DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sum of Human Knowledge? Not in One Wikipedia Language Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sum of Human Knowledge? Not in One Wikipedia Language Edition Wikipedia @ 20 The Sum of Human Knowledge? Not in One Wikipedia Language Edition Marc Miquel-Ribé Published on: May 15, 2019 Updated on: Nov 26, 2019 Wikipedia @ 20 The Sum of Human Knowledge? Not in One Wikipedia Language Edition Image credit: Denis Schroeder (WMDE), Wikidata Items Map 2014—2017. “The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.” Ezra Pound Though I had used Wikipedia for years, it was only ten years ago when I discovered how each language edition community can freely organize its content—as there is no central editorial board. The Catalan version of the encyclopedia, in my native tongue, can have pages dedicated to its culture without impediment. Some might take this for granted, but I cherished this principle because of my memories of my grandfather, who was forbidden to speak his language in public during the forty years of Franco’s dictatorship, and of my mother, who did not have not the chance to be educated in her mother tongue. I did not immediately become a contributor, but I wanted to learn more and, hopefully, one day give back. Today, I am doing so as a researcher with the Wikipedia Cultural Diversity Observatory (WCDO). Though the English Wikipedia has brought much attention to the larger Wikimedia project, that project’s future and potential growth lie in many smaller languages and cultures, which are often overlooked—and under threat, as many human languages are likely to disappear by the end of the century. The poet Ezra Pound said that “the sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.”1 Obviously, the same is true of Wikipedia. At the observatory, we work to discover the knowledge that is local to each language, the cultural pearls from every place in the world and promote its exchange. I believe this can be advanced using a model assessing project cultural diversity. Such a model will then allow us to better encourage Wikipedia language communities to raise awareness, organize events, adopt tools, and incorporate cultural diversity as part of their strategic plans. Researching the Cultures in Wikipedia Language Editions Although cultural diversity appears now to be a crystal-clear priority for the movement, it was not that obvious in 2011, when I attended my first Wikimania. In the most popular and crowded Wikipedia conference, the multitude of nationalities reminded me of an encyclopedian version of the United Nations. Our apparent differences were in clothing, colors, gestures and many other details. Before the conference, a friend of mine asked me a key question: if English Wikipedia has most of the articles, why should there be hundreds of other language editions? I hesitated a bit, and my answer was that for the different language editions to exist, they had to be different. 2 Wikipedia @ 20 The Sum of Human Knowledge? Not in One Wikipedia Language Edition Finding these differences became my main interest in Wikipedia. Even though I was initially more focused on the Catalan Wikipedia, I found an exciting quest in using algorithms to compare the contents from any language edition. I could see the extent and particularities of the coverage of each topic in each language as if they were patterns revealed in an aerial view, unperceivable to the eyes of other editors. Analyzing the editors’ behavior and the extent of topics in articles became the object of my Master’s thesis and later of my Ph.D. thesis. By understanding how this editing process unravels in the data and other researchers’ work, I found many reasons to justify the need for multiple language editions. I will try to summarize them into three. The first aspect I saw during my research was that the articles of every language edition are limited to specific groups of points of view or have a “linguistic point of view.” This was something intuitive to any Wikipedia user. Some topics are dealt very differently in the Catalan and Spanish Wikipedia - especially those concerning politics and culture. Hecht and Gergle showed us that these variations in points of view between the language versions of the same article could be measured by taking into account the outgoing links in the text they have in common.2 Even in general topics, like ‘Psychology’, one can find differences of 20% in the links pointing at different articles. Massa and Scrinzi pointed out that topics that elicit controversy, for instance, articles about the terrorist “Osama Bin Laden” or the international struggle “Israeli-Palestinian conflict,” showed the fewest number of links in common.3 This led me to think that even though Wikipedia asks for a neutral point of view (NPOV) (i.e. a fair representation of the different available points of view on a topic), we