Annual Report of the Game Department for the year ended 31st December, 1948
Item Type monograph
Publisher Game Department, Uganda Protectorate
Download date 30/09/2021 19:51:18
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35554 1 •
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UAD P 07£CTOI
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E
OF H'
D E
FOR THE
Year e1 ded 31 sf ecember 1948
CE: THR E HILL S LIST OF CONTENTS : ... Section I.-Administration Page Financial-Expenditure and Revenue - 1-2 Il1ega! Killing of Game and Breaches of Game Laws 2-3 Legislation Affecting Game 3-4 Game Reserves and Sanctuaries 4-5 Game Trophie" including Table ofWeights of "Licence" Ivory 5
Section II.-Elephant Control General Remarks ... 6 'Return of Elephants Destroyed 6 Table of Control Ivory, based on tusk weight, and notes 6 Table of Found Ivory from Control areas, and notes 7 Notes on Game Rangers and Game Guards 7 District C,mtrol ...... 8-12 General Notes:-- European Killed by Elephant 12 Capture of Juvenile Elephants 12 Biological Research 12 Recoveries of Illegally-possessed Ivory 12 Anthrax from Elephant Tusks 12-13 Power of Rifles '3-' 4 • Section III.-Notes on the Faqna (A) MAMMALS: (i) Primates '4- 5 , ' (ii) Carnivora '5-,6 :-; (iii) Ungulates 16-21 (iv) Tubulidentata 21. (v) Nomarthra 21-. (vi) Rodentia .... _~- Section IV.-General ·0 ..-~ .. (A) DISEASES OF GAME: Rinderpest .... Rinderpest Conference Other Diseases Tsetse-Control in Connection with Game .. (B) ECONOMIC INDUSTRIES:- Crocodile Skins • GlImeSkins ... ~. .- ... lJ (C) ~OTES OJ' GEKEItAL INT.ERuiT: Page 1'1 IE GAME on ,1urchison Falls Trip ... "1-32 2 Honorary Game Rangers v ;ame Conference 32 ANNUAL cientific and Filming Expeditions 32 For the Year ended 3 ol1ecting Wild Animals fur Zous 32 Recalcitrant Bull 32 -33 aml' ,iV'arden's Tours 33 SECTION I.-AD!' J m:rC • I, " ./ / 11 Page TIlE GAjV.m DEPART Er T 31 -32 32 32 :Ions ANNUAL REPORT 32 ,0 For the Year ended 31st December, 1948 32 32 -33 33 3" SECTION I.-ADMINISTRATION V.-Fisheries Expenditure and Revenue 33 33 r. Figures 8.re ,1$ follow: 34 Expenditure rieo. Fish 34-35 Rev .nne (crross) 35-4° He lance of Revenue over Exp nditnr '. ,. ~, 153 bert. ile) a~ 40 -42 The re ! 'nne waS derived [ollows:- ed Fi herie 42-46 (a) Sale of ivory, rhinoceros orns 'md hippo teeth 19,°38 i -t 6 2 4 -5 (b) ame licences 5,983 53-54 lrl:L J ile 54-59 Receipts from (a) show an increase of 28 per cent., and from (b) an increase -9-64 of 5 per cent.; in the case of (a) l~r8,979 was derived from the :ale of ivory. 64 2. ,t the two iv ry auctions, held ,\t . omhasa, the average price 64 re::tlised per lb. was Shs. 16/05 and Sh!', t4175 compare with Shs. I3/32 and Sh. 11/88 in 1947: an increase in prices re pcclively )f 20 per ell-t. an l 24 P r cent. j. Gam and ::Special Licences issued:- 1 7 ResiJ(,nt's Full) .>03 273 7 1 1i,i1Or·.' ( ,till) ... 5 rl'l Resicknt': (Fuurtccn-dlJv) 2 1 7 isit(Jr'~ (F'ourtccll-ua,,) ... 2 + 71 R sidl'nt's or isitor's ;'1 '\\'0 Elcph'lOts 26 RH R ·sident', or isi1Or's Third Elt:phant 13 5 ieal Tabl s Resident's Or Visitor's Thr'e Elt'phants 8 10 Nat;",;', '[\"0 Elephants 19 Five Ill-cb ts 23 83 72 . ',nivc', Third .Elephant If 35 ngo (mcluding lorne .Ian Native's Three Ekphants 7 22 .P 'cial for .hrst ·,lepbanr InO 72 Specinl for 'ccond Elephant 100 :trict (mcluding ese 1 land') Special forThird FI phnnt f)6 Special for One Black Rhinoccro' 3 4 72 Bird ')3:- 932 11 h. T .,. ets 72 'ets-Various Landings 73 -Entehbe, Mengo and Masaka 4. With co tinued impr vem nt in h ammunition ituation, and with al ppreciable ri e in ivory price', 02 more revenue has been 73 £ \'arirlllS T.anding. derived fr m the sale of Licences. Licenc s to nunc 526 hant. 73 lep were taken ut as compared \ 'ith 608 ill (947. rl'-ApPEi'DIX 1. 74 ~~.' > .• ~, .";r-"c~:,~i~~~~rf·~:~~;';: :, , 2 3 5. The total weight, 'old and prices realised at auction were as ,~ 9. The ProtectOrate Police hm follows:- ,~, possessed ivory. on a considerable scale: ~ -, , rO. Poaching.-'Systematic poachiIii Weight Gross price Approx. average realised price peT In. The poachers possess a number of 'W • in addition, their annament is now beinJ! MAY- lbs. £ s. cts. Shs. cts. Ivory '" ... 10.IS+! 8,150 17 00 ,6 05 made shot guns fashioned froin ! inch 01 Rhino horns ...... 3'! 27 18 23 ,8 00 .The results of the war years, when. a Hippo teeth '" UOf 5 15 73 0 96 NOVEMBER- staff and an overworked Administration Ivory LI·,680! 10,828 10 37 '4 75 poachers and illegal alms, are still aj Rhino horns 19.t 23 15 U 25 00 Hippo tceth ...... I6t ° II 89 0 74 interest and help of the Administration lmprovmg. The total of 28,83+i lbs. of ivory sold is approximately one ton more One District Commissioner redoubt than in [947, i.e. an increase of 9,per cent. efforts after himself having fallen into a ! 6. Ivory, etc.:- The ravages of poachers along th (a) Balance in store at Mombasa on 31st December, 19'4-7- Ibs. Tanganyika border i. alarmingly appa Ivory...... ,. ... 7,034f stronghold of eland, roan, watcrbuck, r Rhino horns 3 1 t Hippo teeth .. ... 8d- be found there now. (b) Received at Mombasabelween Ist]-anuary, 1948,and3IstUec., 1948-- Ivory ...... 18,959~ Throughout the Protectorate poach. Rhino horns 87! possible means-shooting with legal an' Hippo teeth ...... , _ ... 187~ (c) Balance in store at Mombasa on 31st December, 1948- nets, spears and bows and arrows. SI Ivory.. '" ...... 1,083! game-pits. Slowly but surely these are Rhino horns 68 Hippo teeth 53• and difficult task. Legislati IvORY FIGURES- Balance at Mombasa on 31st December, 1947 7,034i I I. Legislation affecting game was ; Received at Mombasa during 1948 18,959-t (i) No. 3 of 1948, An Ordinanci TOTAL 25.9941 which- Ibs. (a) varies Special Elephant lie' Sold during '1948 ... 24,834t Shrinkage or condemned 75t e.g,:~ 24,9101 First elephant Balance at Mombasa on 31st December, 1948 1,083! Second elephant Third elephant Illegal Killing oC Game and Breaches oC Game Laws (b) anolishcs Native Special 7. Illegalities in connection with elephant hunting, the acquisition Shs. 100 cheaper than the non-na' of ivory, and the selling of game meat have again be~'llrevalent and are (ii) Legal Noti~e No. 100, which, widespread. the Eighth Schedule to the Game 0, The high price of ivory is sufficient inducement for law breaking ;ij' forms of the various Special Elephant. on an extensive scale, and as there are many who share in the' profits the .'i>"' necessary evidence to bring cases to Court is- rarely forthcoming. '>. (iii) Legal Notice No. 102, by virt1 area, of small extent has- been excis' ~' 8. UnflJrtunately, owing to lack of adequate control due to the Reserve, and at the same time an area • absence of the necessary supervisory staff, game guards for many years have been able to reap a rich harvest by shooting elephants for Mrican (iv) Legal NQtice No. 142, which licence holders, retaining for licence holders the larger tusks obtained Lake Edward Game Re.erve, which p in the coursl' of control operations, and selling for high prices ammunition (v) Legal Notice No. 143, by vi otherwise unobtainable by the public. elephant and buffalo are specially p In 4nlwle two game guards were dismissed, having previously been a twenty miles stretch of water linkn given a~e warning, for shooting antelopes and selling the IneaL where these large species are abundan 2 3 ~d prices realised at auction were as 9. The Protectorate Police have recovered stocks of illegally possessed ivory on a considerable scale: the existence of others is known. reight Gross price Approx. average 10. Poaching.-Systematic poaching in Singo, Buganda, continues. realised price per lb. The poachers PO€ses~ a number of unlicensed, modern firearms, and, ./hs. £ s. cls. Shs. cts. in addition, their armament is now being augmented by sorviceable, locally 10,1 54! 8,150 17 00 ,6 °5 made shot guns fashioned from} inch or one inch piping. 3't 27 .8 23 ,8 00 no! 5 15 73 0 06 .The results of the war years, when a sadly depleted Game Department staff •.nd an overworked Administration tried to deal with meat-hungry 14,680' 10,828 10 37 '4 75 . '6,'ot 23 IS 12 25 00 poachers and illegal alms, are still apparent, but with the increasing 0 II 89 0 74 interest and help of the Administration and Police, the situation is slowly .. lrnprovmg. 'lory sold is approximately one ton more One District Commissioner redoubled his already keen anti-poaching )eT cent. efforts after himself having fallen into a game pit when on safari I The ravages of poachers along the Kagera river on the Uganda lecember, 1947- /bs. Tanganyika border is alarmingly apparent. This area was once the 7,0341 3" stronghold of eland, roan, waterbuck, reedbuck and topi but few are to 8" uary, ]948, andJIst Dec:,' ~948- be found there now. Throughout the Protectorate poachers have destroyed game by every possible rrieans--shooting with legal and illegal arms, hunting with dogs, iecember, 1948- nets, spears and bows and arrows, snares, cart-wheel traps, gins and 1,083! 