Index

A Array technologies, 137, 256 Abutilon mosaic (AbMV), 8, 78 Artichoke Italian latent, 11, 59 ACLSV. See Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) Artichoke latent, 11, 60 Aegilops, spp., 11 Artichoke yellow ring spot, 11, 59 Agarose gel electrophoresis, 134Ð135, 293 Aseptic plantlet culture, 252Ð253 Agropyron elongatum,11 Asparagus bean mosaic virus,11 Alfalfa cryptic virus (ACV), 5, 91 Asparagus latent, 11, 59 Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), 68, 69, 76, 90, 91, 107, 109, Asparagus officinalis, 11, 252 140, 141, 169, 173, 175, 203, 244, 261Ð264, 288 Asparagus stunt, 28, 59 Alfalfa temperate, 10, 57 Asparagus virus I (AV1), 11, 60 Alfamo virus,63 Asparagus virus II (AV2), 11, 59 Alliaria petiolata,29 Assessment of crop losses, 67Ð69 Allium cepa, 19, 21, 174 Atriplex pacifica,25 Alphacryptovirus,57 Aureusvirus,57 Alphaflexiviridae,60 Australian Lucerne latent, 11, 59 Aluminum mulches for vector control, 196, 197 Avena fatua,11 Amaranthus albus,10 Avena sativa, 21, 192 Amaranthus caudatus,15 Avocado sun-blotch, 6, 11, 57, 104, 132, 286 Amaranthus hybridus, 15, 27, 168, 169 Avocado 1Ð3, 11, 57 Amaranthus viridis,26 Avoidance of virus inoculum from infected seeds, AMV. See Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) 186Ð189 Andean potato latent virus (APLV), 18, 61, 169, 288 Avoiding of continuous cropping, 189Ð190 Antisense RNA, 259, 264Ð265, 311 Avoid spread from finished crops, 314 Antiviral activities in , 259, 265Ð266 Avoid spread from ornamental plants, 314 Anulavirus,57 Avoid spread within seedlings trays, 314 Aphid vectors, 8, 70, 75, 77, 92, 170, 171, 190Ð192, 195, Avsunviroid, 5, 57, 60 218, 316 Avsunviroidae, 5, 57, 60 Aphis gossypii, 171 Azuki bean mosaic, 12, 60 Apium graveolens, 15, 26 Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), 7, 8, 10, 61, 174, 289, 294 B Apple dapple viroid, 6, 10, 57 Badnavirus, 57, 141, 290 Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), 10, 59, 123, 209, 289, 292, Banana streak virus (BSV), 294, 296 294 Banana viruses, 11, 58 Apple scar skin viroid, 6, 10, 57, 128, 289, 294, 295 Barley false stripe, 11, 58, 105 Application of DIBA, 127 Barley mottle mosaic, 7, 8, 11, 62 Application of ELISA, 122Ð126, 292 Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), 8, 63 Approved seed certification standards, 209Ð210 Barrier and cover crops, 192 Apricot, 6, 23, 247, 248, 292, 294 Bean common mosaic (BCMV), 4, 6, 12, 13, 60, 65, 68, Apricot gummosis,10 69, 87Ð92, 94, 103, 104, 107Ð109, 111, 112, 122, Apscaviroid,57 123, 127, 130, 139, 140, 142, 166Ð168, 173Ð175, Arabidopsis thaliana, 15, 26, 29, 87, 90, 240 177, 189, 191, 197Ð198, 202Ð205, 207, 212, 213, Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), 141, 167, 295 216, 217, 219, 223, 242, 244, 260, 296 Arachis hypogaea, 14, 16, 17, 106 Bean common mosaic necrosis, 13, 60, 123, 139, 203 Arracacha virus A, 11, 59 Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), 68, 77, 90, 105, 261 Arracacha virus B, 11, 59, 174 Bean red node, 28, 59

K.S. Sastry, Seed-borne Virus Diseases, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-0813-6, 317 © Springer India 2013 318 Index

Bean southern mosaic, 13, 61, 89, 174, 207 Bunyaviridae,61 Bean western mosaic, 12, 60, 89 Bymovirus,57 Bean yellow dwarf,8 BYMV. See (BYMV) Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), 13, 21, 60, 61, 69, 90, 104, 106, 111, 123, 140, 141, 174, 202, 205, 207, 216, 242, 244, 264, 289, 295, 313 C Beet 1 alpha crypto, 13, 57 CABMV. See Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic (CABMV) Beet 2 alpha crypto, 13, 57 Cacao necrosis virus (CNV), 14, 59, 289 Beet 3 alpha crypto, 13, 57 Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), 14, 57, 130, 289 Beet cryptic virus (BCV), 5, 91 Camelina sativa,29 Beetle vectors, 77, 170 CaMV. See Cauliflower mosaic (CaMV) Beet mild yellowing, 13, 60 Cannabis sativa,19 Beet temperate, 13, 57 Capillovirus, 57, 62, 63 Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), 8 Capsella bursapastoris,91 Beet yellows, 63, 174 Capsicum annuum, 10, 17, 23, 26 Beet 41 yellows,13 Capsicum frutescens, 17, 26, 27 Begomovirus, 57, 78, 260, 290, 294 Capsid protein mediated resistance, 257Ð258 Benincasa hispida,17 Carica papaya,21 Berseem mosaic, 10, 57 , 14, 25, 58, 62, 63, 76, 78, 110, 111, 177 Betacryptovirus,57 Carmovirus, 17, 58, 62, 63, 77, 177 Betaflexiviridae, 58, 61, 62 Carrot motley dwarf,8,294 Beta vulgaris (B. vulgaris,), 9, 10, 13, 20, 24, 27, 28, 91, Carrot motley leaf, 14, 62 174 Carrot red leaf (CaRLV), 8, 14, 60 Betula pendula,15 Carrot temperate virus 1 (CTeV1), 5, 14, 57 BICMV. See Blackeye cowpea mosaic (BICMV) Carrot temperate virus 2 (CTeV2), 5, 14, 57 Biological methods, 105Ð109 Carrot temperate virus 3 (CTeV3), 5, 14, 57 Biological properties, 109, 263 