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Full Screen View WILLIAM FAULKNER AND AVIATION: THE MAN AND THE MYTH by Walter I. Bostwick A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida August 1981 WILLIAM FAULKNER AND AVIATION : THE MAN AND THE MYTH by Walter I. Bostwick This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate's thesis advisor, Dr. William T. Coyle, Department of English. It was submitted to the faculty of the College of Humanities and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: of English So. /9?:1 anced Studies ii ABSTRACT Author: Walter I. Bostwick Title: William Faulkner and Aviation: The Man and the Myth Institution: Florida Atlantic University Degree: Master of Arts Year: 1981 In the years following World War I, William Faulkner implied to his family and acquaintances that he had been a pilot in the RAF. Some people even thought that he had flown combat missions in France and had been wounded. He maintained this fictitious persona throughout his life, and it was accepted by most scholars and biographers. Several of Faulkner's early works featured aviators as central charac- ters, and he treated them as romanticized, tragic heroes as he did Confederate cavalry officers. Pylon, which was written after he had actually started flying, reflects an awareness of the psychology of flying not seen in his earlier works. Faulkner's "wounded pilot" persona was only one facet of his imaginative and creative personality, but knowledge of this persona is necessary to the understanding of the man and thus . his art. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ABSTRACT . iii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I Faulkner's Actual Flying Experience............... 2 CHAPTER II Faulkner's Mythical Flying Experience............. 9 CHAPTER III Faulkner's Pilots . 21 CONCLUSION . 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 48 iv INTRODUCTION William Faulkner was interested in aviation for all of his adult life. His first published prose was about flying, and between 1926 and 1935, three of his novels and several of his short stories featured aviators as central characters. Faulkner was a licensed pilot, and at one time during the mid-1930's all four Faulkner brothers were actively fly­ ing. Over the years, however, a legend grew about Faulkner's flying experience until many people, the public and scholars alike, believed it included combat in France during World War I. Some even believed that he had been wounded. This paper documents Faulkner's actual flying experience based on biographical research and data provided by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. His mythical flying back­ ground is also traced from its beginning in 1918. Theaviation characters in his earlier works are analyzed to illustrate his initial concepts of flying and pilots. A detailed analysis of Pylon, the only work written after Faulkner had started flying and had been exposed to experienced pilots, points out the change in his attitudes. Finally, the impact that Faulkner's mythical pilot persona may have had on his life and career is considered. 1 CHAPTER I Faulkner's Actual Flying Experience William Faulkner's association with aviation began in the summer of 1918. He joined the Royal Air Force and reported 1 for duty in Toronto, Canada, on July 10, 1918. As a "Cadet For Pilot," he was first assigned to a Recruits' Depot, and then, about two and a half weeks later, he was posted to a Cadet Wing for basic military training. On September 20, 1918, Faulkner was assigned to the No. 4 School of Military Aero- nautics located on the campus of the University of Toronto. He was still assigned there when the war ended on November 11, 1918. The exact date of his departure from Toronto is unknown, but he returned to Oxford, Mississippi, before the middle of December, and was officially demobilized on January 4, 1919 (BL I p. 227). On March 9, 1920, he was gazetted Honorary 2nd Lieutenant in the RAF, effective on the date of his demobili- zation (BL I p. 289). There is a great deal of confusing and contradictory information about Faulkner's RAF experience. The confusion includes differing reports as to exactly what organization he was a member of. In his article "Faulkner and the Royal Air 1 Joseph Blotner, Faulkner, A Biography (New York: Random House, 1974), I, p. 211. Hereafter cited as BL I in the text. 2 3 Force," Gordon Price-Stevens illustrated that the organiza- tional misunderstandings were primarily the result of administrative changes that took place within the English ' 2 establishment. During the first years of World War I, England's primary combat aviation unit was the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). It was to this organization that most of England's famous flying heroes were assigned. On April