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Thèse Sahraoui Hajer Définitif Montpellier Supagro Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie Unité Mixte de Recherche. Centre de Biologie pour la Département de Protection des Plantes et Maladies Gestion des Populations. Post-Récolte THÈSE Présentée à Montpellier SupAgro pour obtenir le diplôme de Doctorat Formation doctorale : Évolution, Écologie, Ressources génétiques, Paléontologie École doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement Influence des pratiques agro-écologiques et de la protection phytosanitaire sur les communautés d’acariens Phytoseiidae (Acari : mesostigmata) dans les vergers agrumicoles tunisiens Présentée et soutenue publiquement par SAHRAOUI HAJER Le 11 décembre 2012 JURY Lebdi-Grissa Kaouthar Professeur Co-directrice de thèse Kreiter Serge Professeur Co-directeur de thèse, représentant de l’ED Chermiti Brahim Professeur Rapporteur Hemptinne Jean-Louis Professeur Rapporteur Ksantini Mohieddine Directeur de Recherche Examinateur, président de jury Tixier Marie-Stéphane Professeur Examinatrice, invitée RESUMÉ Les acariens de la famille des Phytoseiidae (Mesostigmata) ont été largement étudiés du fait de la capacité de plusieurs espèces à contrôler biologiquement des acariens phytophages et des petits insectes ravageurs des cultures. La diversité et l'abondance des espèces de cette famille sont déterminées principalement par le climat, la stabilité des habitats, les ressources alimentaires et les pratiques agricoles. Cette étude conduite dans des vergers d'agrumes tunisiens a pour objectifs (i) de caractériser la diversité des Phytoseiidae dans ces agrosystèmes, (ii) d’étudier l'effet de pratiques agricoles sur la diversité et l'abondance de ces espèces et (iii) d’étudier l'effet de stratégies de gestion de l’enherbement sur ces acariens prédateurs. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de répondre à ces objectifs. Tout d’abord, nous possédons désormais davantage de connaissances sur les espèces de Phytoseiidae présentes sur agrumes ainsi que dans la végétation naturelle de ces vergers. Onze nouvelles espèces pour la faune tunisienne ont été rencontrées. Euseius stipulatus était l’espèce dominante dans les vergers d'agrumes tunisiens étudiés. La diversité des Phytoseiidae sur les citrus est différente selon l’espèce d'agrumes et leur abondance plus faible dans les vergers où des herbicides étaient utilisés. Dans les plantes adventices associées, la diversité de Phytoseiidae était directement affectée par la diversité des espèces végétales. De plus, leur densité était influencée par les pesticides utilisés et les techniques de gestion de l’enherbement. Il a également été montré l’existence d’une corrélation positive entre les densités des Phytoseiidae dans les adventices et sur les arbres. De plus, l’existence d’une dispersion ambulatoire des Phytoseiidae de l’inter-rang vers les arbres a été observée; les effectifs migrant depuis l’inter- rang vers les arbres étaient plus importants que dans le sens opposé. Cette migration semble être favorisée par certaines pratiques de désherbage, particulièrement le labour. Enfin, la comparaison des parcelles aux stratégies de production différentes a montré une diversité de Phytoseiidae plus importante dans le système conduit en Agriculture Biologique. Les résultats obtenus permettent de mieux comprendre les interactions entre les Phytoseiidae et leurs habitats et ont permis de formuler des propositions pour améliorer les pratiques culturales (élimination du désherbage chimique et promotion du labour ou du fauchage) afin de promouvoir un meilleur contrôle biologique des acariens ravageurs. Néanmoins, d’autres études sont encore nécessaires pour tester davantage de stratégies d’enherbement, en proposer de nouvelles et afin de mieux caractériser les interactions entre les Phytoseiidae et la gestion des agrosystèmes. Mots clés : Agrumes, Phytoseiidae, diversité, abondance, adventices, dispersion, pesticides -I- ABSTRACT Mites of the family Phytoseiidae (Mesostigmata) have been extensively studied because of the potential of several species as biological control agents of phytophagous mites and small insect crop pests. Phytoseiidae diversity and abundance are known to be mainly affected by climate, stability of habitats, food resources and agricultural practices. This study conducted in Tunisian citrus orchards aimed to (i) characterize the diversity of Phytoseiidae in these agrosystems, (ii) study the effect of agricultural practices on the diversity and abundance of these species and (ii) study the effect of weed management strategies on these predatory mites. The results obtained allow giving some responses. First, more data are now available on species of Phytoseiidae present on citrus trees and associated weeds. Eleven new species for the Tunisian fauna have been found