Carrot temperate virus 4 (CTeV4), 5, 14, 57 Biosafety regulations, 227, 228 Carthamus tinctorius, 25, 27 Blackeye cowpea mosaic (BICMV), 13, 60, 65, 69, 106, Cassia occidentalis,14 108, 111, 112, 115, 141, 191, 203, 205, 207, 212, Cassia yellow spot (poty), 14, 60 216 Cauliflower mosaic (CaMV), 7, 8, 15, 58, 63, 167 Black gram leaf crinkle,62 , 57, 58 Blackgram mild mottle, 13, 123 Caulimovirus, 58, 62, 63, 76, 141 Blackgram mottle virus (BMoV), 13, 58, 107, 117, 123, cDNA probes, 133, 136Ð137 130, 202 Celery latent, 15, 60 Black raspberry latent virus (BRLV), 14, 24, 59, 172, 175 Celosia argentea,20 Blue international seed sample certificate, 214, 215 Celosia cristata,25 Brassica chinensis var. parrachinensis,29 Cerastium holosteoides,17 Brassica napus var. silvestris,29 Cerastium viscosum,20 Brassica rapa var. amplexicaulis sub var. dentata,25 Cerastium vulgatum, 28, 91 Brassica rapa var. laciniifolia,20 Certification schemes, 114, 131, 213, 217Ð220, 293Ð298, Brassica vulgaris,24 311 Brinjal mosaic, 24, 61, 189 CF-PCR, 139, 142 Brinjal ring mosaic, 14, 62 CGMMV. See Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Brinjal severe mosaic, 14, 62 (CGMMV) Broad bean mild mosaic, 14, 60 Challenges for the future, 315Ð317 Broad bean mottle, 14, 57 Challenges in diagnosis of pests in quarantine, 241 Broad bean stain, 14, 58, 69, 77, 89Ð91, 106, 123, 130, Chemical seed disinfection, 186Ð187 141, 166, 170, 174, 198, 240 Chenopodium album, 10, 25, 28, 169 Broad bean true mosaic, 14, 18, 58, 77, 115, 123, 127, Chenopodium amaranticolor, 15, 18, 19, 29, 109 130, 166, 170 Chenopodium murale, 21, 88, 89 Broad bean wilt, 14, 58 Chenopodium quinoa, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 24Ð26, 28, 174 Brome mosaic virus (BMV), 14, 57, 63, 91, 106, 115, Chenopodium serotinum (C. serotinum),18 123, 127, 130, 174 Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), 15, 59, 104, 111, 120, 123, , 57Ð59 142, 144, 175Ð177, 187, 198, 240 Bromovirus, 57, 62, 63, 77, 110, 111, 141, 172, Cherry necrotic rusty mottle, 8, 15, 62 177 Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV), 15, 59, 174 Bromus inermis,11 Cherry ring mottle, 24, 59 Bromus, spp., 11 Cherry ring spot, 15, 62 Bumblebees, 79 Chicory yellow mottle (ChYMV), 15, 59 Index 319

Choice of enzyme labels and substrates, 120Ð121 Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), 16, 63, 68, 77, 105, Chrysanthemum coronarium,19 112, 115, 117, 141, 166, 186, 188, 202, 203, 212, Chrysanthemum morifolium,15 262Ð263, 312 Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSV), 6, 15, 60, 132, 140, Cowpea mottle virus (CPMoV), 16, 58, 77, 140, 198, 226, 294 202, 219, 240, 242 Cicer arietinum, 10, 17, 22, 106 Cowpea ring spot virus (CPRSV), 17, 58 Cichorium intybus,15 Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), 17, 58, 124, 167 Cineraria mosaic, 15, 62 Cowpea severe mottle,17 Citrullus vulgaris, 17, 20 CPMoV. See Cowpea mottle virus (CPMoV) Citrus aurantifolia,15 CPMV. See Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) Citrus exocortis viroid, 6, 15, 60, 142, 226, 289, 294 Crambe hispanica,29 Citrus huanglongbing, 7 Crimson clover latent, 17, 59 Citrus leaf blotch, 15, 58 Crinivirus,58 Citrus mosaic, 15, 57, 289, 294 Crop rotation, 168, 191, 313, 316 Citrus psorosis, 8, 15, 60 Crops hygiene, 193Ð195 Citrus sinensis,15 Cross-banded masses in phloem, 110 Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata,15 Crotalaria juncea,26 Citrus tatter leaf, 15, 40, 292 Cryptovirus, 5, 57, 62, 63, 65, 76, 133, 177 Citrus veinal chlorosis,15 Crystalline aggregates, hexagonal, 110 Citrus xyloporosis,15 Crystalline arrays of virus particles, 110 Citrus yellow mosaic virus (CIYMV), 10, 58, 294 Crystalline, monolayer, 110 Classification of viruses, 56Ð62 Cucumber cryptic,5,18 Closed quarantines, 197, 250, 254 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), 17, 61, ,58 69, 80, 87, 89, 111, 127, 130, 140, 186, 188, 189, Closterovirus, 62, 63, 76, 110, 111, 295 194, 200, 202 Clover (red) mosaic, 16, 60 Cucumber leaf spot carmovirus (CLSV), 17, 57 Clover (white) mosaic, 16, 60 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), 4, 6, 17, 58, 63, 68, 69, Clover (red) vein mosaic, 16, 58 77, 80, 87, 89Ð91, 103, 106, 108, 115, 124, 127, Clover yellow mosaic virus (CLYMV), 16, 60, 108 128, 134, 140, 141, 166Ð169, 171, 174, 177, 178, CLRV. See Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) 191Ð193, 196, 198, 202, 203, 205Ð207, 211, 212, Clumping of virus particles, 129Ð130 216, 219, 244, 258, 259, 261Ð264, 266, 288Ð290, CMV. See Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 292, 294Ð296, 311, 313 Coat protein genes, 201, 259, 261Ð262, 264, 266, Cucumber pale fruit, 6, 19, 59, 226 311 Cucumis melo, 17, 20, 21, 27, 65, 79, 89, 106, 206 Cocadviroid,58 Cucumis melo