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Usefulness of Discriminant Analysis in the Morphometric Differentiation of Six Native Freshwater Species from Ecuador

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Usefulness of Discriminant Analysis in the Morphometric Differentiation of Six Native Freshwater Species from Ecuador animals Article Usefulness of Discriminant Analysis in the Morphometric Differentiation of Six Native Freshwater Species from Ecuador Ana Gonzalez-Martinez 1 , Carmen De-Pablos-Heredero 2 , Martin González 3 , Jorge Rodriguez 3, Cecilio Barba 1 and Antón García 1,* 1 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] (A.G.-M.); [email protected] (C.B.) 2 Department of Business Economics (Administration, Management and Organization), Applied Economics II and Fundamentals of Economic Analysis, ESIC Business & Marketing School, Rey Juan Carlos University, Paseo de los Artilleros s/n, 28032 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Animal Production, Quevedo State Technical University, Av. Quito km. 1 1/2 vía a Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Quevedo, 120501 Los Ríos, Ecuador; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (J.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Ecuador is among the 25 highest fish producers in the world and the fishing sector contributes 7% to the national consumption of animal proteins. This country has a high number of native freshwater species, some of which are endangered due to the modification, fragmentation and destruction of habitats; introduction of foreign species; overfishing with illegal gear; environmental pollution; development of large-scale intensive forestry practices; loss of ecological continuity be- tween different rivers; and climate change. The Guayas, the largest basin (CHG) in the Pacific Ocean located in Ecuador, constitutes an important biodiversity reserve of native freshwater. Most part of these 125 species are endemic and threatened or in an at-risk situation. It would be useful to analyze the morphological differences among six existing species in the CHG, and to select a reduced number of direct, simple and low-cost measurements to be applied in marginal communities. In this work, Citation: Gonzalez-Martinez, A.; De-Pablos-Heredero, C.; González, the usefulness of discriminant analysis was proven in the differentiation of six native freshwater M.; Rodriguez, J.; Barba, C.; García, A. species. Results represent a new step in the development of breeding and conservation plans for this Usefulness of Discriminant Analysis native zoogenetic resource. in the Morphometric Differentiation of Six Native Freshwater Species from Abstract: The aim of this research was to find out the morphometric differentiation of six native Ecuador. Animals 2021, 11, 111 . freshwater species in the Guayas Hydrographic Basin (Ecuador) by means of discriminant analysis. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010111 A total of 1355 mature fishes (Cichlasoma festae, Andinoacara rivulatus, Dormitator latifrons, Bryncon dentex, Hoplias microlepis and Leporinus ecuadorensis) were captured and 27 morphometric measurements and Received: 29 November 2020 20 landmarks were used. Two-way analysis of variance with species and sex as fixed factors and Accepted: 5 January 2021 discriminant analysis were applied. The selection of the most discriminant variables was made Published: 7 January 2021 applying the F of Snedecor, Wilks’-Lambda and the 1-Tolerance. While sex within species had no significant effect on the morphology, differences among species were significant. Twenty-seven Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- morphological variables showed highly significant differences among six native freshwater species. tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- ms in published maps and institutio- Nine biometric variables with high discriminant power were selected. The six species analyzed were nal affiliations. discriminated by the morphometric models generated, thus showing that discriminant analysis was useful for differentiating species. The morphometric differentiation by discriminant analysis is a direct, simple and economic methodology to be applied in situ in rural communities. It favors the implementation of a livestock development program and it could be used with other native freshwater Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- species in the Guayas Hydrographic Basin. censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article Keywords: fish; Guayas River Basin; morphostructure; multivariate techniques distributed under the terms and con- ditions of the Creative Commons At- tribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Animals 2021, 11, 111 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010111 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2021, 11, 111 2 of 14 Animals 2021, 11, x 2 of 15 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Ecuador is among