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Appl. Entomol. Zool. 38 (1): 97–101 (2003)

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Appl. Entomol. Zool. 38 (1): 97–101 (2003) Appl. Entomol. Zool. 38 (1): 97–101 (2003) Effect of temperature on development and reproduction of the tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyidae) Mohd. Mainul HAQUE† and Akira KAWA I* National Institute of Vegetables and Tea Science, National Agricultural Research Organization; Ano, Mie 514–2392, Japan (Received 12 July 2002; Accepted 18 November 2002) Abstract The effect of constant temperature on the development, reproduction and population growth of Aculops lycopersici reared on a tomato leaflet was investigated. Survival rates from egg to adult were more than 69% at temperatures be- tween 15°C and 27.5°C, but only 53% at 30°C. Developmental rates increased linearly as rearing temperature in- creased from 15°C to 27.5°C. A total of 81.2 degree-days above a developmental zero of 10.5°C were required to complete development from egg to adult emergence. Adult longevity decreased with increasing temperature. Fecun- dity was highest at 25°C with 51.7 eggs per female. The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase was observed at 25°C as 0.253 per day. Key words: Aculops lycopersici; developmental zero; thermal constant; population growth; tomato INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici Mites. A stock culture of A. lycopersici was col- Massee is an important pest of tomato, Lycopersi- lected from tomato plants in Mie Pref. in Novem- con esculentum Mill. It was first described in Aus- ber 1999. Mites were then cultured on potted tralia (Massee, 1937) but is now cosmopolitan tomato plants at 2565°C in the laboratory of the (Perring and Farrar, 1986). In Japan, it was first National Institute of Vegetables and Tea Science. found in 1986 (Nemoto, 1991) and has since be- Development. In order to obtain an egg, a fe- come a serious pest (Nemoto, 2000). It increases male adult was put on the upper surface of a small rapidly on tomato and the infestation causes great tomato leaflet (cultivar ‘House Momotaro’). The injury to the plant (Haque and Kawai, 2002). A leaflet was then placed on filter paper in a plastic few life history studies on A. lycopersici have been container (60 mm dia.330 mm height) covered published (Rice and Strong, 1962; Abou-Awad, with a plastic lid having a 7 mm dia. hole. A small 1979). However, Rice and Strong (1962) calculated piece of cotton was placed at the base of the petiole the developmental period using the data of only of the leaflet. The cotton and filter paper were con- one to eight individuals in each category and stantly kept wet by soaking with water. The con- Abou-Awad (1979) showed only the data at 25°C tainers were then kept in an incubator at the experi- on leaves of Solanum nigrum. The effect of tem- mental temperature under long-day conditions perature on development and reproduction remains (L16:D8). After 24 h, a female adult was removed. unknown. Only one egg was left for rearing on each leaflet, In this study, the effect of temperature on the de- all others were removed. The stages were checked velopment and reproduction of A. lycopersici was every day to adult emergence. When leaflets lost investigated and the basic thermal requirements for their green color, A. lycopersici transferred to new development were determined. leaflets with a fine cotton single haired brush. This experiment was conducted at 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C. The number of eggs exposed to each temperature was 30–48. The relative humidity * To whom correspondence should be addressed at: E-mail: [email protected] † Present address: Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University; Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh 97 98 M. M. HAQUE and A. KAWAI Fig. 1. Rearing unit for the experiments on fecundity and longevity of adult A. lycopersici. was not maintained exactly but fluctuated from 40 number of eggs laid was counted. The eggs were to 60%. removed and the adult mites were transferred to Reproduction. A. lycopersici adults were reared new rearing units. Since there is a possibility that individually in microcells. The rearing unit is some eggs were overlooked, the rearing units with- shown in Fig. 1. The microcells were made by out adults were maintained for four days at 27.5°C. drilling a hole of 10 mm dia. in a plastic plate If nymphs were found, they were considered as (40 mm370 mm35 mm). Each plate