know this is an ideal. Since a language edition is a community phenomenon, group interests and power dynamics tend to reinforce or undermine certain points of view. Some perspectives are unknown or simply ignored, and very few are novel or exclusive to that particular group of speakers. This latter category is very valuable. Such novelty and uniqueness is, in fact, a valuable contribution, and should be seen as a complement to other language editions. Linguists sometimes defend a linguistic perspective by saying that every language is a specific worldview, or at least, one of a particular context. Each language you speak gives you concepts to map things and situations, and classify them according to the experience of generations. Any language accumulates knowledge in the vocabulary used to label the species of plants, the nouns to describe climatological changes in the natural environment, and the idioms and adjectives that have originated to understand human character and history in a specific way. Being able to compare linguistic differences and observe from multiple perspectives allows you to contrast and understand reality better. The eminent linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf went a bit further with this perspective and reinforced the idea that we need more than one language to gain depth in thinking. He claimed that all knowledge is 3 Wikipedia @ 20 The Sum of Human Knowledge? Not in One Wikipedia Language Edition provisional, and therefore, multilingual competencies allow you to advance faster in its development. “Western culture has made, through language, a provisional analysis of reality and, without correctives, holds resolutely to that analysis as final. The only correctives lie in all those other tongues which by aeons of independent evolution have arrived at different, but equally logical, provisional analyses.”4 This quote inevitably reminded me of how Wikipedia allows us to compare the different points of view, jumping through the parallel versions of an article that exists in several language editions. The second aspect I saw during my research was that the language editions are influenced by the territories where the language is spoken and they are the most complete at creating content about them. Hecht and Gergle measured in several language editions the number of links directed to articles geolocated on the territories where the language is spoken.5 With such a simple metric they could determine that each Wikipedia tends to be self-focused, as results indicated that these articles received many more links than other geolocated articles, i.e., they were more prominent in the linked graph structure. Even though geolocated articles show relevant language differences, one could argue that this is only a small portion of each Wikipedia. The articles about many other topics such as traditions, history, organizations, politics, and so on can explain the idiosyncrasies of any culture and the territories where the language is spoken. This way, by collecting all the articles about these topics, I thought we could get a better idea of what is genuine in the cultural and geographical contexts of every language edition. I hence proposed an algorithm to collect such articles and I entitled the selection of articles “Cultural Context Content” (or CCC). My first questions were (1) how many articles would each Wikipedia dedicate to their cultural contexts, and more importantly, (2) what would be the extent of this group of articles. As far as the Catalan Wikipedia was that it would overcompensate for the linguistic and cultural genocide suffered during the past century and that it would also be influenced by the current political self-determination struggle. This might result in an exaggerated number and proportion of articles set in this cultural context, which would be centered around Catalonia, Valencia, Balearic Islands, Andorra and a few scattered territories in the south of France and in the Aragonese autonomous community. Surprisingly, the proportion was only 20% and since the first measurement, it has decreased to the current 17.09%.6 Taking into account the top forty language editions, the average proportion of content dedicated to their cultural context is a quarter of each Wikipedia.7 Some like the English and the Japanese presented more than half of them. Others like the German, French, and Italian had lower proportions (33.7%, 26.9%, and 18.8% respectively). 4 Wikipedia @ 20 The Sum of Human Knowledge? Not in One Wikipedia Language Edition Figure 1. This is Cultural Context Content (CCC), i.e. the articles related to the editors’ cultural contexts in each language edition (traditions, language, politics, agriculture, biographies, places, events, etcetera). Each Wikipedia has its CCC and cultural diversity depends on how well it covers the other languages’ CCC. It is difficult to answer why some Wikipedia language editions dedicate more articles to their context than others, as it may depend on many factors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Librarians As Wikimedia Movement Organizers in Spain: an Interpretive Inquiry Exploring Activities and Motivations