68 game-pits. Slowly but surely these are being dealt with but it is a long 53 and difficult task. Legislation mber, 1947 I 11. Legislation affecting game was as follows:- TO'rAI. 25.9941 • (i) No. 3 of 1948, An Ordinance to Amend the Game Ordinance, which- (a) varies Special Elephant licences and fixes the fees therefor, e.g.:- First elephant Shs. 100 Second elephant Shs. 200 lind Ilreaches of Game Laws Third elephant Shs. 300. with eleprumt hunting, the acquisition (b) abolishes Native Special Elephant licences which were neat have again beeiJ"prevalent and are Shs. 100 ch~aper than the non-native Special Elephant licences. (ii) Legal N~ti;e No. 100, which, consequent on (i) (a) above, varies :uflieient inducement for law breaking the Eighth Schedule to the Game Ordinance, in respect of the precise are many who share in the' profits tbe forms of the various Special Elephant licences. , Court is rarely forthcoming. (iii) Legal Notice No. 102, by virtue of which a valuable agricultural lack of adequate control due to the area of small extent has been excised from the Lake George Game lry staff, game guards for many years Reserve, and at the £ame time an area of equal size added. vest by shooting elephants for Mrican (iv) Legal Notice No. 142, which re-defines the boundaries of the nee holders the larger tusks obtained Lake Edward Game Reserve, which previously had not been clear. and selling for high prices ammunition (v) Legal Notice No. '43, by virtue of which the hippopotamus, .. je. eleprumt and buffalo are specially protected in the Kazinga Channel, re;,e dismissed, having previously been a. twenty miles stretch of water linking Lakes Edward and Geo~ and .antelopes and selling the meat. where these large species are abundant. .c.;~· :.. .. • 4 (vi) Legal Notice No. ,67, proclaiming the Bulamagi Dam in the well stocked but the geese w .Busoga District of the Eastern Province, together with an area of land paddocks "eem to have moved a' extending two hundred yards from the dam waters, to be a Bird (ii) Vide paragraph II (vi) Sanctuary. with the immediately surrounding (vii) Legal Notice No. '70, which removes the seasonal proteetion yards has been proclaimed a Bird hitherto afforded the guinea-fowl in the Lango District of the Northern to an abundance of interesting wate Province, on the grounds that this bird is responsible for considerable National Parks.-The practicabilii damage to crops. parks in certain montane regions is unt (viii) No. '9 of '948, An Ordinance to Impose Export Duty on Hides and Skins, which, inter alia, defines "game hide" I and exempts from its Game '1'. provisions any game hide certified by the Game Warden to be a genuine '9. Return of tusks from e1epln1n sportsman's trophy. (ix) No. 22 of 1948, An Ordinance further to amend the Game underlover OveIiOver Ordinance, to enable a licensing officer to exercise discretion in the grant District 10 10 20 30 Ibs. Ibs. of Special licences, such discretionary power alroady existing in the Ibs. Ibs. case of Game licences. Mengo ...... 3 45 4' Mubende ...... 22 7 Masaka "'1 ... '4 3 Game Reserves and Sanctuaries Ankole ... w 23 20 Toro ... 19 51 48 '2. Bunyoro and Gulu.-There still appears to be plenty of wild Kigezi ... 4 8 life, and in good .variety, in this reserve, at least in the vicinity of the River Bunyaro .. , 6 12 35 West Nile I 9 22 17 Nile. Trapping on a considerable scale continues, and it is known that Madi ...... 3 some elephant poaching also takes place. An abnormal amount of shooting Acholi ... , 12 "4 40 Mbal. ... 4 2 3 in defence of visitors making the Murchison Falls trip is referred to Karamoja ... 2 ... Lango ...... 5 elsewhere, vide paragraph 220. ,~ . Bwoga .. - ... 2 8 n '3. The construction of a road, just north of the Gulu Reserve ------boundary, from Anaka in Acholi, to opposite Pakwaeh, on the Albert Nile, TOTAL ... 2 65 209 242 may merit an' extension northerly of this boundary. '4. Excursions by elephants and other crop raiders northerly into 20. This represents 442 eleplu the settled areas of East Madi from the extensive closed sleeping sickness year (382). One tusk exeteding nil area and elephant Ganctuary lying to the north of this reserve have occurred The heaviest pair totalled ,80 lbs. Tl on a moderate scale, and the necessary remedial action has been taken. .and under 60 lbs.; 38 of 60 lbs. an, '5. Toro (or Semliki).-The Game Ranger report' that poaching of over 90 lbs. This leaves 268 with· in this reserve has decreased since he has been able to make dry season that at the present rate of taking out visits by lorry. He further reports that in some partt kob are abundant. a licence for tlnee eleflllants shou!i ,6. Lake George.-The rem'ilks made in paragraph ,8 of the '947 tusks of 40 lb&, or r1vef:":' Annual Report are equally applicable in '948, and this reset've' is providing 2I. II5 leopard skins were ell! more and more abundantly a wonderful spectacle of wild life at the road noteworthy that compensation pail side. the proceeds of the sale of skim ac~ New and morc permanent notiee boards, which are a great improvement, handed into Government, has resul have been erected conspicuously along the m1in roads which traverse well as incteasing unduly the value 01 the Lake George Game Reserve and the Katunguru-Kichwamba extremity for compensation purposes, is rated ai of the Lake Edward Reserve. i~ '7. Ankole.-A big herd of eland, many buffaloes, quite a number :la.·· Other trophies exported of zebra, waterbuck and topi, and the usm! variety of sm.ller antelopes, colobus monkey skins and one blue. n! including oribi and klipspringer are to be found in this little reserve. 23. 5 IbL of ivory curios value via Mpondwe Customs Post; and Therear" also warthog, bushpig, monkeys and many baboons. i',", 18. Bird Sanctuaries.-{}) The Entebbe Bird Sanctuary, which is Over 33 tons) valued at £42,927 ,6s located at the western end of the peninsula beyond the air field, is fairly No trophies entered via Memma H' , 4 5 , proclaiming the Bulamagi Dam in the well stocked but the geese which used to be a feature of the Veterinary Province, together with an area of land paddocks "eem to have moved away. from the dam waters, to be a Bird (ii) Vide paragraph II (vi) the Bulamagi Dam in Busoga, together with the immediately surrounding land strip to a depth of two hundred which removes the seasonal protection yards has been proclaimed a Bird Sanctuary, in order to afford protection I in the Lango District of the Northern to an abundance of interesting waterfowl. this bird is responsible for considerable National Parks.-The practicability of the establishment or national parks in certain montane regions is under examination. Prdinance to Impose Export Duty on Hides Jefines H game hide", and exempts from its Game Trophies !fied by the Game Warden to be a genuine 19. Return of tusks from elephants shot by licence-holders:- ! Ordinance further to amend the Game Under Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Total tg officer to exercise discretion in the grant District <0 <0 ZO 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 tusks cretionary power already existing in the lbs. lhs. lhs. lhs. lhs. lhs. Ihs. lbs. Ihs. lbs. ------~------Mengo ... 3 4S 41 13 5 ...... 107 Mubende ." ...... zz 7 9 4 , Z , ... 46 Masaka ...... 14 3 3 ... .. , '" ...... I zo rYes and Sanctuaries Ankole ...... <0 z3 zo 7 8 ,,, ...... 70 !'here still appears to be plenty of wild Toro ...... '9 51 48 35 I9 4 ...... 176 Kigezi ...... 4 8 '0 4 4 3 ...... 33 ~eserve, at least in the vicinity of the River Bunyoro ...... 6 IZ 35 z6 zo 5 4 I , 1I0 hIe scale continues, and it is known that West Nile .. , I 9 zz 17 16 I6 7 z, ...... 90 Madi ...... 3 15 Z 3 , ... z4 :s place. An abnormal amount of shooting Acholi ...... 1 IZ z4 40 zz, '5 IZ 5 6 ... '37 the Murchison. Falls trip is referred to Mbale ...... 4 Z 3 ...... '0 Karamoja ...... Z ... , 5 ...... 8 Lango ...... 5 I '" ...... 6 • road, just north of the Gulu Reserve Busoga ...... Z 8 IZ 4 7 5 Z ... 40 ------, to opposite Pakwach, on the Albert Nile, TOTAL ... Z 65 ZZ9 z4z I63 105 4z zo 8 , 877 , of this boundary. • I ,(s and other crop raiders northerly into 20. This repreE"ents 442 elephants, a 15 per cent. increase on last rom the extensive closed sleeping sickness year (382). One tusk exceeding ninety pounds in weight was obtained. ~ to the north of this reserve have occurred The heaviest pair totalled 180 Ibs. There are '35 bulls with tusks of 40 Ibs. essary remedial action has been taken. and under 60 lbs.; 38 of 60 lbs. and under 90 Ibs.; and one with a tusk 'he Game Ranger report> that poaching of over 90 Ibs. This leaves 268 with tusks of less than 40 Ibs. and indicates .ce he has been able to make dry season that at the present rate of taking out elephant licences, the sportsman with ts that in some part!! kob are abundant. a licence for three elephants should make celtain of bagging one with m""ks made in plli:agtllph r8 .of the r947 tusks of 40 lb•. or over. :able in 1948, and this resdve is providing 2 I. I 15 leopard skins were exported, which is not excessive. It is lOderful spectacle of wild life at the road noteworthy that compensation paid for losses to small livestock from the proceeds of the sale of skim acquired in the defence of property and tice boards, which are a great improvement, handed into Government, has resulted in many exaggerated claims, as ly along the m~in roads which traverse well as incIe;.:l.sing unduly the value of the victims. Even the "shenzi" dog, d the Katunguru-Kichwamba extremity for compensation purposes, is rated at pedigree prices! eland, many buffaloes, quite a number ~2.•. Other trophies exported included eleven ostrich eggs, fourteen the usml variety of smaller antelopes, colobus monkey skins and one blue monkey skin. I' to be found in this little reserve. 23. 5 IbL of ivory curios valued at £5 18s. 50cts. entered in transit eys and many baboons. via Mpondwe Customs Post; and 2,538 tusks totalling 74,769 lbs. (just Entebbe Bird Sanctuary, which is over 33 tons) valued at £42,927 16s. from the Belgian Congo via Butiaba. _lUI'\S'ula beyond the air field, is fair! y No trophies entered via MeIama Hill, Vucca and Kisoro Posts...... ---... ~ '"'~. ~...~- ~ ... !!III .,, 6 7 SECTION IL-ELEPHANT CONTROL 30. Found ivory from Control areas. , 24. There is little change in the elephant situation, though freedom District Under lOver lOver 4 • from elephant damage cannot be said to have reduced in any way the 101bs. 101bs. 20 lbs.'I3 number of complaints. nor the numerous and insistent appeals for assistance! Mengo 26 4° I ,8 25. The estimated total elephant wastage for 1948 is approximately Mubende ... 