var. flexaosus,20 Cocksfoot alpha cryptovirus,16 Cucumis pepo,30 Coconut cadang cadang viroid, 6, 16, 58, 132 Cucumis sativus, 17, 18, 27, 80, 89, 95 Cocos nucifera,16 Cucumis sativus cryptic,18 Coffea excelsa,16 Cucumovirus, 58, 62, 63, 76, 110, 111, 141, 167, 172, Coffee ring spot, 16, 60 177 Coleus blumei viroid 1, 6, 16, 58 Cucurbita flexuous,21 Coleus blumei viroid 2, 6, 16, 58 Cucurbita maxima, 24, 175 Coleus blumei viroid 3, 6, 16, 58 Cucurbita moschata,17 Coleus scutellarioides, 16, 141 Cucurbita pepo, 26, 30, 65, 88, 89, 106, 141, 174, 188, Coleviroid,58 202 Commelina communis,11 Cultivars with low seed transmission, 205Ð206 Comovirus, 58, 62, 63, 76, 77, 110, 111, 127, 177 Curtovirus,58 Conditions for ISTA certificates, 214Ð215 Cuscuta californica,18 Control measures for virus diseases, 185, 186 Cuscuta campestris,89 Control of the vectors, 195Ð197 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, 12, 19 Conventional breeding of resistance, 203Ð205 Cycas necrotic stunt, 18, 59 Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic (CABMV), 16, 60, 68, 89, Cylindrical, pinwheels, 110 120, 130, 140, 141, 174, 203, 205, 207, 212, 242, Cynara scolymus,11 244 Cowpea banding mosaic, 17, 58, 91, 92, 174, 187 Cowpea chlorotic spot virus, 16, 57, 91, 92 D Cowpea green vein-banding (CGVBV), 16, 61 Dahlia mosaic virus (DMV), 140, 141, 294 Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), 16, 58, 78, 123 Dahlia pinnata, 18, 141 Cowpea moroccan aphid-borne mosaic, 17, 61 Datura quercina, 28, 59, 174 320 Index

Datura stramonium, 23, 28, 78, 173, 174 Exchange of legume germplasm, 234Ð235 Daucus carota,14 Exclusion of exotic plant viruses through quarantine, Decoration or antibody coating, 130 238Ð241 Desmodium canum, 18, 168 Extent of seed transmission, 6Ð7, 169, 205 Desmodium mosaic, 18, 61 Desmodium trifolium,18 Desmodium trifolium mottle,18 F Detection of latent infection, 122, 126 Fabavirus Detection of plant viroids in seeds, 143 , 58, 62, 63, 77, 111 Detection of plant viruses in seeds, 101Ð145, 310 Factors affecting yield losses, 69Ð70 Determination of seed transmission rate, 220Ð221 Factors influencing rate of seed transmission, 88Ð93 Determining the tolerant limits, 126 Factors influencing vector movement, 170Ð172 Development of seed structures, 85Ð87 FAO-IBPGR, 233Ð236 Fescue cryptic Dianthovirus, 62, 63 , 5, 19, 57 Festuca pratensis Different vegetative propagative plant materials, 288 ,19 Ficus carica Direct binding PCR, 139, 143 ,19 Direct ELISA, 119 Fig latent virus 1, 19, 130 Direct immunostaining assay (DISA), 116 Fijivirus, 64 Disperse dye immunoassay (DIA), 128 Flask-shaped double membrane, 110 Distribution of virus in the seed, 87Ð88, 216 Flexiviridae, 57 DNA viruses, 132, 141 Flocculation tests in liquid media, 114 Dodder latent mosaic, 18, 89 Fluorescent antibody techniques, 116Ð117 Dot-blot hybridization assay, 132Ð133, 136, 143 Fluorescent staining of nucleic acids, 117 Foxtail mosaic potexvirus Dot immuno binding assay (DIBA or DIA), 116, 126Ð128 , 19, 60 Fragaria chiloensis Double stranded DNA (dsDNA), 63, 144, 293 ,19 Fragaria chiloensis ilarvirus Double stranded RNA (dsRNA), 3, 5, 63, 64, 129, , 19, 59 Fragaria vesca 132Ð135, 264, 265 , 26, 28, 29 Fragaria x ananassa Dulcamara mottle, 18, 61 , 10, 24, 28, 29 Duplex RT-PCR, 141 French bean mosaic, 19 Functions of plant quarantine, 231Ð232 Furovirus, 58, 62, 63, 79, 177 E Echinocystis lobata, 4, 17, 30, 168 Echtes Ackerbohnen mosaic, 18, 58, 115 G Ecology and epidemiology of seed-transmitted viruses, Garland chrysanthemum temperate, 19, 57 165Ð179 Gel double immuno diffusion (Ouchterlony), 115Ð116 Effective methods of plant importations, 249Ð253 Gel electrophoresis, 133Ð135, 293 Eggplant mosaic, 18, 61, 89 , 57, 58, 78 Electron microscopy, 7, 56, 87, 104, 110, 111, 116, 129, Geminivirus, 8, 62, 63, 141 131, 233, 249, 255, 310 General principles for the overall effectiveness of Eleusine coracana,22 quarantines, 253Ð254 Elimination of weed, volunteer and wild hosts, 190 Genetics of seed transmission, 88 ELISA. See Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay Geranium dissectum,28 Elm mosaic, 18, 174 Gladiolus spp., 27, 29 Elm mottle virus (EMoV), 18, 59, 174 Glycine max, 10, 13Ð16, 19, 20, 23Ð25, 27Ð29, 78, 89, Embryo-borne viruses, 86, 87, 189 106, 174 Embryo culture, 108, 199, 253 Glycine soja, 24, 25 Enamo virus, 58, 62, 63 Gomphrena globosa, 27, 29 Environmental factors, 92Ð93, 105, 166, 192 Granular and crystalline in cytoplasm and nuclei, 110 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 116, Grape decline,19 118Ð126, 216, 291, 310 Grapevine Bulgarian latent virus (GBLV), 19, 59 Epidemiological role of pollen-transmitted viruses, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), 19, 59, 289 173Ð177 Grapevine viroid, 6, 19, 59, 295 Epidemiology, 4, 6, 145, 165Ð179, 185, 217, 224, 225, Grapevine yellow mosaic,19 313, 316, 317 Grapevine yellow speckle, 6, 19, 57 Erroneously listed viruses, 1, 7Ð31 Grapevine yellow vein, 29, 60 Eucharis candida,19 Group A mastro,63 Eucharis mottle nepovirus,19 Group B begomo,63 Euonymus europaeus,19 Grow-out test, 78, 87, 94, 107Ð108, 111, 122, 125 Euonymus mosaic,19 Guar symptomless, 19, 61 Index 321