    Librarians as Wikimedia Movement Organizers in Spain: An interpretive inquiry exploring activities and motivations by Laurie Bridges and Clara Llebot Laurie Bridges Oregon State University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2765-5440 Clara Llebot Oregon State University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3211-7396 Citation: Bridges, L., & Llebot, C. (2021). Librarians as Wikimedia Movement Organizers in Spain: An interpretive inQuiry exploring activities and motivations. First Monday, 26(6/7). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i3.11482 Abstract How do librarians in Spain engage with Wikipedia (and Wikidata, Wikisource, and other Wikipedia sister projects) as Wikimedia Movement Organizers? And, what motivates them to do so? This article reports on findings from 14 interviews with 18 librarians. The librarians interviewed were multilingual and contributed to Wikimedia projects in Castilian (commonly referred to as Spanish), Catalan, BasQue, English, and other European languages. They reported planning and running Wikipedia events, developing partnerships with local Wikimedia chapters, motivating citizens to upload photos to Wikimedia Commons, identifying gaps in Wikipedia content and filling those gaps, transcribing historic documents and adding them to Wikisource, and contributing data to Wikidata. Most were motivated by their desire to preserve and promote regional languages and culture, and a commitment to open access and open education. Introduction This research started with an informal conversation in 2018 about the popularity of Catalan Wikipedia, Viquipèdia, between two library coworkers in the United States, the authors of this article. Our conversation began with a sense of wonder about Catalan Wikipedia, which is ranked twentieth by number of articles, out of 300 different language Wikipedias (Meta contributors, 2020).
    [Show full text]
  • The Wikipedia Diversity Observatory a Project to Identify and Bridge Content Gaps in Wikipedia
    The Wikipedia Diversity Observatory A Project to Identify and Bridge Content Gaps in Wikipedia Marc Miquel-Ribé David Laniado Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT 1 Introduction In this paper we present the Wikipedia Diversity Observatory, Wikipedia is among the largest information repositories on the a project aimed to increase diversity within Wikipedia Internet that are both multilingual and created through language editions. The project includes dashboards with collaborative effort. Its prime objective1 is to "give free access visualizations and tools which show the gaps in terms of to the sum of all human knowledge" and, consequently, it exists concepts not represented or not shared across languages. The in as many as 309 languages. Even though the language dashboards are built on datasets generated for each of the more communities make the projects grow on a constant basis, the than 300 language editions, with features that label each article content does not represent the existing diversity in peoples, according to different categories relevant to overall content places, and cultures of the world; furthermore, there is a gap diversity. Through various examples, we show how the tools between language editions and articles often are not shared, or encourage and help editors to bridge the gaps in Wikipedia remain even unique to one language [1]. The creation of articles content. Finally, we discuss the project's impact on the in Wikipedia language editions is spontaneous and non- communities and implications for the Wikimedia movement, in directed. Several studies showed that cultural and geographical a moment in which covering diversity is considered strategic.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis
    MASTER THESIS TITLE : Cultural configuration of Wikipedia: measuring Autoreferentiality in different languages MASTER DEGREE: Master of Science in Telecommunication Engineering & Management AUTHOR: Marc Miquel Ribe´ DIRECTOR: Horacio Rodr´ıguez Hontoria TUTOR: Sebastia` Sallent Ribes DATE: March 31, 2011 T´ıtol : Cultural configuration of Wikipedia: measuring Autoreferentiality in different languages Autor: Marc Miquel Ribe´ Director: Horacio Rodr´ıguez Hontoria Tutor: Sebastia` Sallent Ribes Data: 31 de marc¸de 2011 Resum ”Wikipedia es´ un projecte enciclopedic` multiling¨ue, col·laboratiu, basat en web i sense anim` de lucre impulsat per la Fundacio´ Wikimedia”, aix´ı es´ com s’autodescriu Wikipedia en la definicio´ de l’article que du el seu nom. Aixo` significa que l’enciclopedia` pot ser modificada en qualsevol moment, per qualsevol persona i des de qualsevol