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Taxonomía Y Distribución De Los Ácaros Depredadores Del Género Euseius Wainstein 1962, En España (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

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Taxonomía Y Distribución De Los Ácaros Depredadores Del Género Euseius Wainstein 1962, En España (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 23: 227-235, 1997 Taxonomía y distribución de los ácaros depredadores del género Euseius Wainstein 1962, en España (Acari: Phytoseiidae) F. FERRAGUT y A. ESCUDERO Tres especies de fitoseidos pertenecientes al género Euseius Wainstein, 1962 se co• nocen actualmente de la fauna española: Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot), E. finlan- dicus (Oudemans) y E. scutalis (Athias-Henriot). Este trabajo está basado en el diag• nóstico de estas especies e incluye la descripción de los estados inmaduros de E. stipu• latus y datos sobre su distribución geográfica, así como aspectos de su biología y eco• logía. Las tres especies se han ilustrado y se proporciona una clave para su separación. FRANCISCO FERRAGUT y ADRIANA ESCUDERO: U.D. Entomología Agrícola. Dpto. Pro• ducción Vegetal. Univ. Politécnica de Valencia. Camino de Vera, 14. 46022 Valencia (España). Palabras clave: Phytoseiidae, Euseius, taxonomía, distribución geográfica. España INTRODUCCIÓN vez los estados inmaduros de Euseius stipu• latus (Athias-Henriot), la especie más común Los miembros de la familia Phytoseiidae de este grupo, y recopilándose datos inédi• Berlese 1914, constituyen uno de los grupos tos y otros ya conocidos de la distribución de ácaros más frecuentes sobre las plantas geográfica, plantas huésped y otros aspectos superiores. El interés en el conocimiento de de su biología y ecología. Se pretende con esta familia se inició hace más de 30 años a ello que esta información pueda ser utiliza• raíz de descubrirse su papel regulador de da de forma práctica y permita la separación poblaciones de ácaros fitófagos. Desde en• de estos ácaros depredadores que son comu• tonces, se han dedicado numerosos esfuer• nes en nuestros cultivos y en la vegetación zos y recursos para favorecer su implanta• espontánea asociada y que desempeñan en ción como agentes de control biológico y en estos ecosistemas un papel importante en la la actualidad son piezas fundamentales en el regulación de las poblaciones de ácaros fitó• control de plagas de numerosos cultivos en fagos, especialmente en los cítricos y fruta• todo el mundo, especialmente en frutales y les cultivados. cultivos de invernadero (MCMURTRY et al, 1970; MCMURTRY, 1982; HELLE & SABE- LIS, 1985). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio realizado sobre las tres espe• Para la realización de este trabajo se han cies ibéricas del género Euseius Wainstein. examinado alrededor de un centenar de indi• Se han estudiado los aspectos más caracte• viduos de cada especie, revisando para ello rísticos de su anatomía externa, especial• la totalidad del material depositado en la co• mente aquellos que permiten el diagnóstico lección de la Unidad Docente de Entomolo• de las especies, describiéndose por primera gía Agrícola de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Este material procede de dis- forma de jarro y dotada de tres pares de setas tintos puntos de la peninsula Ibérica y las preanales situadas transversalmente (WAINS- islas Canarias y se recogió de una gran va- TEIN, 1962). Posteriormente, DE LEÓN (1965) riedad de especies vegetales que incluyen lo eleva a la categoría de subgénero y más tanto especies cultivadas como espontáneas. tarde este mismo autor lo designa como un Las medidas de las setas y otras estructuras género diferenciado (DE LEÓN, 1966). se han expresado en micrómetros y corres- Se trata de un género amplio, que com- ponden, en todos los casos, a medias obteni- prende numerosas especies propias, en su das de diez individuos diferentes. Para una mayoría, de regiones tropicales y subtropi- mayor comprensión de la terminología em- cales con unas pocas distribuidas en la pleada en la designación de las setas se re- zona templada. Las especies conocidas son comienda consultar la figura 1. de hábitos alimenticios polífagos reprodu- ciéndose más eficazmente sobre polen de diversas plantas que sobre ácaros fitófagos RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN (McMURTRY, 1977). El género Euseius comprende en España 3 especies: E. stipu- Euseius fue propuesto por Wainstein en latus (ATHIAS-HENRIOT, 1960), E. scutalis 1962 como una sección dentro del género (ATHIAS-HENRIOT, 1958) y E. finlandicus Amblyseius Berlese 1914, para designar a un (OUDEMANS, 1915), de amplia distribu- grupo de fitoseidos caracterizados por pre- ción geográfica y muy diversas en cuanto sentar el tegumento poco esclerotizado, pe- a su comportamiento y preferencias ecoló- queños quelíceros y una placa ventrianal en gicas. Fig. 1.-Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot, 1960). 