H International scenario, 238Ð329 Helianthus annuus,26 International seed health initiative (ISHI), 102Ð103 Hemp streak,19 International seed testing association (ISTA), 105, 210, Hibiscus cannabinus,19 213Ð215, 249, 267 Hibiscus latent ring spot, 19, 59, 124 IPGRI role, 298 High degree of seed transmission, 6, 91 Ipomoea batatas, 26, 296 High plains virus, 19, 62, 104, 124 Irradiation effect, 189 Hippeastrum hybridum,19 Isolate from other susceptible crops, 314 Hippeastrum mosaic, 19, 61 ISTA certificates, 214Ð215 History of biosafety, 227Ð228 History of seed-transmitted plant virus, 4Ð5 Hop chlorosis,19 J Hop stunt viroid, 6, 19, 59, 143 Juglans regia, 15, 175 Hop trefoil cryptic virus 1 (HTCV-1), 5, 19, 57 Hop trefoil cryptic virus 2 (HTCV-2), 5, 19, 57 Hop trefoil cryptic virus 3 (HTCV-3), 5, 19, 57 K Hordeivirus, 58, 62, 63, 88, 110, 258 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana,19 Hordeum depressum,11 Kalanchoe top-spotting, 19, 57 Hordeum vulgare, 11, 89, 106, 166, 174 Horizontal transmission, 172, 177 Hosta longipes,19 L Hosta virus x, 19, 60, 140 Labelled antibody techniques, 113, 114, 116Ð126, 129, Host plant, 56, 65, 91, 108, 109, 113, 116, 167Ð170, 173, 130 199, 201, 207, 227, 234, 245, 313, 314 Lactuca sativa, 10, 19, 27, 28, 106, 174 Host resistance, 201, 206, 297, 313 Lagenaria siceraria,17 Host species, 6, 90Ð91, 168, 290 Lamium amplexicaule, 10, 26Ð28 Hostuviroid,59 Lamium purpureum,17 Humulus Japonicas, 19, 59, 591 Lathyrus,21 Humulus lupulus, 19, 89 Lathyrus cicera,10 Hydrangea mosaic virus (HdMV), 19, 59 Lathyrus clymenum,22 Lathyrus ochrus,21 Lathyrus sativus,10 Leafhopper vectors, 63, 64, 248, 249, 288 I Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), 295 IBPGR in germplasm exchange, 234Ð236 Lens culinaris, 10, 13, 14, 17, 22, 106 IC-PCR, 139, 142, 143, 216 Lens esculenta, 13, 14 Idaeovirus,59 Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), 4, 19, 61, 68, 69, 80, 87, Ilarvirus, 9, 59, 62, 63, 77, 111, 172, 173, 177, 314 90Ð93, 103, 106Ð109, 111, 113, 118, 122, 124, Immunity, 205 126, 128Ð130, 140, 141, 166Ð170, 174, 188, 190, Immunization, 112, 207Ð209 191, 202, 204, 211, 212, 216, 217, 221, 259, 267, Immuno diffusion tests, 114Ð116 313 Immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), 129Ð131, Lettuce yellow mosaic,20 312 Ligustrum vulgare,28 Impatiens walleriana,15 Lilac ring mottle virus (LRMV), 20, 59 Important cases of introduction, 246Ð248 Lima bean mosaic,4,20 Important diseases restricted to some countries, 248Ð249 Liquid hybridisation assay, 132, 133 Improvements in ELISA, 121Ð122 Loganberry degeneration, 24, 59 Inability to infect embryos, 93Ð94 Lolium multiflorum,25 Inability to survive in embryos, 94Ð95 Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), 139, Inclusion bodies, 87, 109Ð111 142 Indicator hosts, 56, 104, 108Ð109, 245, 246, 249, 256 Low seed transmission / symptomless carriers, 103Ð104 Indirect ELISA, 113, 119Ð120, 122, 127 Lucerne Astralian latent, 11, 20, 59, 60 Infection status of a bulk seed, 222 Lucerne (Australian) symptomless, 201 Inoculum threshold, 166, 210Ð213 Lucerne transient streak, 20, 61 Insecticides for vector control, 195Ð196, 313 albus, 13, 25 Integrated cultural practices, 192Ð193 Lupinus albus (white lupin),23 Integrated disease management (IDM), 313Ð315 Lupinus angustifolius, 10, 17, 87, 192, 203, 212, 313 Integrated pest management, 313 Lupinus luteus, 12, 17, 106 The intermediate quarantine, 251Ð252 Luteoviridae, 58, 60, 62, 81 322 Index

Luteovirus, 8, 62, 63, 76, 134, 140 Myosotis arvensis, 11, 27, 28, 91, 169 Lychnis divaricata, 20, 89, 174, 189 Myzus persicae, 169, 193 Lychnis ringspot, 20, 58, 89, 174, 189 Lycopersicon esculentum, 10, 15, 17, 19, 23, 27Ð29, 89, 106 N Nanovirus, 141 National scenario, 239Ð241 M Necrovirus, 55, 59, 62, 63, 75, 79, 104 Machlomovirus, 59 Need for networking, 254Ð255 Macroarrays, 137 Nematode vectors, 169, 195, 288 Macroptilium lathyroides,12 Nepovirus, 6, 19, 25, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 75, 76, 78, 79, Maize chlorotic mottle machlomovirus (MCMV), 20, 59 104, 107, 109, 111, 122, 167Ð169, 177, 258 Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), 20, 61, 68, 104, 240 Nested PCR, 139, 142 Maize leaf spot, 20 Nicandra physaloides, 10, 23, 173, 174 Maize mosaic virus (MMV), 20, 60 Nicotiana clevelandii, 11, 15, 18, 25, 28 Malus platycarpa,27 Nicotiana debneyi,24 Malus pumila, 