lloc. Aquestes premisses i la seva gran participacio´ fan que es tracti d’un excel·lent objecte social d’estudi, que a la vegada, per tractar-se d’un artefacte tecnologic,` permeti tambe´ l’´us de tecniques` de processament llenguatge natural, obtencio´ i mineria de dades. Tanmateix, en la recerca actual hi ha una clara mancanc¸a en software que pugui aproximar-s’hi d’una manera integral. Tenint en compte aquest buit realitzem una caracteritzacio´ de Wikipedia amb l’objectiu de coneixer` a fons quins son´ els elements i estructures d’informacio´ que conte´ i com despres´ poden obtenir-se mitjanc¸ant una eina anal´ıtica. Partim de l’API existent anomenada wikAPIdia, que desenvolupem fins a incloure-hi noves funcionalitats i posar-la apunt per a encarar m´ultiples escenaris i problematiques` de les ciencies` socials.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Self-Focus Bias in Community-Maintained Knowledge Repositories
    Measuring Self-Focus Bias in Community-Maintained Knowledge Repositories Brent Hecht† and Darren Gergle†‡ †Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ‡Dept. of Communication Studies Northwestern University [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT In this paper, we explore this question by introducing and Self-focus is a novel way of understanding a type of bias in measuring self-focus, a new way of understanding a type of bias in community-maintained Web 2.0 graph structures. It goes beyond the graph structures that underlie many of these community- previous measures of topical coverage bias by encapsulating both maintained repositories, including one of the largest: Wikipedia. node- and edge-hosted biases in a single holistic measure of an We define self-focus bias as occurring when contributors to a entire community-maintained graph. We outline two methods to knowledge repository encode information that is important and quantify self-focus, one of which is very computationally correct to them and a large proportion of contributors to the same inexpensive, and present empirical evidence for the existence of repository, but not important and correct to contributors of similar self-focus using a “hyperlingual” approach that examines 15 repositories. different language editions of Wikipedia. We suggest applications Self-focus bias is similar to topical coverage biases [8, 11] in that of our methods and discuss the risks of ignoring self-focus bias in it seeks to describe the semantic makeup of knowledge technological applications. repositories. Topical coverage bias studies explicitly or implicitly compare the distribution of articles (or a similar measure) in Categories and Subject Descriptors particular semantic categories in Wikipedia to that of a more H.5.3 [Information Systems]: Group and Organization Interfaces traditional knowledge repository, generally in an effort to show – collaborative computing, computer-supported cooperative work, that Wikipedia describes in more detail semantic areas that are of theory and models.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of 13 Wikipedia Instances
    Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal - IxD&A, N.22, 2014, pp. 34-47 The Impact of Culture On Smart Community Technology: The Case of 13 Wikipedia Instances Zinayida Petrushyna1, Ralf Klamma1, Matthias Jarke1,2 1 Advanced Community Information Systems Group, Information Systems and Databases Chair, RWTH Aachen University, Ahornstrasse 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, 53754 St. Augustin, Germany {petrushyna, klamma}@dbis.rwth-aachen.de [email protected] Abstract Smart communities provide technologies for monitoring social behaviors inside communities. The technologies that support knowledge building should consider the cultural background of community members. The studies of the influence of the culture on knowledge building is limited. Just a few works consider digital traces of individuals that they explain using cultural values and beliefs. In this work, we analyze 13 Wikipedia instances where users with different cultural background build knowledge in different ways. We compare edits of users. Using social network analysis we build and analyze co- authorship networks and watch the networks evolution. We explain the differences we have found using Hofstede dimensions and Schwartz cultural values and discuss implications for the design of smart community technologies. Our findings provide insights in requirements for technologies used for smart communities in different cultures. Keywords: Social network analysis, Wikipedia communities, Hofstede dimensions, Schwartz cultural values 1 Introduction People prefer to leave in smart cities where their needs are satisfied [1]. The development of smart cities depends on the collaboration of individuals. The investigation of the flow [1] of knowledge created by the individuals allows the monitoring of city smartness.
