Organisms for the Control of Pathogens in Protected Crops Cultural Practices for Sustainable Agriculture Serie Agricultura [10) Organisms for the Control of Pathogens in Protected Crops Cultural Practices for Sustainable Agriculture Julio César Tello Marquina Francisco Camacho Ferre (Coordinators) ORGANISMS FOR THE CONTROL OF PATHOGENS IN PROTECTED CROPS. CULTURAL PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE © text: Authors © edition: Fundación Cajamar Edited by: Fundación Cajamar [email protected] Design and layout: Beatriz Martínez Belmonte ISBN-13: 978-84-937759-0-2 Legal deposit: AL-365-2010 Release Date: November, 2014 Fundación Cajamar is not responsible of the information and opinions that are contained in this publication, being the exclusive responsability of the authors. © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission obtained from the Copyright holders. Index Introductory preface of coordinators ......................................................7 Chapter 1. INTEGRATED PRODUCTION IN ANDALUSIA: PROTECTED HORTICULTURAL CROPS .....................................................................................................13 Vicente Aparicio, María Paz Rodríguez, Francisco Javier Cabrera, Martín M. Acebedo, Ana Belén García, María Encarnación Trujillo, Carmen M. Méndez Chapter 2. ORGANIC PRODUCTION REGULATION. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN VEGETABLES IN GREENHOUSE ................................ 43 Luis Guerrero Alarcón Chapter 3. BIOPESTICIDES OBTAINED FROM PLANTS, ANOTHER RESULT FROM COEVOLUTION. CURRENT SITUATION AND USEFULNESS ............................... 77 Julio César Tello Marquina, Daniel Palmero LLamas, Aurora García Ruíz, Miguel de Cara García Chapter 4. GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL .................. 103 Jerónimo J. Pérez-Parra, Corpus Pérez Martínez, Juan C. Gázquez Garrido, Juan C. López Hernández, Esteban Baeza Romero, David E. Meca Abad Chapter 5. SULPHUR SUBLIMATORS AND SHELTER PLANTS ............................. 131 Juan C. Gázquez Garrido, Jerónimo J. Pérez-Parra, Juan C. López Hernández, Esteban Baeza Romero, David E. Meca Abad, Corpus Pérez Martínez Chapter 6. LEPIDOPTERAN MANAGEMENT ....................................................159 Luis Miguel Torres-Vila Chapter 7. WHITEFLIES MANAGEMENT ....................................................... 191 Francisco J. Beitia, Estrella Hernández-Suárez Chapter 8. THRIPS MANAGEMENT ............................................................. 225 Alfredo Lacasa Plasencia, Juan Antonio Sánchez Sánchez, Carmen María Lacasa Martínez, Victoriano Martínez Alcaraz Chapter 9. APHID MANAGEMENT ...............................................................279 Alfonso Hermoso de Mendoza, Belén Belliure, José Manuel Llorens, María Ángeles Marcos, José Manuel Michelena Chapter 10. LEAFMINERS MANAGEMENT .....................................................303 Mª Dolores Alcázar Alba Chapter 11. MITES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN PROTECTED HORTICULTURAL CROPS ......329 Francisco Ferragut Chapter 12. PREDATORY ARTHROPODS IN AGROSYSTEMS OF ALMERÍA .............. 349 Marta Goula, Luis Mata Chapter 13. THE TOXICITY OF PHYTOSANITARIES ON POLLINATING INSECTS AND ON USEFUL ARTHROPODS .....................................................................371 Pablo Bielza, Alfredo Lacasa Chapter 14. SOIL BIO-DISINFECTION FOR MYCOSIS CONTROL OF EDAPHIC ORIGIN, “FATIGUE” CORRECTION AND EFFECT ON THE CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL ........................................................................................................391 Julio César Tello Marqina, Daniel Palmero Llamas, Aurora García Ruí), Miguel de Cara García Chapter 15. NON-CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PHYTOPARASITIC NEMATODES ................................................................. 409 M. A. Díez Rojo, J. A. López Pérez, J. M. Torres Nieto, J. López Cepero, L. Robertson, A. Bello Chapter 16. NON-CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIOSIS AND VIROSIS ..........441 María Jesús Zanón Alonso, María Isabel Font San Ambrosio, Concepción Jordá Gutiérrez Chapter 17. GRAFTING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS AS TECHNIQUE FOR THE CONTROL OF SOIL PATHOGENS ................................................................................. 467 Alfredo Miguel Gómez, Francisco Camacho Ferre Chapter 18. THE MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MYCOSIS IN THE AERIAL PART OF THE PLANT .............................................................. 