27, 29 Nicotiana glutinosa, 21, 23, 27, 109, 174, 259 Manipulate planting date, 314 Nicotiana megalosiphon, 15, 26 Marafivirus, 63 Nicotiana rustica, 26, 28, 111 MCMV. See Maize chlorotic mottle machlomovirus Nicotiana tabacum, 15, 24, 26Ð29, 106, 109, 116, 187 (MCMV) Nicotiana velutina mosaic, 21, 58 MDMV. See Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) Non-persistent viruses, 76, 107, 195, 316 Mealybug, 76, 79, 290 Non-radiolabelled probes, 136 Mechanical spread, 80 Non-vector transmission, 80Ð81 Mechanism of seed transmission, 85Ð95 Nucleic acid specific hybridisation, 135Ð137 Medicago lupulina, 10, 19 Nucleorhabdovirus, 60 Medicago polymorpha,10 Number of infection sources, 90 Medicago sativa, 10, 11, 17, 20, 68, 89, 174 Medicago scutellata,10 Melilotus albus, 20, 28 O Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), 79 Oat mosaic virus (OMV), 57 Melon rugose mosaic, 20, 62, 124 Objectives of ISTA, 214 Mentha arvensis, 26, 169 Objectives of NBPGR, 243Ð245 Methods of testing at quarantine stations, 131, 233, Obligate symbiosis, 80Ð81 245Ð246 Obtain advance warning of outbreaks, 314 Mibuna temperate, 20, 57 Oils for vector control, 196, 313 Microarrays, 114, 137Ð138, 287 Olive latent virusˆu1 (OLV-1), 21, 59, 104 Mineral oils, 185, 196, 315 Olpidium brassicae,79 Mite transmission, 76 OLV-1. See Olive latent virusˆu1 (OLV-1) Mixed infections, 69, 90, 108, 134, 142, 178, 260 OMV. See Oat mosaic virus (OMV) MMV. See Maize mosaic virus (MMV) Onion mosaic, 21, 174 MNSV. See Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), 21, 61, 124, 174, 289, Molecular approaches, 258Ð266 295 Molecular beacons, 143Ð144 Open quarantine, 251 Molecular hybridization, 132Ð133, 136 Ophioviridae, 60 Molecular interactions, 258 Ophiovirus, 60 Molecular markers, 144Ð145, 204 Orange international seed lot certificate, 214, 215 Monoclonal antibodies, 112Ð114, 122, 131, 132, 246, 255 Morphological abnormalities, 105, 186 Movement of germplasm, 234Ð237, 243, 256, 298 P Movement protein genes (MP genes), 262 Pachyrrhizus erosus,25 MRSV. See Mulberry ring spot virus (MRSV) PAGE. See Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) Mulberry ring spot virus (MRSV), 20, 60 Panicum mosaic virus (PMV), 21, 61, 68Ð70, 87, 90, 104, Multiplex PCR, 101, 139, 142 105, 122, 133, 166Ð168, 186, 190, 191, 196, 202, Multi-vesicular-body, 110 205, 212, 219 Mung bean isometric yellow mosaic, 20, 62 Papaver rhoeas,27 Mung bean mosaic potyvirus, 20, 60, 106 Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV), 21, 61, 315 Musa acuminate, 11 Paprika mild mottle tobamovirus, 21, 61 Muskmelon mosaic, 20, 58, 89 Parsley latent, 21, 62 Muskmelon necrotic spot, 21, 58 Parsnip yellow fleck virus (PYFV), 55, 62, 64 Index 323

Parthenium hysterophorus,9,28 Physical methods, 109Ð111, 310 ,4,5,57 Phytosanitory certificates, 199, 219, 230, 231, 233, 235, Pastinaca sativa,26 236, 239, 240, 249Ð250, 254 Pathways of spread of pests and pathogens, 232 Phytosanitory measures, 221, 224, 238, 239, 256, 313 PDV. See Prune dwarf virus (PDV) Pinwheels, 110, 111 Peach latent, 9, 22, 60, 292, 295 Piper nigrum,23 Peach necrotic leafspot, 9, 24, 59 Piper yellow mottle, 23, 57, 79, 140, 292, 294 Peach ringspot, 24, 59 Pisum arvense,22 Peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV), 9, 24, 59 Pisum sativum, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 88, 90, 106, 145 Pea early browning virus (PEBV), 6, 87, 109, 128, 186, Plantago major, 11, 27 206, 257, 258, 262 Plant density, 191, 314 Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV), 21, 58, 63, 69, 81, Planting dates, 191, 314 142, 261 Plant quarantine, 110, 198, 225Ð227, 229Ð232, 234, Pea false leaf roll, 21 238Ð241, 243, 244, 248Ð250, 252, 255Ð257 Pea fizzle top, 61, 107 Plant quarantine measures, 230, 256 Pea leaf rolling virus, 22, 61 PLRV. See Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) Pea mild mosaic virus (PMiMV), 21, 58 Plum, 23, 141, 245, 247, 248, 287Ð290, 295, 298 Pea mosaic virus, 196 Plum pox virus (PPV), 23, 61, 125, 140, 141, 224, 247, clump (African) (PCV), 22 248, 265, 289, 292, 294Ð296 Peanut clump (Indian) (PCV), 22, 58, 68, 91, 124, 130 PMiMV. See Pea mild mosaic virus (PMiMV) Peanut marginal chlorosis, 23, 62 PMV. See Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) Peanut mild mottle, 23, 61, 68, 124 PNRSV. See Prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV), 68, 70, 140Ð142, 203, 205, Polerovirus,60 216, 217, 220, 223, 260, 261 Pollen transmission, 172Ð177, 315 Peanut stripe virus (PStV), 65, 68, 80, 92, 109, 122, 133, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), 118, 134, 135, 136, 140Ð142, 166, 190, 198, 202, 203, 205, 135 207, 217, 219, 223, 242, 244, 260, 312, 313, 316 Polyclonal antibodies, 112Ð115, 122 , 68, 140, 186 Polygonum aviculare,28 Pea stem