    [Show full text]
  • DLDP Digital Language Survival Kit
    The Digital Language Diversity Project Digital Language Survival Kit The DLDP Recommendations to Improve Digital Vitality The DLDP Recommendations to Improve Digital Vitality Imprint The DLDP Digital Language Survival Kit Authors: Klara Ceberio Berger, Antton Gurrutxaga Hernaiz, Paola Baroni, Davyth Hicks, Eleonore Kruse, Vale- ria Quochi, Irene Russo, Tuomo Salonen, Anneli Sarhimaa, Claudia Soria This work has been carried out in the framework of The Digital Language Diversity Project (w ww. dldp.eu), funded by the ​­European Union under the Erasmus+ Programme (Grant Agreement no. 2015-1-IT02-KA204- 015090) © 2018 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Cover design: Eleonore Kruse Disclaimer This publication reflects only the authors’ view and the Erasmus+ National Agency and the Com- mission are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. www.dldp.eu www.facebook.com/digitallanguagediversity [email protected] www.twitter.com/dldproject 2 The DLDP Recommendations to Improve Digital Vitality Recommendations at a Glance Digital Capacity Recommendations Indicator Level Recommendations Digital Literacy 2,3 Increasing digital literacy among your native language-speaking community 2,3 Promote the upskilling of language mentors, activists or dissemi- nators 2,3 Establish initiatives to inform and educate speakers about how to acquire and use particular communication and content creation skills 2 Teaching digital literacy to children in your language community through
    [Show full text]
  • Gebiotoolkit: Automatic Extraction of Gender-Balanced Multilingual Corpus of Wikipedia Biographies
    Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020), pages 4081–4088 Marseille, 11–16 May 2020 c European Language Resources Association (ELRA), licensed under CC-BY-NC GeBioToolkit: Automatic Extraction of Gender-Balanced Multilingual Corpus of Wikipedia Biographies Marta R. Costa-jussa,` Pau Li Lin, Cristina Espana-Bonet˜ ∗ TALP Research Center, Universitat Politecnica` de Catalunya, Barcelona ∗ DFKI GmBH and Saarland University, Saarbrucken¨ [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract We introduce GeBioToolkit, a tool for extracting multilingual parallel corpora at sentence level, with document and gender information from Wikipedia biographies. Despite the gender inequalities present in Wikipedia, the toolkit has been designed to extract corpus balanced in gender. While our toolkit is customizable to any number of languages (and to other domains than biographical entries), in this work we present a corpus of 2,000 sentences in English, Spanish and Catalan, which has been post-edited by native speakers to become a high-quality dataset for machine translation evaluation. While GeBioCorpus aims at being one of the first non-synthetic gender-balanced test datasets, GeBioToolkit aims at paving the path to standardize procedures to produce gender-balanced datasets. Keywords: corpora, gender bias, Wikipedia, machine translation 1. Introduction by volunteers. The toolkit is customizable for languages and gender-balance. We take advantage of Wikipedia mul- Gender biases are present in many natural language pro- tilinguality to extract a corpus of biographies, being each cessing applications (Costa-jussa,` 2019). This comes as biography a document available in all the selected lan- an undesired characteristic of deep learning architectures guages.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Cross-Cultural Relations from Wikipedia - a Study of 31 European Food Cultures