2 2 Ankole 8 4 5 1,700, a considerable increase on last year. This figure includes allowance Toro 7 6 for deaths from natural causes, and from poaching. Kigezi 4 2 Masindi "3 4 I 3 26. The number of elephant. killed by the Game Departmen t sl alf West Nile. 22 <0 Madi 29 I 5 in the course of organised control activities during 1948, is as under:- Acholi 7 3 I 2 Dusoga ---~--~--'- District r\o. of Male Female Tusks Single Total "'1 4 ,6 3 1 TOTAL Elephants tuskers weight ... 119 I 9+ I 33 ------._--- lbs. Mengo ... >03 '03 ... 2°4 2 2,+5 I 31. There was no found ivory frOl I\lubcndc ... 36 8 2 1,329 4° 4 7 found tusks-26o, is remarkable when l Masaka 20 '3 7 38 2 45°! Ankole .. 22 20 2 43 , 530~ 1947. Having made allowance for the u Toro ...... 248 '77 7' 482 '4 S,003} Nile and West Madi, it still appears tha Kigezi ...... ,8 ,8 .., 35 , 382 Hoima ...... 2< 2< 42 ..., 538, considerable illegalities in connection wil Masindi ... 86 86 '7' 2,812 tusks. West Nile .. a08 47 ,6, 4'3 3 4,052 Madi .. ,62 74 88 3 19 5 3,1'08 32. Elephant control continues to Acholi ... 28 ,8 <0 52 4 983 lack of the rtC\l8!lsary supervisory staff th Lango ...... S 5 <0 .. '33 Busoga ... 7 2 5 '4 ... 203t slightly ~ the arrival in July of an addi Mbale ... 2 2 ... .. 4 '22 n t .- 33...· e-.•• R. J. D. Salmon, M. TOTAL 970 622 348 I,9OS 35 22,098! the pension ijst at the end of July afte elephant killj/l.g he. was not only outstan 27. The average weight per control tusk is II'6 lbs., which is a big very definiteljr a sixth sense, an elephal drop on past eight years' average ofl3 lbs. It is probably due to the large anticipate what an el~phant or elephanll number of small elephants which were killed in the I'Qurse of the reduction thousands e-!"ph.ants, and his indivi~ campaign in We,t Nile and West Madi. t#. killed in tlii-ee days (vide ~phs 371 28. The fOllowing figures represent the number Gf tusks of below c, and skill u~d in the 3~S of elepbj and over 10 lbs.. weight obtained in the course of control operations.:- 34. Captain L. T., Gunn's appo District Under Over Over O ....-er Over Over Over Total terminated in February. ' lolbs. 101bs. 201bs. 30tbs, 401bs. 50 Ibs. 7olbs. 35. One does not wish unnecessari ------6 Mengo ... 95 80 '4 4 .. ... 2°4 game guards (vide paragraph 29, '94 ; Mubende ...... 3' ,6 '0 "6 4 2 ... 78 paragraph 8 ibid.) '."hi<;/\:.~e bcen pre Masaka .. . .. 20 , 5 , , , '-... I ., . ... 38 -~ ;~. · to say that bad beha,vi.oyti4te to lack oj Ankole ...... '5 22 4 2 ... 43 Toro ...... 285 <29 53 9 . 5 , 482 · One Mrican game ~d of long service Kigczi ...... 25 2 6 .. . 2 ...... 35 ~lephant .~etected Hoima ... '5 23 2 2 ...... 42 hunter ras and convict Masindi ... 69 48 20 25 9 ...... '7' ·'f IVOry over a long pe~IOd. West Nile ...... , .. ... 243 '30 39 4'3 One skilled, long Service game guard Madi ...... ,87 '°7 '9 4 2 ...... 3'9 Acholi ...... 28 6 2 3 2 ... 52 36. The Asian Ranger who was Lango ...... "4 4 , , ...... ,0 Busoga ...... 4 6 4 ...... '4 rednction campaign in West Nile and , Mbale ... ' ... '" .. 2 2 ... 4 ti months of 1947, continued his operation ._-----._------TOTAL ... 1,004 6<0 J '90 64 32 I 4 , 1,9°5 July, when, being no longer required, I 37. It can justly be claimed that" . 29. These tusks include one in excess of 60 lbs., 4 over 50 lbs., · elephant situation is well under control. 32 over 40 lbs., and 64 over 30 lbs. 6 7 HANT CONTROL 30. Found ivory from Control areas:- the elephant situation, though freedom" said to have reduced in any way the District Under Over Over Over Over Over No. of Total lotbs. lolbs. 201bs. 301bs. 4olbs. 50 Ibs. tusks weight e numerous and insistent appeals for ------lbs. Mengo ... .. , 26 4° 18 4 3 9 1 1,461 phant wastage for 1948 is approximately Mubende ...... 2 2 ... '" ...... 4 SOt Ankole ...... 8 4 5 I ...... 18 2491 last year. This figure includes allowance Toro ...... 7 6 ... 2 ...... 15 '48 d from poaching. Kigezi ...... 4 2 2 ... 19 228; Masindi ...... "3 4 3 ...... 10 122 t8 killed by the Game Department s,aff West Nile ...... 22 10 ...... 32 277 , activities during 1948, is as under:- Madi ...... 29 5 ...... 34 173 Acholi ... .. , 7 3 2 ...... 12 127 ! Busoga ...... 4 ,6 3 ... 2 25 420i , Female Tusks Single Total ------! tuskers weight TOTAL ... 119 94 33 9 .I ... 260 3.257. ------lbs. ... 2°4 2 2.45 1 3I. There was no found ivory from uncontrolled areas. The total 4 78 2 J ,329 7 38 2 450 l found tusks-260, is remarkable when compared with only 98 found in 2 43 I 53°! 1947. Having made allowance for the unusually heavy shooting in West 71 482 '4 5,0°3'1 ... 35 I 382 Nile and West Madi, it still appears that last year thew must have been ... 42 ... 538l considerable illegalities in connection with the misappropriation of found ... '7' , 2,812 . 161 4'3 3 4,052 tusks. 88 3 19 5 3,108 32. Elephant control continues to be seriously hampered by the 10 52 4 983 ne~.sary ... 10 ... '33 lack of the supervisory staff though the situation has improved 5 14 ... z03! slightly wfth the arrival in July of an additional European Game Ranger. .~ , . '" 4 '22 , 33". ClIt>~ R. J. D. Salmon, M.V.O., M.C., was transferred to 348 - 1,905 35 22,O98! the pension Ust at the end of July after twenty-five years' service. At elep~nt killi/o.g he· was not only outstanding, but unique. He possessed r..control tusk is II'6 Ibs., which is a biaa of 13 lbs. It is probably due to the large very definitelJ a sixth sense, an elephant sense, which enabled him to were killed in the ~Qurse of the reduction anticipate what an elephant or elephants would do. His bag runs into Madi. thousands f.. elephantS, and his individual performance of 70 elephants killed in three days (vide paragraphs 37-38, 1934) is a feat of endurance represent the number of tusks of below and skill unn.valled in the aIlI¥lis of elephant hunting. in the COUIse 9f control operations:- 34. Captaill L. T. Gunn's appointment as Game Ranger was Over Over Over Over Over Total terminated in February. . 2otbs. 301bs. 4olbs. SO Ills. 7olbs. ---._------._--- 35. One does not wish unnecessarily to repeat the shortcomings of 14 4 .. , ... 2°4 game guards (vide paragraph 29, 1946; paragraphs 8 and 34, 1947; and 19 "6 4 2 ... 78 paragraph 8 ibid.) whic4 .llIve been previously recorded. Let it suffice I I ...... 8 .>' I 3 be~vi.olli 4 2 ...... 43 to say that bad .dJ,e to lack of control is not easily eradicated. 53 9 5 ... I 482 One Mrican game gual'd of long service who was an exceptionally skilful 6 ... 2 ...... 35 2 2 ...... 42 elephant hunter was detected and convicted of offences in connection with 20 25 9 ...... '71 ivory over a loniperiod. 39 I ...... 413 19 4 2 '" ... 3 19 One skilled, long '"ervice game guard retired at the end of the year. 6 2 3 2 ... 52 I I ...... 10 36. The Asian Ranger who was engaged on a .pecial elephant 4 ...... '4 reduction campaign in West Nile and West Madi during the last three 2 ... 2 ...... 4 ------months of 1947, continued his operations very successfully until the end 64 2 , 0 '. '9° 3 4 1,9 5 of July, when, being no longer required, his services terminated. Ie m excess of 60 lbs., 4 over 50 lbs., 37. It can justly be claimed that throughout the protector<\te the ~. elephant situation is well under control. L. ..' .., \.- ~' ... " 8 Bugaoda 46. One of the most experienll 38. Mengo.-Elephants have not beee particularly active during Ranger took the spine shot at an ele the year, damage to cultivation has beeo inextensive, and raiding herds herd. He made a bad shot, the bulle in the usually aifected outlying parts of the District have decreased. moved about 50 yards and stopped, " Control has been effective, and 62 elephants were killed by the game It waS found that the guard's orig guards. The total known elephant wastage for the year, including elephants elephant, the bullet emerging at the' killed by licence-holders and found ivory, is 72 in contrast to 90 in '947. 47. TOTo.-Effective control is This does oot take into account losses due to poaching which are nature of settlement resulting in outl particularly heavy in Singo. to marauding elephants. In the shorl the inhabitants are able without other 39. Mubende.-Elephants are still very plentiful; control has been which enter those areas. Most of effective and 74 elepbants were killed by the guards. Bwarnba, Bunyangabu, Busongora an· Ivory poaching in this District is also prevalent. The only place where serious dan 40. Masaka.-Reports received indicate that the maximum number foothills near Bugoye where some of elephants likely to be found in this District at anyone time totals 500, completely. distributed as under:- 48. The banana shambas in th. Mutuba IV, Buddu ...... 250 menace in the spread of sleeping Sl( Katonga ...... , '50 locality later in the year in a game Koki and Mawogola ...... 100 protection. In the Bljddu area the elephants in about eight herds varying in 49. Ankole.-Most of the e1ep strength from 30 to 60 animals each are resident and frequent \,he Tero,' other areas below the eastern scarp Namaliga and Malabigambo forests: there are a few good tuskers. a large breeding herd of over one h 41. It is now a number of years since elephants were resident in the two herds of approximately forty e: Katonga region, though from time to time considerable numbers appear to the TangaD¥ika-Koki border. 