necrosis, 22, 58, 79 Polygonum persicaria, 11, 91 Pea streak, 22, 58, 94 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based detection, 6, 7, PEBV. See Pea early browning virus (PEBV) 114, 131, 138Ð144, 199, 216, 246, 258, 287, 293, Pelamoviroid, 60 294 hortorum, 27, 29, 174 Pospiviroidae, 5, 57Ð60 Pelargonium zonate spot, 23, 57, 174 Potato Andean latent tymovirus, 23 PeMoV. See Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV) Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), 136, 262, 288, 290 PEMV. See Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) Potato spindle tuber, 5, 6, 23, 60, 88, 141, 169, 172, 187, Pennisetum glaucum,22 194, 226, 233, 247, 289, 295 Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), 79, 80, 144, 186 Potato virus T (PVT), 23, 62, 169, 173, 174 PepMV. See Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) Potato virus U (PVU), 24 Pepper chat fruit viroid, 23, 60, 140 Potato virus X (PVX), 24, 60, 64, 79, 80, 87, 113, 136, Persea americana,11 174, 194, 262, 264, 266, 290 Perspectives, 255Ð256, 266 Potato virus Y (PVY), 24, 61, 64, 113, 262, 263, 288, Pest and pathogen risk analysis, 225, 226, 254 290, 296 Pest risk analysis (PRA), 221, 224Ð227, 229, 238Ð241 Potato yellowing, 24, 57 Petroselinum crispum, 21, 26 Potexvirus, 19, 60, 62, 64, 110, 111, 177, 262, 296 Petroselinum hortense,26 , 57, 60, 61, 111 Petunia hybrida, 11, 18, 174 Potyvirus, 20, 26, 60Ð62, 64, 65, 76, 88, 104, 110, 111, Petunia violacea, 10, 24, 27, 28, 89, 107 134, 139, 141, 177, 203Ð205, 216, 257, 258 Phaseolus aborigineus,12 PPV. See Plum pox virus (PPV) Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius,12 PRA. See Pest risk analysis (PRA) Phaseolus angularis,16 Primary inoculum source, 166Ð167 Phaseolus aureus, 27, 92, 106 PRMV. See Peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV) Phaseolus coccineus,25 Provisional certificate, 214 Phaseolus limensis,20 PRSV. See Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) Phaseolus lunatus,14 Prune dwarf virus (PDV), 120, 188, 189, 292, 294 Phaseolus radiata,13 Prunus americana, 10, 24 Phaseolus vulgaris, 10, 12Ð17, 19, 23, 25, 28, 78, 89, Prunus amygdalus, 10, 24 109, 174, 191 Prunus avium, 6, 15, 24, 29, 120 Physalis peruviana,23 Prunus cerasus, 24, 174, 175 324 Index

Prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV), 4, 6, 9, 24, 59, 69, 88, Resistance, 4, 91, 94, 114, 126, 144, 145, 178, 187, 196, 89, 125, 134, 172, 173, 175Ð177, 189, 209, 213, 199Ð207, 212, 219, 226, 228, 242, 251, 257Ð266, 289, 294, 295 297, 311Ð314, 316 Prunus serotina,15 in cultivated species, 201Ð202 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus,30 in fruit crops, 202 PStV. See Peanut stripe virus (PStV) Resistant genes, 200, 208 PVT. See Potato virus T (PVT) Return-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (R-PAGE), PVU. See Potato virus U (PVU) 135 PVX. See Potato virus X (PVX) Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), 139Ð144, 199, 216, PVY. See Potato virus Y (PVY) 255 PYFV. See Parsnip yellow fleck virus (PYFV) Reverse transcription-PCR-DBH, 143 Pyrus communis,27 ,60 Rhabdovirus, 62, 64 Rhubarb temperate, 25, 57 Q RIA. See Radio immunoassay (RIA) The quality control by ELISA, 216Ð217 RIPA. See Rapid immune filter paper assay (RIPA) Quality control of bulk seed lots, 220Ð222 Risks associated with GMO, 228Ð229 Quantity of plant materials, 250 RNAi mediated, 265 Quarantine, 101, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111, 115, 131, RNA Viruses, 132, 134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 216, 258, 145, 169, 172, 185, 197Ð199, 220, 221, 223Ð227, 264, 265, 311 229Ð246, 248Ð258, 297, 298, 312 Roguing, 190, 217Ð219, 235, 311 Quarantine facilities, 234, 244, 250, 254 Role of FAO, 234Ð236 Quarantine for germplasm, 241Ð244 Role of IPGRI and NBPGR, 243Ð246 Quarantine status of plant importations, 233 Role of vegetatively propagated plants, 288 Rosa multiflora,26 Rosa rugosa, 11, 26 R R-PAGE. See Return-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Radial immuno diffusion test, 115 (R-PAGE) Radio immunoassay (RIA), 113, 116Ð118 RPCV-1. See Red pepper cryptic-1 (RPCV-1) Radiolabelled probes, 136 RPCV-2. See Red pepper cryptic-2 (RPCV-2) Radish yellow edge virus (RYEV), 24, 57, 91 RP genes. See Replicase protein genes (RP genes) Raphanus raphanistrum, 15, 29 RRSV. See Raspberry ring spot virus (RRSV) Raphanus sativus, 24, 91 RT-PCR. See Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) Rapid immuno filter paper assay (RIPA), 128Ð129 Rubus Chinese seed-borne nepovirus, 25, 60 Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), 24, 59, 69, 175, Rubus idaeus, 24, 26, 28, 29, 91, 175, 176, 202, 296 176, 202, 295, 296 Rubus longanobaccus,24 Raspberry latent(Black raspberry latent), 14, 24, 59, 172, Rubus