 Word Search: British Built Cars

All the cars in the grid below are in the word search. They have all been built in Britain. Activity: Can you connect the words on the left with the words on the right. For example Ford goes with Cortina (Ford-Cortina)

Vauxhall Dawn

Land Rover Astra

Rolls Royce Minor

Ford Freelander

Morris Cooper

Mini Cortina

Morris Minor, Mini cooper Mini Minor, Morris

Cortina, Cortina, - Ford Dawn, - Royce Rolls Freelander, - Rover Land Astra, - Vauxhall ANSWERS:

17 Trams, Trolleybuses and On the Buses!

Doncaster’s tramway network began in 1902 when the first service opened at Bentley. The trams suffered from a lack of maintenance after the Second World War and increasing competition. Trams were phased out from 1922 when the Doncaster Corporation applied to run their own buses. Trolleybuses began replacing trams in 1928 as they were seen as more economical. The trolleybuses were increasingly impractical with rising electricity costs and fell in to much disrepair. Regular buses began to replace the trolley buses from the mid 1950s. The last trolleybus route to close was Beckett Road in 1963.

From top left to right: Box Hill and Doncaster Tramway Company Limited tram, date of photo is unknown, but would be between 1889 and 1896 (years of the line/companies operation). Image: Unknown Author, Wikimedia commons. Electric tram, 1951. Image Science Museum Collection Group. Sandtoft Trolleybus Museum, North Lincolnshire. Doncaster Trolleybus. Image: Foundin_a_attic. Flickr

18 Trams, Trolleybuses and On the Buses!

Lets Reminisce: What memories do you have of local transport in Doncaster? Do you remember your route? ______

Above: KDT 393 Doncaster Corporation 122 1951 AEC Regent III, Roe double decker. Image: Martin Arrand, Flickr.

Above: Buses in Doncaster. Image Heritage Doncaster

Maps of Doncaster Corporation Tramways, South Yorkshire. Images: Gregory Deryckère. Wikimedia Commons.

19 Activity: Guess The Wheels, Wings Or Moving Things Use the images or clues to name the famous characters or films that have wheels, wings or are moving things?

1.______

2.______

3.______

4.______Know any more? Write them here! Famous train that also featured ______in a famous 1974 film based on ______an Agatha Christie Book. ______

5. ______

Engine 5. Orient Express Orient 5. Engine Tank the Thomas

4. 4. Man) (Bat Mobile Bat 3. show) (TV macheines Thunderbirds 2. , Bang Bang Chitty Chitty 1. : ANSWERS

20 Crossword: Wheels, Wings and Moving Things Complete the crossword below

Images: Girl on a bicycle, early 1900s and The Flying Scotsman back in Doncaster in 1998 celebrating 75 years since her world record. Images

Heritage Doncaster

Locomotive 3. Benz 4. Aviation 9. Ford 9. Aviation 4. Benz 3. Locomotive

DOWN: 2. 2. DOWN: Finningley 9. Wright 8. Train 7. Plant 6. Concorde 5. Balloon 1. ACROSS: : ANSWERS

21 England’s First Flying Show!

Image above. Doncaster’s aviation show in action and poster (below) advertising a screening of the show in London. Images: Heritage Doncaster.

Above: Great Northern Railway poster advertising the Aviation show.

In October 1909 Doncaster hosted England’s first aviation race week. There was a dispute between Doncaster and Blackpool organisers who were also planning an aviation meet around the same time. Doncaster organisers were accused of trying to overbid flyers who were already contracted to the Blackpool races. However, in the end the event was not a great success due to terrible weather and rain fall. The event ran at a loss of £8000 and 3 of the pilots were suspended from racing but after an appeal only received a month’s ban each.

22 Doncaster’s Own Flying Flea Heritage Doncaster. Heritage offlight Test Claybourn’s Flying Flea, Doncaster. Image Doncaster. Flea, Flying

Flying Fleas, also known as Pou du Ciel "Louse of the Sky" in French, were a type of single seat light aircraft that could be built by amateurs. They were invented by French aviator Henri Mignet in 1933. This is an image of a test flight of Doncaster’s Flying flea- built by Jack Claybourn of Claybourn’s Garage Doncaster in 1936. Jack had been inspired after he went to see another Flying Flea land from London at Doncaster Airport. Even though the Flea from London crashed in Retford and these planes carried a large amount of risk, the crowd of around 3000 convinced him that people were interested. He began building his own Flea on 1st April 1936. Test flights attracted much interest and spectators were thrilled to see the Flea make a near perfect landing after it’s engine failed when it reached the height of around 70 metres. Claybourn’s Flea made 5 flights before being grounded in 1937.

Let Reminisce: Have you flown? What type of aircrafts have you travelled in? Did you enjoy flying? ______

23 24 25 Answers: Spot the Difference

Image sources and information Where information is not provided on the pages in captions, you will find credits or further details below. Front cover: Doncaster’s Flying Show in 1909. Doncaster Minster and man with a Penny Farthing bicycle. Boy on a bicycle (circa 1900) Ford Popular at Cusworth Hall. Stirling Silver Model (see page 9). Approach to Doncaster station. Images: Heritage Doncaster Famous Doncaster-made locomotives and trains: The Flying Scotsman. Image: David Dixon, geograph.org. Male mallard duck. Image: Alain Carpentier. Wikimedia.org. Cartoon image of flying airplane. Image: Public domain. (freesvg.org/flying-plane.) Highlander. Image Public domain. OpenClipart-Vectors (pixabay.com) Queen taking roses from Claire - Silver Jubilee 1977, Butterley Image: Claire Sutton. Flickr Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal standard reverse. Image: Helen Sq. Wikipedia Commons. Keepmoat Stadium, Doncaster Rovers Crest cc-by-sa/2.0 - © David Dixon - geograph.org.uk/p/2651163. LNER 4-6-0 B17/4 Footballer Class No. 2857 Doncaster Rovers – 1936. Image: Ben Brooksbank 23/08/1958 Below left: The Flying Scotsman in action. Image Heritage Doncaster. Below right: Two men with bikes, Doncaster, Circa 1900. Image: Heritage Doncaster

26 Image sources and information continued

British Made Ford Cars: Ford Anglia E04A (1939–48) Image: Charles01. Wikimedia commons. Ford Cortina MkIII GXL (1972) Image Charles01 Wikimedia commons 1983 Ford Escort. Image: Charlie. Wikimedia commons

Music on the Move: Bugs. Image: Buntysmum. Pixabay.com. A Bald Eagle. Image: Saffron Blaze, via http://www.mackenzie.co.uk

Guess the Wheels, Wings or Moving Things: Thomas the Tank Engine at the Strasburg Railroad. Image: ‘Jim, the photographer’ September 19, 2009 Batmobile. Special presentation of cars used in movies and television, New York. Image: Jennifer Graylock/Ford Motor Company, Flickr. Thunderbird 3. Image: Phil Parker. Flickr. Pullman Orient Express - dining car. Image: Luxury Train Club, Flickr

Souvenir postcard from Doncaster Aviation Week. Image: Heritage Doncaster. We hope you have enjoyed exploring Doncaster’s Wheels, Wings and Moving Things. We’d love to hear your memories! Email [email protected] or find us on social media @DoncasterMuseum.