31 having apparently been hunted out of the Toro and Mubende Districts. of control operations, in the count May seems to be the normal month for these incursions, though elephants The largest pair of tusks obtained or may appear here at any time in the year. They rarely remain in the came from east of the Chambura rive District longer than a month, and there are not usually more than two 50. Mr. M. N. Sayer, a Eur herds which vary from 20 to 100 animals. Goldfields, was killed by a cowell 42. Into the remainder of the western part of the District elephants paragraph 70). infiltrate at' various times from two main directions, e.g. across the Kagera 51. The Kichwamba Fisheriei into Koki from the forested area around Bushenya, in Tanganyika; and was done to ctops in the BunyaragUl into Kabula and southern Mawogola from Ankole. which he investigated at the req~ 43. 22 elephants were killed in the course of control operations. instances elephants which had come frightened away and it was only fe Western Province • iImongst the cultivation. Of these til 44. Bunyoro.-The high light of this year in Bu1lyoro has been the matama plots and had stayed on ~ remarkable freedom from damage by elephants. In the Budongo Forest discharge from glands near the tern? the number of elephants killed has not been great, totalling 36; in Kibanda through several miles of banana p~ which is normally the worst affected area 66 were destroyed. In Bugahya to reach a small patch of matarna county from where the game guard was withdrawn in August, subsequently grass. From tltis cover it repeatedly until the end of the year only one report of elephant damage was received. elephant was contacted just as it ~ The total killed in Bunyoro was '39. the safety of a nearby ridge the lod 45. The typ~ of frivolous complaint which is often received is well stones. j ! illustrated by a report from one Gombolola that all the game guard The elephant did not seem tl stationed there did was to marry and take away new wives, and that he charged towards where a stone fell.! never did any hunting, which was indeed strange as the week before he had way towards the matama. The. o~ shot four elephants within two miles of Gombolola headquarters! circumstances after it had retired . 8 9 Buganda 46. One of the most experienced guards when out with the Game ve not beec particularly active during '. Ranger took the spine shot at an elephant which was one of a departing has been inextensive, and raiding herds herd. He made a bad shot, the bullet entering the buttock. The elephant g parts of the District have decreased. moved about 50 yards and stopped, when it was killed with the brain shot. d 62 elephants were killed by the game It was found that the guard's original shot had completely raked the t wastage for the year, including elephants elephant, the bullet emerging at the shoulder. ~d ivory, is 72 in contrast to 90 in '947. 47. TOTo.-Effective control is not made easier by the scattered !account losses due to poaching which are nature of settlement resulting in outlying shambas becoming an easy prey to marauding elephants. In the ,hort grass country of Mwenge and Kyaka r are still very plentiful; control has been the inhabitants are able without other assistance to drive away the elephants Ikilled by the guards. which enter those areas. Most of the protection afforded has been in ~ct is also prevalent. Bwarnba, Bunyangabu, Busongora and the Muzizi river region in Mwenge. lceived indicate that the maximum number The only place where serious damage occurred was in the Ruwenzori l in this District at anyone time totals 500, foothills near Bugoye where some banana plantations were de3troyed completely. lluddu '" 250 48. The banana shambas in the Lake Katwe basin became a serious menace in the spread of sleeping sickness, and with the inclusion of this '50 locality later in the year in a game reserve it was decided to withdraw LWogola ... 100 protection. ) elephants in about eight herds varying in Is each are resident and frequent the Tero, 49. Ankole.-Most of the elephants keep to the game reserve and rests: there are a tew good tuskers. other areas below the eastern scarp of the western ri,ft, though there is a large breeding herd of over one hundred in the Katonga region. Also, ~f years since elephants were resident in the two herds of approximately forty elephants each frequent Isingiro close time to time considerable numbers appear to the Tangarwika-Koki border. 38 elephants were killed in the course d out of the Toro and Mtibende Districts. of control operations, in the counties of Igara, Isingiro and Buhwezu. "onth for these incursions, though elephants The largest pair of tusks obtained on licence were 56 lbs. and 54 lbs., and in the year. They rarely remain in the c!me from east of the Chambura river. and there are not usually more than two 50. Mr. M. N. Sayer, a European employed by the Consolidated "' animals. Goldfields, was killed by a cow elephant not far from Kichwamba (see f the western part of the District elephants paragraph 70). l two main directions, e.g. across the Kagera 51. The Kichwamba Fisheries Officer reports that some damage LIea around Bushenya, in Tanganyika; and was done to clops in the Bunyaraguru area bordering on th~ gam~ res.erve rogola from Ankole. which he investigated at the request of the Administration. In two led in the course of control operations. instances elephants which had come close to the shnlbas were successfully frightened away and it was only found necessary to shoot three raiders 'stem Province • amongst the cultivation. Of these three, two were bulls which had raided light of this year in Buftyoro has been the matama plots anI! had stayed on in nearby thickets, Both had an oily tage by elephants. In the Budongo Forest discharge from glands near the temple. Ono of these elephants had walked has not been great, totalling 36; in Kibanda through several miles of banana plantations (without doing any damage) feeled area 66 were destroyed. In Bugahya to reach a small patch of matama bordered by thick bush and elephant lard was withdrawn in August, subsequently grass. From this cover it repeatedly raided the plot in broad daylight. The )ne report of elephant damage was received. elephant was contacted just as it was going back to the thick bush. From • '39· the safety of a nearby ridge the local population shouted abuse and threw • complaint which is often received is well stones. one Gombolola that all the game guard The elephant did not seem to mind the shouting but occasionally 0' rry and take away new wives, and that he charged towards where a stone fell. It was shot as it once again made its ~indeed strange as the week before he had way towards the matama. The other one was shot in somewhat similar , • ell of Gombolola headquarters! circumstances after it had retired into a small crater containing a pate'" ~--~-~~,~---_....._..""",'_...... - ." V, J W. "'''''-'i' "~·l ,.~-~"," 10 ., it of thick forest after raiding crops the night before. The cow elephant was his activities resulted in 179 elephaJ! one of five which had for nearly a week raided matama at night and Obongi-Nyawa-Sudan border in W. returned to join a large berd in the reserve before daylight. This lot successful campaign eonsiderable daJ remained longer than usual one morning and the shooting of one was by elephants, particularly in the cottc sufficient to keep the others away. sited away from habitation. S~. A strange happening was when an elephant killed itself by 61. 3,557 lbs. of Government i f~itltoa buffalo pit. course of the year. '~. Kigezi.-Control measures have been confined almost exclusively 62. West Nile.-207 elephants w to the resettlement areas where the four game guards have done most of Mr. A. H. Shalr Karam, and the i, valuable work in keeping the settled areas clear of dangerous and destructive Notwithstanding the abundance of th ,game. damage in West Nile and West Madi i .,. " 54. On occasions it has been necessary to detail a guard to deal with 63. Karamoja.-Tbere have bee' the herd of forest elephants in Bufundi Gombolola, which are becoming where nowadays the elephants, to tnore and more destructive as cultivation extends into what for years has restricted to the north and north-west been its normal habitat. in this District. 55. Movements of elephants from the neighbouring Parc National 64. Napak mmmtain was twice Albert into the northern, inhabited parts of Kinkizi have been fewer than Labwor-in September, and again in elephants paid this neighbourhood a usual. In all 18 elephants have be~n killed. however, was but a few days. There are still big tuskers in the game reserve below the escarpment. • Eastern I Northern Province 65. Busoga.-There are two or 56. Acholi.-Elephant control has again been effective, and the the Gombolola of Kagoma, about 15 I amount of damage done by shamba raiders has continued to decrease. a popular one with licence-holders, The demands for game guards, however, have been numerous, but the along game tracks. Hunting there i, craving for meat by the Acholi frequently leads them to imagine damage and elephant grass whieh fringe the N done to their crops and to support these claims by graphic descriptions 66. In the sleeping sickness ai of depredations which in fact have never occurred. Victoria, game generally is on the in .There is little doubt that nowadays in all Districts a game guard is elephants which seldom leave the dO! no longer regarded as a cultivation protector but from the point of view raid into the Saza of Bukoli. Several J of a meat provider. to be in this region. 67. 17 elephants were killed by 57. The new Anaka-Pakwach road, which traverses the elephant 68. Mbale.