the top 25 fish producers in the world [1]. The Fisheries and Ecuador is among the top 25 fish producers in the world [1]. The Fisheries and Fish- Fisheries Development Law from Ecuador [2] establishes that bioaquatic resources (of the eries Development Law from Ecuador [2] establishes that bioaquatic resources (of the ter- territorial sea, inland maritime waters, rivers, lakes or natural and artificial channels) ritorial sea, inland maritime waters, rivers, lakes or natural and artificial channels) are are national assets, with the State in charge of regulating their rational use (extraction, national assets, with the State in charge of regulating their rational use (extraction, culti- cultivation, processing and commercialization). In addition, the State is also in charge of vation, processing and commercialization). In addition, the State is also in charge of pro- promoting the investigation of bioaquatic resources, promoting the creation of educational moting the investigation of bioaquatic resources, promoting the creation of educational centers for the training and qualification of the personnel necessary for the fishing activity centers for the training and qualification of the personnel necessary for the fishing activity and designing the required promotion measures for the expansion of the fishing sector. and designing the required promotion measures for the expansion of the fishing sector. The Ecuadorian fishing sector contributes 7% to the national consumption of animal The Ecuadorian fishing sector contributes 7% to the national consumption of animal proteins (5–8 kg/year/head) [3]. Inland fishing represents around 338 t [3], being an proteins (5–8 kg/year/head) [3]. Inland fishing represents around 338 t [3], being an im- portantimportant contribution contribution of food of food to the to thepopulation populationss located located near near of capture of capture areas. areas. In addition In addition toto the the catches catches made made by by fishermen fishermen through through arti artisanalsanal practices, practices, Ecuador Ecuador stands stands out out for for hav- having ingthe the highest highest small-scale small-scale artisanal artisanal fisheries,fisheries, counting counting on on with with responsible responsible practices practices and and environmentallyenvironmentally sustainable sustainable fishing fishing activities activities that that promote promote the the conservation conservation of of aquacul- aquaculture tureresources resources and and their their ecosystems ecosystems [4]. [4]. This This aquaculture aquaculture can can contribute contribu tote to food food security security in the inpoorest the poorest rural rural areas, areas, promote promote social social cohesion cohesion and and local local endogenous endogenous development, development, while whileimproving improving livelihoods livelihoods and theand conservationthe conservation of biodiversity of biodiversity [5]. [5]. Ecuadorian Ecuadorian aquaculture, aqua- culture,despite despite a series a of series limitations of limitations as lack as or lack limited or limited amount amount of seed of from seed cultivated from cultivated organisms organismsand little and technical little technical assistance assistance [6], presents [6], pr favorableesents favorable conditions conditions to be to able be toable produce to produceproducts products throughout throughout the year the [7 ].year [7]. TheThe river river network network of of Ecuador Ecuador is complex is complex and and diverse, diverse, highlighting highlighting the theGuayas Guayas River River 2 BasinBasin (CHG), (CHG), with with an an extension extension of of53,299 53,299 km km2 (Figure(Figure 1), 1as), asthe the largest largest basin basin from from South South ◦ 0 AmericaAmerica on on the the Pacific Pacific side side of of the the continent continent [8]. [8 It]. extends It extends between between the theparallels parallels 00°14 00′ S14 S ◦ 0 ◦ 0 ◦ 0 andand 02°27 02 27′ S,S, and and the the meridians meridians 78°36 78 ′36 W Wand and 80°36 80′ W.36 TheW. The CHG CHG is made is made up of up seven of seven sub- sub- basinsbasins with with high high geomorphological, geomorphological, climatic climatic and and biological biological diversity diversity [9]. [It9]. is Ita subsidence is a subsidence pitpit with with marine marine fluvial fluvial filling filling configured configured to tothe the east east by bythe the Andes Andes Mountain, Mountain, to the to west the west byby the the Chongón-Colonche Chongón-Colonche Coast Coast Mountain, Mountain, to the to the north north by bythe thesedimentary sedimentary reliefs reliefs of the of the EsmeraldaEsmeralda river river and and to to the the south south by by the the Guayas Guayas river river delta, delta, consequence consequence of the of confluence the confluence ofof Daule Daule and and Babahoyo Babahoyo rivers rivers [10,11]. [10,11 ]. Figure 1. Six native freshwater species used
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