Species of Phytoseiidae were different according to the species of citrus considered and their abundance seemed to be affected by herbicide sprayings. On weeds, Phytoseiidae diversity was directly affected by weed diversity. Furthermore, their density was influenced by pesticide sprayings and the weed management type. A positive correlation between Phytoseiidae densities on trees and weeds was emphasized. Ambulatory dispersal between weeds and trees was observed and migrations were higher from weeds to trees than in the opposite way. This dispersal seemed to be favored by some weeding practices, especially by ploughing. At last, the comparison of plots conducted with different farming strategies showed that Phytoseiidae diversity was the highest in the organic farming plot. The results presently obtained allow a better understanding of relationships between Phytoseiidae and their habitat. They also allow some proposals to improve agricultural practices and promote a better biological control of mite pests (eliminate herbicide use, promote ploughing and mowing). However, additional studies are still required in order to test more weeding strategies, propose new ones and to better characterize the interactions between Phytoseiidae and agrosystems management. Key words: Citrus, Phytoseiidae, diversity, abundance, weeds, dispersal, pesticides -II- REMERCIEMENTS Après trois années, mon travail arrive à son terme par la réalisation de ce mémoire de thèse dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre l’ INAT (Tunisie) et Montpellier SupAgro , financée par une bourse du programme Averroès . Je commence par un agréable devoir, celui de remercier tous ceux qui m’ont aidée d’une façon ou d’une autre, ou encouragée au cours de cette thèse. Je remercie par la même occasion tous ceux qui ne sont peut-être pas cités mais qui se reconnaîtront, et dont la présence ou intervention à un moment donné de la thèse a été bénéfique. Les premières lignes de mes remerciements se doivent d’être dédiées à mes trois directeurs, Marie-Stéphane TIXIER , Kaouthar GRISSA LEBDI et Serge KREITER que je ne remercierais jamais assez pour m’avoir acceptée en thèse. Outre leurs qualités humaines, je salue la qualité de leur encadrement, leur disponibilité sans pareil, leur vigilance scientifique, ainsi que leur patience dans les corrections de mes écrits. Je leur remercie également pour avoir élargi les champs de mes compétences, et pour m’avoir laissée libre court pour participer aux formations et aux congrès. Je tiens particulièrement à remercier Martial DOUIN et Sabine GUICHOU pour leur gentillesse et leur aide, qui m’ont permis de travailler dans une ambiance chaleureuse et conviviale. Je tiens à remercier également, Philippe AUGER , Alain MIGEON ainsi que tous les personnels, chercheurs et doctorants du CBGP qui m’ont apporté de l’aide ou simplement avec qui j’ai partagé de bons moments. Je remercie vivement la direction de l’ INAT représentée par Mr. Elyes HAMZA , et également toute personne du laboratoire d’Entomologie – Acarologie et particulièrement Nesrine et Sonia , qui m’ont aidé à réaliser ce travail et tous les étudiants que j’ai rencontrés au laboratoire avec lesquels j’ai passé des moments agréables. J’adresse également mes remerciements au directeur général du CTA (Centre technique des agrumes) Mr. Mohamed CHERIF ainsi qu’à tous les ingénieurs et personnels de son équipe qui m’ont apporté leur aide au cours des déplacements, échantillonnages et collectes des données, particulièrement Salma BEN ROMDHANE et Ali AYARI . Je souhaite exprimer ma profonde gratitude envers les membres du jury, Messieurs CHERMITI Ibrahim, HEMPTINNE Jean-Louis, KSANTINI Mohieddine, d’avoir accepté de juger ce travail. Je dédie ce travail à mes parents, sans qui je n’aurais jamais été là où j’en suis aujourd’hui. -III- PUBLICATIONS 1- PUBLICATIONS INCLUSES DANS LA THÈSE 1 – Sahraoui H. , Lebdi Grissa K., Kreiter S., Douin M., Tixier M.-S. (2012) Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Tunisian citrus orchards: Catalogue, biogeography and key for identification, Acarologia 53(4). A paraître en décembre 2012 2 – Sahraoui H. , Tixier M.-S., Lebdi Grissa K., Kreiter S. (2012) Agricultural practices influencing the diversity and abundance of phytoseiid and phytophagous mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Tunisian citrus orchards. Experimental Applied Acarology (Soumis). 3 – Sahraoui H. , Tixier M.-S., Lebdi Grissa K., Kreiter S. (2012) Diversity and population dynamics of Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) in three Tunisian citrus orchards, Acarologia (Soumis). 4 – Sahraoui H. , Kreiter S., Lebdi Grissa K., Tixier M.-S. (2012) Abundance and diversity of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Tunisian citrus orchard: effect of weed management for
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