-There appear to t sanctuary, has provided many close-up views of these great beasts, as residents or frequent visitors:- including some fine tuskers, which have been reluctant to move away from (a) In the Gombolola Bukwa, 1 the road. Many of them are evidently elephants which never leave the frequent the high forest, but occasil sanctuary as they are not gun shy. (b) In the bigh forest east of I A game guard sent to this locality to deal with the situation successfully probably range well into Kenya. ! moved the elephants without inflicting a single casualty. shot by the game guard in the Bubl The porters working on this road have a wholesome respect for these (c) In the Busitema sleeping sl creatures which have provided them with a much appreciated and genuine Jinja road. In November, about ~ excuse for temporary stoppages of work. . ' the confluence of the Kami and M~ 58. 64 elephants were shot in the course of control operations. ,(d) In the Lulonda sleeping si~ Licence tusks have averaged about 35 lbs., the biggest pair weighing of Mjanji on the Lake shore. This; 84 lbs. and 85t lbs. is resident in Busoga. j "~ 59. Lango.-Five elephants only were killed by the game guards. It is difficult to attempt any relil 60. Madi.-Vide paragraph 36 Mr. A. H. Shah Karam was engaged in this District as the herds are nl on elephant control in Madi. During the three months February to April inaccessible cmmtry. ' A. ••' 10 11 the night before. The cow elephant was his actlvltle. resulted in '79 elephant. being killed, mainly in the area a week raided matama at night and' Obongi-Nyawa-Sudan border in West Madi. In spite of this very . the reserve before daylight. This lot successful campaign considerable damage is. still caused to plantations morning and the shooting of One was by elephants, particularly in the cotton "block" shambas which are often sited away from habitation. elephant killed itself by 61. 3,557 lbs. of Government ivory were sent to Mombasa in the course of the year. have been confined almost exclusively 62. West Nile.-207 elephants were shot, mainly under the direction four game guards have done most of Mr. A. H. Shah Karam, and the ivory found of a further 16 elephants. areas dear of dangerous and destructive Notwithstanding the abundance of these great, voracious beasts elephant damage in West Nile and West Madi is relatively slight. ':necesSary to detail a guard to deal with 63. Karamoja.-There have been no control operations in Karamoja .. di Gombolola, which are becoming where nowadays the elephants, totalling about three hundred, ate tion extends into what for years has restricted to the north and north-west. Three licence elephants were shot in this District. from the neighbouring Pare National 64. Napak mountain was twice visited by a party of elephants from . parts of Kinkizi have been fewer than Labwor-in September, and again in December. It is· many years since elephants paid this neighbourhood a visit. The duration of their stay, however, was but a few days. Eastern Province Province 65. Busoga.-There are two or three large herds of elephants in has again been effective, and the the Gombolola of Kagoma, about 15 miles from Jinja. A visit to this area, raiders has continued to decrease. a popular one with licence-holders, entails a walk of some eight miles _. er, have been numerous, but the along game tracks. Hunting there is difficult owing to the dense forest tly leads them to imagine damage an" elephant grass which fringe the Nile. these claims by graphic descriptions 66. In the sleeping sickness area, on the northern shore of Lake . r occurred. Victoria, game generally is on the increase, and includes several herds of ys in all Districts a game guard is elephants which seldom leave the closed area except to make an occasional protector but from the point of view raid into the Saza of Bukoli. Several 40 lb•. to 50 lbs. tuskers are reported to be in this region. road, which traverses the elephant 67. '7 elephants were killed by the game guards. -up views of these great beasts, 68. Mbale.-There appear to be four herds in this District either Jt4ve been reluctant to move away from as residents or frequent visitors:~ .. dy elephants which never leave the (a) In the Gombolola Bukwa, Sebei, where these animal. normally ~. frequent the high forest, but occasionally descend into the plains. f1Jty to deal with the situation successfully (b) In the high forest east of Bulucheke in South Bugishu, which jiiag a single casualty. probably range well into Kenya. Two elephants from this herd were . . have a whole.ome respect for these shot by the game guard in the Bubulu-Butiru area. .' with a much appreciated and genuine (e) In the Busitema sleeping sickness reserve, north of the Busia '. ~. Jinja road. In November, about 20 elephants were reported to be near the confluence of the Kami and Manafwa rivers. the course of control operations. (d) In the Lulonda sleeping sickness area around Lunyo and west '!S Ibs., the biggest pair weighing of Mjanji On the Lake shore. This herd is numerous, but the main herd is resident in Busoga. • killed by the game guards. It is difficult to attempt any reliable estimate of the elephant strength ,A. H. Shah Karam was engaged in this District as the herds are mainly based on almost or completely . three months February to April inaccessible country. --- .. -._. •. gO .~:l"liI" -- "....,.'~" n' ,,~ ~_ ~_" '.',,, '-~.'_. "" " $,; £ C.• ;I.-1!t'. u.-,' . """""'>',v . " < 12 I: 69. .Teso.-An unusual occurrence was an incursion by elephants 75. An unusual case reported fr, during the first half of the year to the northern area of Amuria from where of S9 who had been making piano ke: they were reported by porters engaged on road line clearance. with an electric saw lubricated witiI the tusks were subjected was swabl General sponge soaked in water. The illness 70. European killed by Elephant.-An unfortunate accident occurred face. Within three days the man bel .when a European employed on prospecting near the Hoindagi river, in the fever and on the fourth d~y he beca' Lake George region of Ankole, was returning to his camp one evening. to hospital ... the patient died ftv When quite near the camp he apparently saw some elephants on the road Necropsy confirmed that the cause along which he was walking. In order to avoid them he left the road and spot sampling of surface areas of wh, .. while proceeding up a slope in some forest he unexpectedly walked into bacilli WfI.S negative, and negative resu more elephants. He had a light rifle with him but was evidently charged of the cleaning sponge. It is remarl and seized before he had a chance to fire it. He was terribly injured and found on suspec'ed m~terial. In thi died a few hours later before help or a doctor could reach him. isolated from the tusks, and the metl 71. Capture of Juvenile Elephants.-1948 has had its quota of recording. A doubl" bucket was use unsuccessful attempts to rear in captivity baby elephants. The most bucket being perforated. Samples 0 interesting was the case of a tiny elephant which was probably not more by the man before his illness were I than 24 hours old when caught as the dry umbilical cord was still attached water and brushed. The washings \I to it. Although it was looked after and scientifically fed by a Medical jugs. In the laboratory the sample' Officer it survived only a brief four months. Not long before it died it taken up in about 50 mI. of sterile appeared to be suffering from enteritis to which young animals in &aptivity a pure culture of B. QlIthracis was i~ are so susceptible. It was observed to indulge in a lot of earth eating which early from gas-gangrene infection. J was probably indicative of a deficiency in its diet. culture without animal inoculation wa . This baby consumed an average of five pounds of dried milk per day, 76. The case illustrates tiIe i" fl\itin addition a daily dose of 45 drops of radiostoleum. As the fat content the differential diagnosis of cutan", of elephant's milk is much higher than cow's milk the fat content of the elephant tusks. It appears that tiIen dried milk ~as appropriately increased: salt was also added. which does not alter the physical qual Young animals in captivity whieh are affected with boils and sores 77. Power of Riftes.-In parag~ usually resppnd 8atisfactorily to penicillin treatment. degree of penetration of a '416 solid 72. Biological Research.-Mr. J. S. Perry at the end of October instances of the power of this rifle ar< completed his research on the reproductive cycle of the Mriean elephant, 78. The Bunyoro Game Rang< and during his two years' investigations he was able to examine I] 4 heart shot at a bull buffalo which 1 elephants. Until the material collected has been thoroughly examined together. At the shot the bull went'o in the laboratory the technical value of the investigations will not be known, behind him collapsed. She was para but in due course the results will be published. As many as seven elephants in the neck. The bull originally fire' were dissected in one day. .away as a result of the heart shot, i.e, Me Perry discovered incidentally that the skulls and jaws of fresWy 79. This Game Ranger also I killed elephants become 'clean and inoffensive after about a week if left elephants killed with the Rigby ., in running water (a stream in a swamp was m:ed). examine, the bullet has gone clean th 73. Recoveries of Illegally-possessed Ivory.-The police have recovered " This rather indicates unduly b eonsiderable and valuable quantities of iUegaily possessed ivory in the altogether desirable for elephant sho Mengo District, and some salutary sentences have been inflicted on the solid bullet'to be slightly more Sl conviction of this serious breach of regulations. 80. The same game guard wh ;, 74. Anthrax from Elephant Tusks.