l, 1918, the RFC was combined with the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Air Force (RAF) was born. A Canadian Air Force was established in 1920. This organization applied for and received consent to add the Royal prefix in 1924, thus creat- ing the RCAF. In the span of only a few years, the military flying unit in Canada was known as the RFC, the RAF, the CAF, and the RCAF. All of Faulkner's service was in the RAF. The type of training Faulkner received in the RAF has also been a subject of conflicting reports. Michael Millgate, in "William Faulkner, Cadet," reported on Faulkner's training 3 in great detail. Recruits arriving in Toronto went through several stages of training. At the Recruits' Depot, where they spent about two weeks, they were issued uniforms and lectured on basic military discipline and personal hygiene. 2 Gordon Price-Stevens, "Faulkner and the Royal Air Force," Mississippi Quarterly, Vol. 17 (1964), 123-128. Here­ after cited as P-S in the text. 3Michael Millgate, "William Faulkner, Cadet," The Uni­ versity of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jan. 1966), 117-32. 4 The next stage was posting to the Cadet Wing at Long Branch, Ontario. Millgate quoted from Alan Sullivan's Aviation in Canada to describe the routine at the Cadet Wing: Drill, physical training, wireless, topography and air force law were in the curriculum, but the essential and psychological duty of this unit was to impress on the new recruit those funda­ mental precepts of military discipline, honour and self respect on which his future career alone could be successfully based. (Millgate, p. 118) Training in the Cadet Wing took approximately eight weeks, after which cadets were sent to the School of Aeronau- tics. The duration of training at the School of Aeronautics is unknown; however, training was disrupted to some extent while Faulkner was there because of an influenza epidemic. After completing training at the School of Aeronautics in which cadets were taught the basics of aircraft engineering, aeronautical theory, navigation and associated subjects, the cadets proceeded to the Armament School. Only after the Arma- ment School would actual flying training begin. After basic flight training, cadets would have to attend two more courses, the School of Artillery Cooperation and the School of Aerial Fighting, before they would earn their wings as RAF aviators. Did Faulkner receive any flying training with the RAF? Records at the time of his demobilization indicate he had completed 70% of required ground training (BL I p. 228). He was never assigned to a training airfield. Faulkner had four roommates while he was assigned to the School of Aeronautics. 5 One of these, Durla Bushell, from India, died from an injury he received while playing rugby during training. Millgate interviewed the surviving three. While their recollections of Faulkner differ, the three agree that neither they nor Faulkner received any flying training while in the RAF in 1918. Faulkner was issued a student pilot certificate by the U.S. Department of Commerce while he was living in Oxford in 4 January, 1931. This certificate permits a person to fly, either solo or with an instructor, while gaining the knowledge and expertise required to pass the tests for the next level of certification, the private pilot certificate. There is no indication that he flew during 1931 or 1932, but in Memphis, on February 2, 1933, Faulkner started taking formal flying lessons from Vernon Omlie (BL I p. 795). He soloed on April 20, nearly fourteen years after he had entered the RAF. On June 26, two days after the birth of his daughter, Faulkner bought a bright red, 210 h.p. Waco C aircraft. The aircraft's identification number was NC 13413. (This is the aircraft in which Faulkner's youngest brother, Dean, was killed in 1935.) Flying with George A. Wiggs, a Federal flight examiner, he passed the flight check required for the issuance of the pri- vate pilot certificate on December 14, 1933, and he was sub- sequently issued certificate number 29788. This certificate 4 Letter received from Mark Weaver, Federal Aviation Administration, April 29, 1981. 6 authorized him to fly single-engine, land aircraft of from 0 5 to 150 horsepower. Technically, Faulkner was not licensed to fly his own aircraft. Faulkner apparently flew with some regularity for the next several years. By late 1935, he had logged approximately 150 flying hours (BL I p. 909). In 1934 and 1935, all four Faulkner brothers were flying: Jack (Murry) while he was working with the F.B.I., and John and Dean professionally 6 with the Memphis Air Service. William Faulkner was accepted into the New York "Hanger" of the Quiet Birdman association on July 1, 1935, shortly after the publication of Pylon.
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