occidentalis, 14, 175, 176 175 Rubus rigidus,14 Raspberry ring spot virus (RRSV), 24, 60, 89, 90, 93, Runner bean mosaic, 25, 108 169, 173, 174, 178, 198, 240, 248 Rye grass cryptic virus (RGCV), 5, 25, 57, 91 RBDV. See Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) RYEV. See Radish yellow edge virus (RYEV) RCCV. See Red clover cryptic virus (RCCV) RCMV. See Red clover mottle como virus (RCMV) RCVMV. See Red clover vein mosaic carlavirus S (RCVMV) Safflower mosaic,25 Real-time PCR, 139, 143Ð144 Sambucus nigra,28 Reasons for failure of seed transmission, 93Ð95 Sambucus racemosa, 15, 174 Red clover cryptic virus (RCCV), 5, 24, 57 Sambucus spp.,29 Red clover mottle como virus (RCMV), 25, 58 Santosai temperate, 25, 57 Red clover vein mosaic carlavirus (RCVMV), 6, 16, 25, Satellite RNA, 81, 132, 134, 259, 263Ð264, 266, 311 58 Satsuma dwarf, 25, 60 Red pepper cryptic-1 (RPCV-1), 25, 57 SbMV. See mosaic virus (SbMV) Red pepper cryptic-2 (RPCV-2), 25, 57 SCMV. See Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) Reducing the rate of virus spread through vector Scopolia sinensis, 23, 172 management, 189Ð192 Scorpion probes, 143 Removal of infected seeds, 186 Secale cereale,30 Reovirus, 62, 64 Sechium edule,21 Repelling surfaces, 196Ð197 , 58Ð61 Replicase protein genes (RP genes), 262Ð263 Seed (sexual propagule), 2 Index 325

Seed certification against plant virus diseases, 215Ð216 Strawberry pallidosis, 26, 58 Seed disinfection by heat, 187Ð188 Subterranean clover mottle, 26, 61, 90, 140, 141, 216 “Seed germplasm” exchange, 236 Success stories of production of virus-free plant Seed health testing, 102, 199, 310 propagules, 293Ð297 Seed transmission of partitiviridae, 5 Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), 6, 8, 69, 104, 140, 178, Seed transmission of viroids, 5Ð7 202, 252, 290, 292, 296 Seed transmission of viruses, 2Ð4, 6, 77, 86, 90, 91, 104 Sunflower mosaic potyvirus, 26, 61 Seed-transmitted plant viruses, 4, 5, 8, 62, 76, 140, 144, Sunflower ringspot ilarvirus,26 172, 206 Sunflower rugose mosaic, 26, 62 Senecio cruentus, 9, 15, 29 Sunn-hemp mosaic virus (SHMV), 111, 262 Senecio vulgaris, 11, 19, 26Ð28, 80, 168 Sunn-hemp rosette, 26, 61 Serological diagnosis, 162, 304 Sweet potato ring spot, 26, 60 Serological techniques, 111Ð132, 198 SYBR green dyes, 144 Setaria italica, 19, 22 Symptomless carriers, 103Ð104, 245, 246 SHMV. See Sunn-hemp mosaic virus (SHMV) Synergism, 69 Silene gallica,20 Sincomas mosaic,24 Single diffusion in tubes, 115 T Single stranded DNA (ssDNA), 137 TaqMan assay, 143 Single stranded RNA (ssRNA), 136, 261 TaqMan real time PCR, 143 SMV. See Squash mosaic (SMV) Taraxacum officinale, 15, 22, 27, 29, 168 Sobemovirus, 9, 61, 62, 64, 76, 77, 110, 177 TBIA. See Tissue blot immuno binding assay (TBIA) Solanum acaule,15 TBSV. See Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) Solanum brevidens,24 Technical guidelines for exchange, 235 Solanum demissum-A,23 Telfairia mosaic, 26, 61 Solanum dulcamara,18 Telfairia occientatis,26 Solanum incanum,23 Tenuivirus, 62, 64 Solanum melongena, 17, 23, 27, 89 Theobroma cocao,14 Solanum nigrum, 24, 26 Thrips vectors, 17, 288, 314 Solanum tuberosum, 11, 18, 23, 24, 27, 174, 296 Tissue blot immuno binding assay (TBIA), 127Ð128 Solanum tuberosum cv. Cara,23 TMV. See Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Solanum tuberosum cv.D 42/8,23 TNV. See Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) SoMV. See Sowbane mosaic virus (SoMV) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), 64, 80, 187, 265 Sources of resistance, 201, 203Ð205, 242, 251, 266 Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), 63, 288 Southern bean mosaic, 13, 61, 64, 68, 77, 89, 90, 93, 94, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), 64, 109, 144, 167, 171, 264, 123, 174, 207 265 Sowbane mosaic virus (SoMV), 88 Tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV), 64, 69 Soybean mild mosaic, 25, 61 Tobacco streak (Black raspberry latent strain), 175 Soybean mosaic virus (SbMV), 4, 68, 69, 105, 139, 145, Tobacco streak virus (TSV), 9, 63, 69, 90, 95, 172, 175, 186, 198, 202, 207, 223, 313, 316 202, 203, 219 Soybean streak,25 Tobamovirus, , 55, 62, 64, 75, 76, 109, 110, 116, 177, Soybean stunt, 6, 17, 58, 106, 186, 219 187, 204, 205, 257, 259, 262 Spergula arvensis, 17, 28, 69 Tobravirus, 6, 55, 61, 62, 64, 78, 79, 88, 131, 167, 168, Spinach latent virus (SpLV), 25, 59, 187 258 Spinach temperate crypto virus (SpTV), 26, 57 Tomato apical stunt viroid, 6, 28, 60, 79 Spinacia oleracea, 18, 26 Tomato aspermy, 28, 58, 247, 294 SpLV. See Spinach latent virus (SpLV) Tomato black ring, 28, 60, 69, 80, 89, 91, 125, 167, 169, SpTV. See Spinach temperate crypto virus (SpTV) 174, 248 Squash mosaic (SMV), 20, 58, 65, 77, 88, 89, 106, 125, Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), 64, 79 130, 174, 189, 247 Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, 60, 64, 79 Stage of infection, 70, 91, 111, 261 Tomato mosaic (ToMV), 29, 61, 80, 87, 109, 111, 125, Stages of seed multiplication, 210 141, 187, 191, 208, 211 Stellaria media, 11, 17, 24, 26, 28, 89, 93, 168, 169, 174 Tomato planta macho viroid, 29, 60 Stone fruit ringspot, 9, 26 Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), 168, 173, 176, 198, 240, Storage effect, 189 247Ð249, 262 Stranded and fibrous masses of LIC, 110 Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), 3, 64, 77, 78, 245, Strawberry latent ringspot, 26, 62, 80, 93, 125, 169, 260, 288, 294, 296, 314 248 Tomato streak virus,29 326 Index