had four mi- eggs of the previous two days. The freshness of the crocells. Each rearing unit was prepared by placing leaflets was maintained by wetting the paper towel. a fresh green tomato leaflet on a 5 mm thick layer This experiment was conducted at 15, 20, 25 and of paper towel, which was supported beneath by a 30°C. 5 mm thick plastic plate. The top plastic plate con- taining the cells was placed on the leaflet and the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION whole unit held together with two rubber bands. Relative humidity was maintained constant by Development means of salt solutions as described by O’Brien The mean developmental periods and survival (1948). The salt solution was put in a tight box rate at each of seven temperatures are shown in (24 cm317 cm38 cm) and the plastic stage was Table 1. Egg duration decreased with an increase in placed inside the box. The rearing units were temperature up to 30°C. Egg duration at 15°C was placed on the plastic stage. The humidity chambers about four times as long as that at 30°C. Total with the rearing units were placed in incubators to nymphal duration gradually decreased with an in- maintain the desired temperatures. Mixtures of crease in temperature up to 27.5°C but at 30°C it NaCl, NaNO3 and KNO3 (1:1:1); CaCl2·6H2O; again increased. At 15°C the nymphal stage was CaCl2·6H2O; MgCl2·6H2O were used to make sat- about four times as long as at 27.5°C. The duration urated solutions at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C, respec- from egg to adult at 15°C was 17.1 days, about tively. The humidity fluctuated from 30 to 33% in four times as long as at 30°C. Survival rate of the all cases. eggs was high between 15 and 30°C and that of The experiments on fecundity and longevity nymphs was high at temperatures lower than were started by placing four second instar nymphs 27.5°C, but decreased at 30°C. of A. lycopersici in each cell. The next day, only There was a significant linear relationship be- one adult was left in each cell for rearing and all tween temperature and developmental rates of eggs other adults and nymphs were removed. The rear- (between 15 and 30°C), nymphs (between 15 and ing units were checked every two days and the 27.5°C) and egg to adult (between 15 and 27.5°C). Development and Reproduction of Aculops lycopersici 99 Table 1. Developmental duration and survival rate of A. lycopersici at different temperatures Duration in daysa Survival (%) Temp. (°C) Egg Nymph Egg to adult Egg Nymph Egg to adult 15 8.2660.18 (38) 8.7860.31 (27) 17.0760.18 (27) 93.8 82.1 77.0 17.5 5.8560.14 (39) 6.0560.14 (38) 11.7660.19 (38) 97.9 95.8 93.8 20 4.5960.12 (32) 4.0660.11 (32) 8.6660.18 (32) 96.7 72.2 69.8 22.5 3.5760.08 (47) 3.6260.10 (45) 7.1660.11 (45) 97.9 89.9 88.0 25 3.1460.14 (29) 2.4060.10 (25) 5.4860.14 (25) 94.1 88.5 83.2 27.5 2.5760.07 (47) 2.2160.07 (47) 4.7960.09 (47) 97.5 92.7 90.3 30 2.2360.09 (30) 2.3660.09 (28) 4.5760.09 (28) 95.0 55.7 52.9 a x¯6S.E. Numbers in parenthesis indicate sample size. Table 2. Regression equation between the velocity of development and temperature, developmental zero and thermal constant for A. lycopersici on tomato leaves Stage Regression equation r2 Developmental zero (°C) Thermal constant (K) (degree-days) Egg Y50.0217X20.2097 0.996 9.3 47.8 Nymph Y50.0283X20.3231 0.971 11.4 35.3 Egg to adult Y50.0122X20.1276 0.995 10.5 81.2 Table 3. Fecundity and longevity of ovipositing female A. lycopersici on tomato leaves at constant temperatures Temp. (°C) Longevity of ovipositing femalea % of ovipositing femalesb Fecundity (Total egg/ovipositing female) 15 32.260.6 (26) 77.1 21.964.1 20 29.760.7 (31) 75.6 31.964.4 25 25.760.8 (27) 69.2 51.769.8 30 17.360.6 (23) 74.2 42.766.7 a x¯6S.E. Numbers in parenthesis of the longevity column show sample size. b No. of ovipositing females/No. of mites. The developmental zero and the thermal constants peratures (Aceria mississippiensis; Chandrapatya are shown in Table 2. The developmental zero for and Baker, 1986; Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Allen et egg, nymph and egg to adult were 9.3, 11.4 and al., 1995; Eriophyes chibaensis, Kadono, 1995) 10.5°C, respectively, with thermal constants of have also been observed in other eriophyid mites. 47.8, 35.3 and 81.2 degree-days. Rice and Strong (1962) showed that high humid- Reproduction ity retarded development of A. lycopersici at high The longevity and fecundity of ovipositing fe- temperatures and 30–60% humidity was suitable male A.
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