-The following extract from has twice killed two buffaloes witiI • The Lancet of the 21St "'bruary, 1948, is of such extraordinary interest occasion the bullet passed through and importance that it is weU worth reproduction. through the head of a second one, f. uAnthrax in man is contracted from infected animals or animal ,the neck shot and broke the ani~ products, so elephant products would be expected to be a potential sourCe ." through the heart of a second one an of human infection. 12 13 currence was an incursion by elephal\ts 75. An unusual case reported from the United.States arose in a man to the northern area of Amuria from where of 59 who had been making piano keys from elephant tusks which he cut gaged on road line clearance. with an electric saw lubricated with water. The only cleansing to which the tusks were subjected was swabbing the cores with a long-handled I General sponge soaked in water. The illness began with a small pimple on the VePhant.-An unfortunate accident occurred face. Within three days the man became progressively ill with chills and , prospecting near the Hoindagi river, in the fever and on the fourth day he became semi-comato:>e and was admitted ~, was returning to his camp one evening. to hospital ... the patient died five hours after admission to hospital. iapparently saw some elephants on the road Necropsy confirmed that the cause of death was anthrax. Preliminary ,In order to avoid them he left the road and spot sampling of surface areas of whole tusks for the presence of anthrax ~ some forest he unexpectedly walked into bacilli W<="S negative, and negative results were also obtained on examination lit rifle with him but was evidently charged of the cleaning sponge. It is remarkable how seldom anthrax bacilli are knce to fire it. He was terribly injured and found on suspec'ed material. In this c",o the bacilli were subsequently ~lp or a doctor could reach him. isolated from the tusks, and the method of obtaining the sample is worth Ekphants.-1948 has had its quota of reeording. A double bucket was used, the sides and bottom of the inner in captivity baby elephants. The most bucket being perforated. Samples of tusk scraps which had been sawn ;fiy elephant which was probably not more by the man before his illness were placed in the inner bucht under tap t as the dry umbilical cord was still attached water and brushed. The washings were drained and poured into sterile d after and scientifically fed by a Medical jugs. In the laboratory the samples were centrifuged and the sediment :f four months. Not long before it died it taken up in about 50 ml. of sterile water. After guineapig inoculation ~nteritis to which young animals in captivity a pure culture of B. anthracis w._, isolated. Some of the guineapigs died rved to indulge in a lot of earth eating which early from gas-gangrene infection. An attempt to isolate B. anthracis by lficiency in its diet. culture without animal inoculation was unsuccessful. verage of five pounds of dried milk per day, 76. The case illustrates the importance of considering anthrax in 45 drops of radiostoleum. As the fat content the differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions in workers who handle ther than cow's milk the fat content of the e1~phant tusks. It appears that there is no known m~,thod of sterilisation lcreased: salt was also added. which does not alter the phYSIcal qualmes of the Ivory. ty which are afIected with boils and sores 77. Power of Riftes.~In paragraph 46 reference is made to the high , penicillin treatment. degree of penetration of a .416 solid bullet in an elephant. Some further -Mr. J. S. Perry at the end of October instances of the power of this rifle are worth recording. reproductive cycle of tbe African elephant, 78. The Bunyoro Game Ranger using a Rigby .416 rifle took the lvestigations he was able to examine II4 heart shot at a bull buffalo which was one of a herd all standing close J collected has been thoroughly examined together. At the shot the bull went off with the rest of the herd, but a cow ~ue of the investigations will not be known, behind him collapsed. She was paralysed due to the bullet having hit her ill be published. As many as seven elephants in the neck. The bull originally fired at was found dying about 100 yards ,away as a result of the heart shot, i.e. two buffaloes with one shot! identaIly that the skulls and jaws of fresWy 79. This Game Ranger also records that in nearly every case of and inoffensive after about a week if left elephants killed with th~ Rigby .416 rifle which he has been able to I swamp was used). examine, the bullet has gone clean through the animal. '-possessed Ivory.-The police have recovered .. This rather indicates unduly high penetration power which is not tities of illegally possessed ivory in the altogether desirable for elephant shooting, and it might be preferable for utary sentences have been inflicted on the solid bullet to be slightly more snub-nosed than it is at present. of regulations. 80. The same game guard who took the spine shot at an elephant t Tusks.-The following extract' from has twice killed two buffaloes with one shot when using a '416. On one 1948, is of such extraordinary interest occasion the bullet passed through the heart 01> one buffalo, and clean • reproduction. through the head of a second one, from ear to ear; the other time he took ed from infected animals or animal .the neck shot and broke the animal's neck, the bullet then carrying on ould be expected to be a potential source through the heart of a second one and passing out on its other side. .,.. _ .. ' .... ':';.:' '".,,~ ,; l~~ 14 ~ t 81, This game guard also probably holds a.record by killing three 89. Vervet monkers dllm'aging buffaloes with one shot with this same type of weapon. The bullet went :ua1ly exterminated with the use through the heart of the first, broke the neck of the second, and then into arsenite. the head of the third passing through the brain and finishing up in the (ii) CARNIVORA neck. 90. Litin.-Lions have caused' 'the Protectorate by killing stock. SECTION III.-NOTES ON THE FAUNA In February, in Bulemezi (Bul shooting one after it had killed sevent (A) Mammals 91. In northwest Karamoja at (i) PRIMATES a lion family consisting of a male, 82. Conlla.-For many years there have Qeen persistent rumours . cubs were observed in the shade of of the occurrence of gorillas at the southern end of Ruwenzori in the region cubs were up among the branches wi around the higher reaches of the Nyamugasani river. A reliable investigator to cache a lump of meat. who endeavoured to elucidate this mystery is convinced that this huge' 92. In Ankole the experimen ape does not occur in this locality. attacked by lions which subsequent 83. According to a reliable report received from the western portion shot by a game guard at Merama Hill of the Kayonsa Forest in Kigezi an ancient rnale gorilla shared a water 93. In West Nile lions did' hole with a nearby settlement. He was a cantankerous old gentlernan, ,culprits were not brought to book. but not fero Iy:~ a,record by killing three Vervet monkeys damaging forest plantations in Kigezi were type of weapon. The bullet w;nt exterminated with the use of bananas poisoned with sodium neck of the second, and then into the brain and finishing up in the (ii) CARNIVORA 90. Lwn.-Lions have caused the usual trouble in varIOus parts of the Protectorate by killing stock. ON THE FAUNA In February, in Bulemezi (Buganda), a game guard succeeded In shooting one after it had killed seventeen goats. 91. In northwest Karamoja at the foot of the Nangaya Mountain a lion family consisting of a male, female, and three almost full-grown there have 'Qeen persistent rumours ·cubs were observed in the shade of •. large spreading fig tree. The three rn end of Ruwenzori in the region cubs were up among the branches where one was apparently endeavouring jlalUl!:as;mi" river. A reliable investigator · to cache a lump of meat. mystery is eonvinced that this huge' 92. In Ankole the experimental herd of cattle at Nsongezi was attaeked by lions whieh subsequently moved to Lugaga. One lion was 'NpOrt received from the we,tern portion shot by a game guard at Merama Hill and two by a European in Nyabushozi. • 1111 ancient male gorilla shared a water 93. In West Nile lions did a lot of damage in' K'oboko but the 'lie was a cantankerous old gentleman, ·culprits were not brought to book. several occasions he met water earriers 94. In the Butuku region of the Semliki area of Toro, cattle-killing 'Inolest them. by lions has become a serious problem. The nature of the country has the large gorilla troop of twenty or made it difficult to deal with the culprits and the problem is aggravated about thirty. ·by the fact that the local inhabitants have hunted and destroyed nearly etive pests caused extensive damage to · all the game in the area thus forcing the lions to turn to cattle-killing. Near rotectorate. Poisoning by sodium arsenite 'Rwebisengo lions mauled a game scout's porter. As the latter was trying method of dealing with them and in the to ,"ke meat from the lion's kill he had little cause for complaint. •s of Kigezi a minimum of 288 baboons were 1;000 results were also obtained in Bunyoro 95. Leopard.