Tombusviridae, 57Ð59, 61 Vicia palastina,14 Tombusvirus, 55, 61, 62, 64, 79, 110, 111, 132 VIDE database, 5, 65 ToMV. See Tomato mosaic (ToMV) Vigna angularis, 12, 68 ToRSV. See Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) Vigna catjang,16 Tospovirus, 9, 55, 61, 62, 64, 314, 315 Vigna mungo, 12, 13, 29, 77, 92 Transgenic approach, 258Ð259 Vigna radiata, 12, 13, 18, 20, 106 Trapping in electron microscopy, 130 Vigna sesquipedalis, 11, 12, 16, 17 Trichovirus,61 Vigna sinensis, 13, 14, 17, 27, 28, 109 Trifoliate orange,15 Vigna unguiculata, 10, 12, 14, 16Ð18, 23, 26Ð29, 89, 106, Trifolium alexandrinum,10 174, 205 Trifolium hybridum,21 Viola arvensis,27 Trifolium incarnatum,17 Viola tricolor,15 Trifolium michelianum,10 , 58, 61 Trifolium pratense, 13, 16, 24, 25, 29, 108 Viroids, 5Ð7, 56, 80, 88, 131, 132, 134Ð137, 139, 140, Trifolium repens,30 227, 264, 293Ð295 Trifolium subterraneum, 18, 26 Virus avoidance, 197Ð199 Trigonella balansae,10 Virus-derived resistance, 202, 257Ð258 Trigonella foenumgraecum,15 Virus diagnosis, 113, 131Ð144, 291Ð293 Triticum aestivium, 12, 14, 22, 30, 89, 106 Viruses and seed viability, 69, 189 Tritimovirus,61 Viruses erroneously listed as seed-transmitted, 7Ð31 TRSV. See Tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) Virus free seed, as control measures, 227 TRV. See Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) Virus-free vegetative planting material, 171, 297 TSV. See Tobacco streak virus (TSV) Virus longevity in seeds, 88 TSWV. See Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Virus management, 192, 199, 311Ð315 TuMV. See Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) Virus resistance, 145, 200, 202, 258, 259, 261Ð263, 266, Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), 111, 192 311 Turnip yellow mosaic (TYMV), 29, 62, 64, 87, 90, 91, Virus resistant cultivars, 314 125 Virus strain / isolate, 90 , 61, 62 Virus transmission, 75Ð81, 87, 93, 95, 105, 107, 126, 167, Tymovirus, 55, 61, 62, 64, 77, 110, 177 171Ð173, 177, 189, 205, 216, 237, 258, TYMV. See Turnip yellow mosaic (TYMV) 287Ð298 Types of materials received, 233Ð234 Visual examination, 105Ð107 Vitis labrasca,14 Vitis vinifera, 19, 22, 27, 245, 296 U Voandzea subterranea,16 Ulmus americana, 15, 18, 174 Ulmus glabra,18 Umbravirus,62 Urdbeanleafcrinkle, 29, 62, 69, 77, 125 W Use mulches or minimum tillage, 314 Waikavirus, 62, 64 Use of shoot tip grafting or micrografting, 253 Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), 111, 192, 261 WCCV-1. See White clover cryptic 1 (WCCV-1) V WCCV-2. See White clover cryptic 2 (WCCV-2) Vaccinium corymbosum,14 WCCV-3. See White clover cryptic 3 (WCCV-3) Variability in certain seed-transmitted viruses, 62Ð65 WCLMV. See White clover mosaic virus (WCLMV) Variants of PCR and their applications, 139 Wheat mosaic, 30, 58, 117 Variation in viruses, 178, 221 Wheat soil-borne mosaic, 30, 58, 63, 79, 111 Vector, 2, 62, 67, 75, 92, 109, 166, 186, 288, 310 Wheat streak mosaic (WSMV), 30, 61, 76, 78, 125, 140, resistant cultivars, 206Ð207 141, 240, 262 transmission, 75Ð76, 109, 171, 262, 290, 311 Wheat striate mosaic, 30, 60 Vegetative propagation, 113, 118, 131, 145, 225, 233, White clover cryptic 1 (WCCV-1), 5, 30, 57, 63 237, 244, 250, 251, 254, 288, 290, 292Ð294 White clover cryptic 2 (WCCV-2), 5, 30, 57, 63 Vegetative transmission, 293Ð297 White clover cryptic 3 (WCCV-3), 5, 30, 57 Verbena x hybrida,15 White clover mosaic virus (WCLMV), 108, 140, 262 Vertical transmission, 75, 172, 177 White clover temperate,30 Vicia cryptic, 5, 30, 57, 91, 130 Whitefly vector transmission, 78 Vicia faba, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22, 25, 30, 89, 91, 106, Winged bean ringspot, 30, 58 170, 173, 174 WMV. See Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) Index 327

World Trade Organization (WTO), 199, 221Ð224, 238, Z 239, 256 Zea mays, 19, 20, 26, 27, 30 WSMV. See Wheat streak mosaic (WSMV) Zinnia elegans, 11, 27 Zucchini yellow mosaic (ZYMV), 30, 61, 140, 141, 207, 259, 261, 313 Y Yield losses, 9, 67Ð70, 126, 185, 196, 198, 212, 217, 223, 259, 288, 290Ð291