    Mining cross-cultural relations from Wikipedia - A study of 31 European food cultures Paul Laufer Claudia Wagner Graz University of Technology GESIS & U. of Koblenz Graz, Austria Cologne, Germany [email protected] [email protected] Fabian Flöck Markus Strohmaier GESIS GESIS & U. of Koblenz Cologne, Germany Cologne, Germany fabian.fl[email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT the editor community of the Romanian-language Wikipedia For many people, Wikipedia represents one of the primary could either have a deviant mental picture of the French sources of knowledge about foreign cultures. Yet, differ- cuisine { or it might estimate the priorities of Romanian- ent Wikipedia language editions offer different descriptions speaking readers to rather be on meat-based French deli- of cultural practices. Unveiling diverging representations of catessen than on wine and baking goods. Further, the gen- cultures provides an important insight, since they may foster eral interest of the Romanian-speaking readers in the French the formation of cross-cultural stereotypes, misunderstand- cuisine (for example measured by the number of views of the ings and potentially even conflict. In this work, we explore article about French cuisine in the Romanian language edi- to what extent the descriptions of cultural practices in var- tion) might serve to potentially displease any Francophile, ious European language editions of Wikipedia differ on the since the Romanian speaking community might show no- example of culinary practices and propose an approach to tably less interest in the French kitchen than in the Russian mine cultural relations between different language commu- or Hungarian one. This hypothetical scenario serves as an nities trough their description of and interest in their own example for numerous similar real-world cases (which can- and other communities' food culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of Rely on Different Character Sets Such As MATMT2008 Workshop: Mixing Approaches to CJK Or Arabic
    9th SaLTMiL Workshop on “Free/open-Source Language Resources for the Machine Translation of Less-Resourced Languages” LREC 2014, Reykjavík, Iceland, 27 May 2014 Workshop Programme 09:00 – 09:30 Welcoming address by Workshop co-chair Mikel L. Forcada 09:30 – 10:30 Oral papers Iñaki Alegria, Unai Cabezon, Unai Fernandez de Betoño, Gorka Labaka, Aingeru Mayor, Kepa Sarasola and Arkaitz Zubiaga Wikipedia and Machine Translation: killing two birds with one stone Gideon Kotzé and Friedel Wolff Experiments with syllable-based English-Zulu alignment 10:30 – 11:00 Coffee break 11:00 – 13:00 Oral papers Inari Listenmaa and Kaarel Kaljurand Computational Estonian Grammar in Grammatical Framework Matthew Marting and Kevin Unhammer FST Trimming: Ending Dictionary Redundancy in Apertium Hrvoje Peradin, Filip Petkovski and Francis Tyers Shallow-transfer rule-based machine translation for the Western group of South Slavic languages Alex Rudnick, Annette Rios Gonzales and Michael Gasser Enhancing a Rule-Based MT System with Cross-Lingual WSD 13:00 – 13:30 General discussion 13:30 Closing Editors Mikel L. Forcada Universitat d’Alacant, Spain Kepa Sarasola Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain Francis M. Tyers UiT Norgga árktalaš universitehta, Norway Workshop Organizers/Organizing Committee Mikel L. Forcada Universitat d’Alacant, Spain Kepa Sarasola Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain Francis M. Tyers UiT Norgga árktalaš universitehta, Norway Workshop Programme Committee Iñaki Alegria Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain Lars Borin Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden Elaine Uí Dhonnchadha Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Mikel L. Forcada Universitat d’Alacant, Spain Michael Gasser Indiana University, USA Måns Huldén Helsingin Yliopisto, Finland Krister Lindén Helsingin Yliopisto, Finland Nikola Ljubešić Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Croatia Lluís Padró Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz Universitat d’Alacant, Spain Felipe Sánchez-Martínez Universitat d’Alacant, Spain Kepa Sarasola, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain Kevin P.