-The protection afforded to the~e animals in recent ssed that sodium arsenite is a very deadly years has not yet restored them to their former numbers. As a result both handled and laid by properly trained baboons and pigs have increased enormously, and in some parts of Teso it' is reported that wild pig have multiplied to such an extent that ture male specimen of what is believed · cultivation is becoming a complete gamble for the local inhabitants. nkey was obtained from the dense forests 96. In Kumi County of Teso two Africans walking along a footpath , Kadam (Debasien) in Karamoja, in April, · with their dog early one morning were suddenly attacked by a leopard. · One man was slightly mauled but when the alarm was raised the leopard called "ENYURVI" and the Karamojong say left him and jumped into a tree. A large crowd armed with spears, knives b. the females and that the adults are almost ,and sticks soon collected and advanced on the marauder. Stones were Museum (Natural History) has so far been thrown at the animal to persuade it to leave the tree; it suddenly sprang and more specimens are required. into the crowd and mauled another man before it could be attacked by 'he inhabitants of the Sese Islands state that the infuriated mob and killed. . (Cercopithecus aethiops) on Bukasa Island, 97. In Bunyoro a man set a trap for pig in his shamba but eaught • but none on the neighbouring island of a leopard instead. He called for another native to assist him and then threw that if monkeys are taken to Bufumira they • spear at the animal. The leopard sprang at him but his friend came to yet been discovered. 'ilis ....ifllaIlce. Both men were badly mauled and had to be removed to • . g by these destructive animals became 1w&pital. The leopard was later shot. , ce was made to the Sleeping Sickness 98. The only reported case of man-eating occurred north of Kamuge Irea, as a result of which 1,141 monkeys jn Mbale District early in November when a woman was killed and :devoured by a leopard which got away. - ..... - ---..--- . '"¥y- .JU i.~~.~ ~. .<~ .;:. 1 16 17 99. A Chief in Kigezi shot and killed a leopard whieh had seriously 106. In January a Game Ranger mauled several men in Nyaruisiza. He thus belied his nick-name of illest of the Forest Department, to uPiga miss" which he had earned n13ny years ago when, as a Native cated for forestry and resettlelll< Administration askari, he failed to hit a raiding Munyaruanda at pointblank orted that he found buffaloes in 1 range. isumba valleys, in herds as big as tw 100. Four tiny leopard cubs were sent to the Game Warden from Jfficult owing to forests and long gi-al Gulu. He looked after them for three months and they turned out to be is only resulted in the anhna1s being d the most delightful, clean and interesting pets. They were eventually ,e Ranger stated that he considered t shipped to the Sydney Zoo but unfortunately died on the voyage. position would have been just the '" 101. At Katunguru (Toro) a marauding leopard killed several goats, s area. which was not surprising as the flocks there are left to graze untended. 1°7. In March a9sistance was give] The raider, evidently a casual visitor, eventually went away. It could have the shooting up of the Rusozi herd I been trapped with local co-operation, but as the African complainants -hich it was driven northwards towards refused to give any assistance whatsoever to the Fisheries Officer he was In Busoga 345 buffaloes were killed instructed to do nothing. Tribal hunts have accounted for' 102. Hunting Dog.-In August twelve of these destructive beasts one hunt alone forty-one were killed. were shot by a Game Ranger near the Nyamugasani on the border of the 108. Various fatalities have occur Lake George Game Reserve. Poison baits were laid to deal with the se beasts. In Toro people complaiI remainder but without success as they were all pieked up by hyenas. 'der of their Chiefs, they were frequ 103. OtOcyon megalotis.-The Agricultural Officer, Moroto, collected oma area twenty men are alleged to in Karamoja a specimen of Oiocyon megalotis, referable presumtbly to the iUt one man who was injured 3dmitte East Mrican race virgatus, the big-eared fox, which is the first record Lt. These people are unable to resi, from Uganda of this interesting, nocturnal species. The skin and skull, a buffalo if it appears in a pig drive. which were sent to the Game Warden, have been presented to the Uganda 109. In Mubende the servant ol Museum. e, a 7 mm. and went buffalo huntitJi The Karamojong, to whom it is well-known, call this animal ",th two shots but the animal ran ~ "AMEGURI'\ and they describe it as a small, dog-like creature with large ded it with a further two shots black ears, moving about in twos or threes, living in holes, and feeding for ,t away. They continued in pursuit u the most part on white ants. ',rd time, when one nlan climbed a ttl The Karamojong names for certain other members of the Canidae LotS. The buffalo by this time h.. are:- ion-later a policeman had to fire KWEE Silver-backed Jackal. ,imal to enable what remained of the OLOO Side-striped Jackal. 'ho allowed his rifle to be used was C (both the above names are onomatopoeic). 'Buganda Government, and was distI EPEOT ... Hunting Dog or Mrican Wild dog. 110. A lady tells of her terrifyinj (iii) UNGULATES Masindi-Atura road at night. Sh 104. Buffalo.-Buffalo control continues to present a serious problem :r own words, "bared it's teeth and w; particularly in view of the difficulties in obtaining suitable new rifles and II L Roan Antelope.-A herd of adequate supplies of ammunition. This year again over three thousand des is frequently seen in the Kikag1 buffaloes have been killed through various agencies, but this wastage has 'js the race langheldi which occurs and made little impression on their vast numbers. II2. Eland.-A herd of sixty Iu " IDS. As a result of the Mrican Rinderpest Conference held in 'Infortunately, owing to the large q~ Nairobi in October, which was attended by the Game Warden, a scheme 'vides, it suffers greatly from the del designed to clear a twenty mile wide buffalo-free belt along the Uganda the localities in which it occurs it it Sudan Border for the purpose of breaking the rinderpest link with the Sudan • ding its own. . is to be introduced. This scheme, which will be in charge of an Asian "3. Greater Kudu.-This magnil Game Ranger, is expected to take five years to complete. taramojong, is now definitely recor, 17 106. In January a Game Ranger visited southern Ankole, at the request of the Forest Department, to drive away buffaloes from areas demarcated for forestry and resettlement schemes. The Game Ranger reported that he found buffaloes in large numbers in the Rivoko and Misumba valleys, in herds as big as two hundred head, but shooting was difficult owing to forests and long grass. Although forty-one were shot this only resulted in the animals being driven from one valley into another. The Ranger stated that he considered that if four hundred had been shot the position would have been just the same. Some big heads were seen in this area. 107. In March a.sistance was given to the 1 setse Control Department in the shooting up of the Rusozi herd of buffalo in Ankole, as a result of which it was driven northwards towards Ibanda. In Busoga 345 buffaloes were killed by two game guards. Tribal hunts have accounted for a considerable number; III Acholi In one hunt alone forty-one were killed. 108. Various fatalities have occurred as a result of encounters with these beasts. In Toro people complained that when hunting 'pig, at the order of their Chiefs, they were frequently attacked by buffalo. In the Nkoma area twenty men arc alleged to have been killed in this manner, but one man who was injured admitted that he had speared 'the buffalo first. These people are unable to resist the temptation to throw a spear at a buffalo if it appears in a pig drive. 109. In Mubende the servant of a Chief "borrowed" the latter's rifle, a 7 mm. and went buffalo hunting with a frlend. He wounded one with two' shots but the animal ran away. They followed it and again wounded it with a further two shots but the long-suffering beast again got away. They continued in pursuit until the animal was located for the third time, when one man climbed a tree while the other fired three more shots. The buffalo by this time had had enough and took offensive action-later a policeman had to fire yet another shot at the wounded animal to enable what remained of the man to be recovered, The Chief who allowed his rifle to be used was dealt with in exemplary fashion by the Buganda Government, and was dismissed. IIO. A lady tells of her terrifying experience when travelling along the Masindi-Atura road at night. She encountered a buffalo which, in her own words, "bared it's teeth and was about to charge"! II 1. Roan Antelope.-A herd of fourteen animals of this attractive species is frequently seen in the Kikagati area of Ankole. In this District it is the race langheldi which occurs and it is strictly protected. lIZ. Eland.-A herd of sixty has been seen in northern Acholi. Unfortunately, owing to the large quantity of meat this fine antelope provides, it suffers greatly from the depredations of poachers, but in most of the localities in which it occurs it is gratifying to report that it is still holding its own. II3. Greater Kudu.-This magnificent antelope, "AMAKuTA" of the Kararnojong, is now definitely recorded from Napak (or Mt. Kamalinga), ... It there having been previously considerable doubt of its occurrence in this locality. One has heen seen recently in the southwest corner of this mountain, ~ and three others in the northwest. The Karnmojong state that these animals are also to be found on the Nyakwai HiJls in southern Labwor, and the horns of one said to have been killed by a lion were found in the region of Munyan, north of the Moroto river. IIf. Lesser Kudu.-A fine lesser kudu was shot within a few miles of Moroto. "5. Bushhuck.-Late one night a large saloon car collided with a bushbuek at mile 6 on the Kampala-Entebbe road. The buck was killed outright and the car sustained extensive damage to the radiator. IIO. Uganda Kob.-Kob have again suffered heavily as a result of tsetse control and tribal hunts. In the Acholi-I..ango area Ts.etse Department hunters killed +00 kob during the quarter 1St January--3rst March; during the same peril>ll tribal hunts accounteq. for 176. II7, An observer reported having seen what he thought to be an albino kob near the l\rlurchison Falls. These animals, however, are knO\\'l1 to vary in the Acholi restricted a.rea from white J.O roan to almost black. 