1. Hembra, placa dorsal; 2. Hembra, placas ventrales; 3. Hembra, espermateca; 4. Macho, espermatodáctilo. La flecha indica el final de la peritrema. Euseius Wainstein, 1962 Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot, 1960) Diagnóstico Diagnóstico MCMURTRY (1983) ha redefinido re- Esta especie se distingue del resto de Eu- cientemente el género de la siguiente forma: seius por presentar el margen posterior de la la hembra posee la placa dorsal lisa o débil- placa esternal cóncavo, peritremas largas al- mente reticulada y con 17 pares de setas (jl, canzando el nivel de j3 o entre j3 y z2 y j3, j4, j5, j6, J2, J5, Z2, z4, z5, Zl, Z4, Z5, cáliz de la espermateca de forma tubular y s4, S2, S4 y S5). Las setas r3 o r3 y Rl están de 20 a 25 um de longitud. situadas, generalmente, sobre la membrana interescutal. En la superficie ventral la placa Hembra (fig. 1) ventrianal es más estrecha que la genital y tiene normalmente forma de jarro, ensan- Placa dorsal lisa y truncada posteriormente. chándose a nivel de la abertura anal y con Diecisiete pares de setas dorsales, todas lisas, tres pares de setas preanales alineadas trans- excepto Z5 que es ligeramente serrada. Todas versalmente en el tercio superior de la placa. las setas dorsales de una longitud parecida, Las peritremas son relativamente cortas ex- siendo jl, j3, s4 y Z5 claramente más largas tendiéndose en algunos casos hasta la seta que el resto. Seis pares de poros sobre esta j3. Los quelíceros son pequeños (alrededor placa dorsal, situados del siguiente modo: de 25 um de longitud), con la superficie in- entre j5 y z4, dos pares posteriores a s4, ante- terna de ambos dedos quelicerales cóncava. rior a Zl,.anterior a Z4 y entre Z4 y Z5. Escle- El dedo móvil lleva, por lo general, un pe- rotización ventral débil. Placa esternal más queño diente, mientras que el dedo fijo pre- larga que ancha, con los márgenes poco defi- senta de dos a siete dientes. Normalmente el nidos y con tres pares de setas y dos de poros. cuarto par de patas lleva macrosetas sobre la Un cuarto par de setas se sitúa posteriormen- rodilla, tibia y tarso. te, sobre la membrana o en una pequeña placa Clave para la separación de especies (ba- metaesternal que está, a veces, ausente. Placa sada en el examen de hembras). ventrianal en forma de jarro con una pequeña indentación en su parte más ancha. Setas pre- 1. Peritrema larga, alcanzando el nivel de la anales situadas en el tercio superior de la seta/?, o entre j3 y ¿2. Espermateca tubular de placa en la disposición típica de los miembros 20 a 25 um de longitud (fig. 1) ....£. stipulatus de este género. Poros preanales muy eviden- - Peritrema corta, alcanzando el nivel de tes, en forma de media luna. Peritrema alcan- z4 o entre ¿2 y z4 2 zando la base áej3 o entre y"5 y ¿2. Cáliz de la 2. Setas dorsales relativamente cortas (de espermateca ¿ubular, apreciándose recto o li- 20 a 40 um de longitud). Macroseta del geramente curvado y atrio globoso en forma tarso del cuarto par de patas relativamente de C. Dedo móvil del quelícero con un peque- corta (unos 57 um). Cáliz de la espermateca ño diente, dedo fijo con tres o cuatro dientes corto (13 um), con el atrio globoso, un es- en la mitad distal y pilus dentilis. Cuarto par trechamiento medio y dilatado distalmente de patas con tres macrosetas sobre la rodilla, (fig. 2) E. finlandicus tibia y tarso, siendo más larga la del tarso (54 - Setas dorsales relativamente largas (de urn), intermedia la de la rodilla (37 um) y 20 a 70 urn de longitud). Macroseta del tarso menor la de la tibia (34 um). del cuarto par de patas larga (77 um). En la espermateca atrio globoso y cáliz tubular, Macho largo (unos 43 um) y, a menudo, sinuoso, ensanchándose hacia su extremo distal Tamaño claramente inferior al de la hem- (fig. 3) E. scutalis bra. Placa dorsal de 260 um de longitud por 190 de anchura. Con 19 pares de setas dor- Larva sales, por la inclusión de r3 y Rl sobre dicha placa, jl 28 um, j3 33, z2 22, z4 22, Con sólo tres pares de apéndices locomo- s4 30, zl 14, S2 22, S4 24, S5 20, Z5 50, j4 tores e idiosoma de 220 um de longitud por 12,y5 11,y6 12, 72 12, z5 11 y Z4 14. Placa 165 de anchura. En la superficie dorsal placa genitoesternal no fusionada con las placas podonotal con nueve pares de setas, todas endopodales y llevando cinco pares de cortas excepto jl, s4 y Z4, ésta ultima tan setas. Placa ventrianal triangular, ligera- larga como el idiosoma. Esclerotización de mente estriada y ocupando el tercio poste- la región ventral apenas visible. Con tres rior de la superficie ventral por debajo de pares de setas dispuestas longitudinalmente las patas, de 100 um de longitud por 130 de entre las coxas. Dos pares de setas preanales, anchura. Tres pares de setas preanales dis- la anterior corta y la posterior más larga. Un puestas transversalmente y dos poros prea- par de poros preanales con la forma caracte- nales semejantes a los de la hembra. Esper- rística de la especie, y dos pares de pequeñas matodáctilo acodado y en forma de L inver- setas situadas a ambos lados de la región tida (fig.
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