    [Show full text]
  • Whatsupcat1.Pdf
    What’s up with Catalonia? “. the causes which impel them to the separation . .” Edited by Liz Castro Catalonia Press What’s up with Catalonia? The causes which impel them to the separation Translated and edited by Liz Castro Published by Catalonia Press http://www.cataloniapress.com Ashfield, Massachusetts, USA Copyright © 2013 Each writer maintains the copyright for his or her respective article. Cover design: Andreu Cabré © 2013 All rights reserved Proofreading: Margaret Trejo Notice of rights All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except by the collaborators themselves each of whom may publisher his or her own article on his or her own website. For information on getting permission for reprints and excerpts, contact [email protected] ISBN: Print: 978-1-61150-032-5 EPUB: 978-1-61150-033-2 Kindle: 978-1-61150-034-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2013901821 Contents Editor’s note 7 Liz Castro Prologue: A new path for Catalonia 9 Artur Mas i Gavarró President of Catalonia Catalonia, a new state in Europe 13 Carme Forcadell Lluís 2013: The transition year toward the referendum on independence 19 Oriol Junqueras Premeditated asphyxia 23 Elisenda Paluzie It’s always been there 31 F. Xavier Vila Catalonia, land of immigration 39 Andreu Domingo Opening the black box of secessionism 45 Laia Balcells Schooling in Catalonia (1978–2012) 51 Pere Mayans Balcells The view from Brussels 59 Ramon Tremosa i Balcells Keep Calm and Speak Catalan 67 Josep Maria Ganyet Wilson, Obama, Catalonia, and Figueres 75 Enric Pujol Casademont News from Catalonia 79 Josep M.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Abstracts
    NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE RESOURCES AND EVALUATION Held under the Patronage of UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization MAY 26 – 31, 2014 HARPA CONFERENCE CENTER REYKJAVIK, ICELAND CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS Editors: Nicoletta Calzolari (Conference Chair), Khalid Choukri, Thierry Declerck, Hrafn Loftsson, Bente Maegaard, Joseph Mariani, Jan Odijk, Stelios Piperidis. Assistant Editors: Sara Goggi, Jérémy Leixa, Hélène Mazo The LREC 2014 Proceedings are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License i ii LREC 2014, NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE RESOURCES AND EVALUATION Title: LREC 2014 Conference Abstracts Distributed by: ELRA – European Language Resources Association 9, rue des Cordelières 75013 Paris France Tel.: +33 1 43 13 33 33 Fax: +33 1 43 13 33 30 www.elra.info and www.elda.org Email: [email protected] and [email protected] ISBN 978-2-9517408-8-4 EAN 9782951740884 iii iv Introduction of the Conference Chair and ELRA President Nicoletta Calzolari I wish to express to Mrs. Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, the gratitude of the Program Committee, of all LREC participants and my personal for her Distinguished Patronage of LREC 2014. Languages – mentioned in the first article of UNESCO Constitution – have been at the heart of UNESCO mission and programmes throughout its history. I am also especially grateful to Madame Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, UNESCO’s Goodwill Ambassador for languages and former President of Iceland (1980-1996), first woman in the world elected as head of state in a democratic election, for the continuous personal support she has granted to LREC since our first visit in Reykjavík in 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikitrip: Animated Visualization Over Time of Gender and Geo-Location of Wikipedians Who Edited a Page
    WikiTrip: animated visualization over time of gender and geo-location of Wikipedians who edited a page Paolo Massa, Maurizio Napolitano, Federico Scrinzi {massa, napolita, fscrinzi}@fbk.eu Bruno Kessler Foundation Trento, Italy WikiTrip allows to have a trip in the process of creation of any Wikipedia page from any language edition of Wikipedia. WikiTrip is an interactive web tool empowering its users by providing an insightful visualization of two kinds of information about the Wikipedians who edited the selected page: their location in the world and their gender. If you want to investigate, for example, where in the world are Wikipedians who edited the page “Peace”, WikiTrip is the right tool. And you can check also the origin of edits for in the Arabic Wikipedia or “Amani” in the Swahili Wikipedia. Moreover, if ” سلم“ the equivalent page you have ever wondered if a specific page was edited more by male or female Wikipedians, WikiTrip allows to explore this information as well. Visualization of both information is available over time so that you can appreciate the evolution of the page over years, from its creation up to the present. WikiTrip is available at http://sonetlab.fbk.eu/wikitrip/ Locations in the world are visualized on a zoomable and scrollable map and, in order to deal with large datasets of points, they are clustered at runtime in bubbles of varying dimensions depending on the number of points in that location. The 10 countries from which most edits came are visualized also in a specific bar plot. The location is visualized only for edits made by anonymous users since they are identified by their IP address and this can be mapped by WikiTrip to the place in the world from which the user edited Wikipedia.
    [Show full text]