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Birds in Interface Riparian Vegetation-Woodland Matrix.Pdf Birds in interface riparian vegetation- woodland matrix: their habitat use and role in ecosystem processes and ecological services Doctoral thesis in Biosciences (Scientific area of Ecology) presented to the University of Coimbra for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, supervised by Prof. Dr. Jaime Albino Ramos and co-supervised by Prof. Dr. João Eduardo Rabaça Tese doutoral em Biociências (especialidade em Ecologia) apresentada à Universidade de Coimbra para obtenção do grau de Doutor, orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Jaime Albino Ramos e co-orientada pelo Dr. João Eduardo Rabaça Marisa Isabel da Silva Gomes Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra | 2016 This thesis was supported by: FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia PhD grant attributed to Marisa Isabel da Silva Gomes SFRH/BD/81164/2011 MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Coimbra (FCTUC) LabOr – Laboratory of Ornithology LABS - Landscape, Biodiversity and Socio-ecological Processes Research Group, ICAAM University of Évora União Europeia Fundo Social Europeu This thesis is based on the following manuscripts: Chapter I Gomes, M; Rabaça, JE; Godinho, CG; Ramos, JA. 2017. In press. Seasonal variation in the importance of riparian galleries for songbirds in Southern Portugal. Acta Ornithologica. Chapter II Gomes, M; Ramos, JA. Diet and feeding ecology of passerines in the riparian gallery and adjacent habitat matrix. Chapter III Gomes, M; Almeida, AP; Ramos, JA. Seed dispersion by birds in the riparian gallery and the surrounding matrix. Chapter IV Gomes, M; Ramos, JA. Ecosystem services – Blackcap dispersing Blackberries and Olives in the riparian gallery and the woodland matrix replacement cost This thesis should be cited as: Gomes, M. 2017. Birds in interface riparian vegetation-woodland matrix: their habitat use and role in ecosystem processes and ecological services. PhD Thesis, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 7 Affiliations and addresses of co-authors: Ana Patrícia Almeida 1 Carlos Godinho 1 Jaime A. Ramos 2 João Eduardo Rabaça 3 Marisa Gomes 1,2 1 LabOr – Laboratory of Ornithology LABS - Landscape, Biodiversity and Socio-ecological Processes Research Group, ICAAM University of Évora 2 MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal. 3 Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technologies, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................ 9 List of Tables ................................................................................................................ 11 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 15 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 19 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 21 Resumo ....................................................................................................................... 23 General Introduction .................................................................................................... 27 The importance of Riparian Galleries ............................................................................... 29 The importance of the riparian gallery for bird communities .......................................... 30 Bird Diet and Seed Dispersal ............................................................................................. 32 Seed dispersal as an Ecosystem Service ........................................................................... 33 Objectives and outline ...................................................................................................... 35 Chapter I ...................................................................................................................... 37 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 39 Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 39 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 40 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 41 Results ............................................................................................................................... 44 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 50 Chapter II ..................................................................................................................... 55 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 57 Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 57 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 58 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 61 Results ............................................................................................................................... 65 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 84 Chapter III .................................................................................................................... 89 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 91 Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 91 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 92 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 96 9 Results ............................................................................................................................. 102 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 117 Chapter IV ................................................................................................................. 123 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 125 Keywords ......................................................................................................................... 125 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 126 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 130 Results ............................................................................................................................. 134 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 136 References ................................................................................................................ 147 Appendix ................................................................................................................... 167 10 List of Tables Table 1 - Comparison of diversity measures among seasons for the three distances to stream (P1 = 0m, P2 = 125m and P3 = 250m). .................................................................................. 45 Table 2 – Typology and phenology of bird species, and comparison of the percentage of occurrence (%) of the 21 species (that occurred at least in 15% of the 90 sampling units) among seasons for the three distances to stream (P1 = 0m, P2 = 125m and P3 = 250m), using data for the morning census only. Typology: MT – Matrix; RP – Riparian (This classification was made based on the number of times that we recorded the species in each habitat type, according to our records). Phenology (in the study area): R – Resident; TM – Trans-Saharan migrant; SV – Summer visitor; W – Wintering (phenology according to Catry et al. 2010). 47 Table 3 – GLM analysis results, with a Poisson distribution to assess the influence of distance to stream (P1 = 0 m, P2 = 125 m and P3 = 250 m) and period (morning and afternoon) on the density of each species per season. Statistics (Wald statistic, P value and estimate ± SE) are presented in relation to the reference category (P3 for distance to stream and afternoon for period), and only significant results are shown. ................................................................... 49 Table 4 – Seasonal comparison in the diet (% of occurrence) of the six bird species with a larger sample size of fecal samples collected between the riparian gallery
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