503 Milagrosa Santos Hernández - Fernando Diánez Mártinez 6 Introductory preface of coordinators “Preface” and “prologue” are equivalent linguistic terms. Both terms refer to the opposite ends of the text body in any work and are used to announce that the work has been nished or to give guidance. This in- troduction was a common procedure in Greek and Latin works of drama, and is indeed still relevant to classic drama of more recent times. It was recited in front of the public to inform them about the working of the plot that was going to be played out, to excuse the poet any censures addressed to him and to ask for indulgence, or for any other requisi- te purpose. It is not possible to nd a better declaration outside of the term’s own denition. Why did we choose a book and not another communication media? Borges provided this answer which is well adapted to our intellectual background: Amongst all the instruments man has, the most amazing one is, without doubt, the book. The rest are just extensions of your body. The microscope, the telescope are extensions of the eyes; the telephone is an extension of the voice, then, we have the plough and the sword that are extensions of the arm. But the book is just something else: it is an extension of the memory and the imagination (sic). Fundación Cajamar was the bank entity that ordered the coordination of this work, the contents and its authors. This banking entity is special as, since its beginning, it has been one of the driving forces propelling horticultural development in Almeria. This fact was sufcient to accept the task and the responsibility that it implied. The rest has been possible thanks to the good will of the authors that has led to this work seeing the light in a very short time. The kindness they have showed us has been the real engine. Once again, thanks friends. 7 Organisms for the control of pathogens in protected crops. Cultural practices for sustainable agriculture Why those contents? A prior terminological explanation must be made that applies to the work. It is about the concept of crop pests. The Vegetable Health Law (Ley de Sanidad Vegetal, 43/2002 of the 20th of November) uses the term to designate pests as diseases of the crops. This fact breaks with a pro- vision of science that, for more than a century and a half, has regulated vegetable health. On one side, the Vegetal Pathology or Phytopatology treating the study of diseases, and, on the other, Agricultural Entomology that includes the pests. For this reason, the use of the word “pest” can be misleading, although the law mentioned above species that this deni- tion also includes diseases. One of the Royal Decrees that has developed the law (R.D. 58/2005 of 21/01/05) uses, in order to designate the cau- ses of pests and diseases, the harmful organism couple that is dened in the following manner: any species, race or vegetable biotype, animal or pathogen agent that is harmful for vegetables or vegetable products. The content of what is called Vegetable Protection is an example of the collective terming of pests, diseases, weeds or adventitious buds and control procedures. Some dilettantes and professionals prefer, instead, to use the term Vegetable Health, as ‘protection’ and ‘ght’ have got con- notations that are never dened but which could tarnish the archangelic character of human spirit. These explanations allow us to introduce the approach this work was written with. This essay mainly talks about the pest and disease management of protected horticultural crops. It is focu- sed on the concept of the pathosystem, understood as a subsystem of an ecosystem (the agrosystem) dened by the parasitism phenomenon. As such, weeds could play a role, like a reservoir of plants of parasites, as they compete with but do not parasitize crops. This concept is impor- tant because it considers agrarian activity as a system, where each part meets a function and confers some properties to the whole. Alteration of one of the parts can unbalance the system in one or another sense. In fact, this perspective of agrarian system is the one that best denes the concept of integrated pest and disease management that could repla- ce the more simplied concept of control. This work was born as the result of a demand existing in most deve- loped societies that food healthiness is guaranteed as well as conserva- tion of the earth’s environments and atmosphere. A lot of written opinions have been given in response to these needs. Toxicity of pesticides and their residues, and the appearance of parasite resistance have sparked specic and informative coverage throughout the media and inuenced 8 Introductory preface of coordinators on public opinion, and it is easy to understand why. Since the publication of “Silent Spring” by Rachel Karson, a large number of scientic studies have proved the empiric observations and intuitions of this American