118. l\rlountain Reedburk.-A specimen of this uncommon species was obtained on the higher slopes of Napak. The mountain reedbuck is also knovm to occur on Mt. Kadam and ;vIt. Moroto. "9. Jackson's Hartebeest.-The kongoni has been hard hit by tsetse control operations and tribal hunts. The former accounted for 490 of these animals in the Acholi-Lango area during the first three months of the year. In this area for the same period tribal hunts killed 38,. 120. Blue Duiker.-The "ntalaganiya", as.it is locally called, continues to be persecllted for its soft skin which is much in detrumd for making karosses. A Ranger in the 'Vestern Province discovered that they were being trapped and the skins ~old for as little as twenty cents each. Poaching of this sort is difficult to eradicate. J21. Bush Pig.-A Fisheries Officer while proceeding by launch from Katunguru towards Lake George one morning came across a bush pig nea~ mid-channel swimming towards the Ankole shore. Its method of proceeding through the water was unusual, as, with its back above water, it moved with its head completely submerged. At intervals of about fifteen seconds it stopped paddling, lifted its head, took a deep breath and started off .gain. It was thought at the time that it might be injured, so rhe launch was taken alongside and one of the crew instructed to put a rope round it. This he did very expertly by lassoing the animal at the second attempt, and no doubt with visions of pork. There was found to be nothing wrong' with this pig which, with open mouth, demonstrated by lunging at the man holdini> the rope that it was full of life. Mter taking some photographs it was turned loose in the water to the disgust of all the Mricans aboard. It was last seen swimming strongly towards the T;ro shore from which it probably started its swim. [22. The usual intensive campaign against the bush pig wherever this destructive species is numerous continues to be carried out mercilessly, but without making much impression on its ravaging hordes. 19 ] 23. Hippopotamus-Throughout the waters of the Protectorate the hippopotamus continues to thrive, although a certain number have had to be killed in defence of property and others have been poached for the value of their meat. ]24. A few have been shot in Lake Mutanda in southwest Kigezi for damaging cultivation, but as this big creature is beneficial to the economic fisheries by fertilising for plankton growth the shallow waters in which it lives, the local Native Authority has been advised that only a very few should be destroyed. u5. In the Nile from Pakwach to ~imule, where they are not protected, the usual large numbers have been speared by the local Mricans. u6. In September a hippopotamus had to be shot at the Murchison Falls by a game guard in charge of a party of visitors, when one of them disobeyed his orders and went baek to take a photograph of the animal after being warned to move away. The result of this folly was that the game guard had to kill the infuriated creature in defence of the party. ]27. Although, in Busoga, 95 hippopotamuses were destroyed by game guards, these animals 8t111 wander freely over the Jinja golf course, but usually in the early small hours, unseen and unmolested by the inhabitants. 128. One fisherman was drowned when a hippo upse~ a canoe in the Kazinga Channel. Two old hippos which would probably have caused a similar tragedy were shot at the Katwe landing. A game guard was twice sent to Kome to deal with an aggressive hippopotamus which was interfering with fishing canoes. This was at the urgent request of the local Native Authority, but on neither occasion could tae beast be located, mainly because the local inhabitants refused to afford any assistance. ]29. The Kichwamba Fisheries Officer had an unpleasant experience when, on going :?shore on one occasion, the launch unintentionaHy separated a mother hippo from its very young calf. The mothcr at first dashed away in alarm bellowing loudly but returned a few moments later when its youngster started to squeal. Mter finding it could not get round the boat the enraged animal started to butt the port how and then tried to get into the launch. On being prodded in the snout with the end of a rifle barrel it moved away a few yards where, fortull:J.tely, it remained until the crew were able to start the engine and back the launch away. The hippo then joined its youngster, hut still seemed very upset as she continued snorting and making a lot of noise after the launch had left. ]30. At Entebbe, off the Botanical Gardens' shore, a hippopotamus was accidentally enclosed in a seine net. The animal was not in the least perturbed, and when the net lUTived near the land it calmly stepped over it and regained deeper water! ]31. Reco,ding of Hippos Belwwing.-An American visitor who wanted to obtain a sound recording of hippos "shouting defiance at each other" was given an opportunity of fulfilling his desire in the Kazinga Channel ~rea. When it was getting fairly late he was taken to a small bay in which there were ahout ]00 hippos. The visitor hopefully set up his .;,.,.",.. "'''~''P:s:ht-\iill& AkW = I 20 • .';h.. . outfit within a few yards of the nearest hippo but the animal. just .ted ~cl~ range, at him. However, he was persuaded to wait quietly, and out of sight. Mter I1lt: 'rhino iJ a while a hippo bellowed and wa., answered by another and a short ~eatb recording made, then the animals became quiet again. It was then ,,."'~ flf eyes , suggested that the recording "f these two hippos be played back at them. , ~,~tiOnB, liav This did the trick and was an immediate success, as it started all the hippos ~'-; -Every y bellowing in return and as so"n as the chorus eased off the recording was ~__.;.elt t~ tail•. played back to start them off again. S'I,j.I. ' h Jlllle twp T~ '32. Hippopotamus Fat.-A sample of hippopotamus fat was sent .y sholiring a giraffe in to Cambridge for analysis. '•. to pay a fine of sixt 133. lVhite Rhinoceros.-This strictly preserved species continues , linea seemed litde enoul to thrive, almost unmolested, in West :- anhl! cow, at close range, when they charged and finally persuaded the caJ!to retire. The rhino in this area appear to be very aggressive and invariably take umbrage at being disturbed. t 39. 'A series of eyes collected from black rhinoceros, killed (vi) RODENTIA 1+6. Anomalure or African Flying Squirrel.-A specimen of this llucornmon forest species was collected in the western Kayonsa Forest -by Mr. P. O. Matthews when a large tree about 100 feet high was felled. The skin, sku:ll and skeleton were sent to the Game Warden and these have been presented to the Uganda Museum. Formerly in this locality some ten years ago and more, it is said that this little creature was the Batwa dowry given by the aspirant swain to his father-in-law to be: nothing else won him a wife. 147. Ground Squirrel.-The common ground squirrel Euxerus erythropus lacustris is out of favour with the Forest Department at Kachlmg - (Lango) where it digs up and eats the seeds of Gmelina arborea in the forestty nursery. 22 148. Rodents.-Rodents at Muko, at the northern extrcmit)' of Lake An. egg laid caltllally Bunyonyi in Kigezi, have been causing extt:nsive damage in forestr)' ·ovemher. lantations by Garking cypress trees to a height of two to three feet ".bove 157· Yellow-billed ,')./ the ground. Rodents trapped in these plantations which may be the common species ill the culprits are Loplmromys silwpllsi ansorgei and LopllllfOmys flqllilus. region. thotlgh nu br('euin, bird hrought ,in by a local (B) Birds a pct at tht Kichwamha 110 149. Rosy Pelican (Pelecanus onocrolalus).-This pelican, generally, lSR. Glossy lbis (P!ega ;.~nd has been as plentiful 3S ever on Lake Ed\vard Lake George. It has on Kpzanga dam some 32 heen calculated that the harm it canses the economic fisheries is of tml They were :.tIl. young hi rds. staggering proportions, bnt this is referred to in paragraphs 3 I 5 and 4-32 bred in Cganoa. to 438 of the Fisht:ries Section of this Report. .'\ local breeding grollno r59 Africa/l Sp/):J1l-b of this species has yet tu be discovered. odd-hilled bird wa." oh IS0. Pinl?-backed Pelican (Pelecalllls nifescens).-The feeding hahits fLake Edwaro. ,f this species are referred to in paragrnph~ 315 and +34 of the Fisheries rfio. l,es.~er Flami1lgo ~ection of this Report. has heen an. oc('a.<;iona) visj 151. Golia/It lin-on (TyplurII /!oliath).-This fine heron breed' in tht: westcrn nft. Dr' edin commonly in the vicinity of Lakes Edward and George. Tt is not a 161. lVlli/t'-hufked Dlle communal brccdel, 1houl'{h :c:everal nests may he found on one small diving d\lck is ~ common a islano. :vIost of the 11I':St$ are not readily accessible, placed as they are on in the Ma£aka District. top of spikey Eupho1'l>ias. In this locality the hrccd.in~ sca"nIl eXlemh 162. Blark Ri'i.'er DueA £rom September to Jammry. ccasion,..l \ isitor to I ,ake, :\~: 152. Night lIernn ('i\Tyctievrax II. nyc/ieorax).-This species is eit her 1 fi3. ({nob-lulled Guo.l'e uncomm0l1 or else cxtn.:mely locllJ as it is rarely encountered. One was omOlon specIes on most of rh seen OIl the Razinga Channel in '\ovt:mber. n the Kyazanga dam it is fit 153. Whilf S(orl~ (Cievllia c. ciconia).-Two while storks which 16+ Egyptilill CUlHe (, h?d [rcyuented \rasaka golf coun;c for several weeh \\ ere still there at noisy Egyptian goose is ITr) the end of May. and Ka.zinga Ch:ltlnd region 154. Open-bill (/lllGS/OllIllS lamelligerus).-Although flock!; of opcn Rwensarna on th(: KigLZi sll bills tot?lling abollt 300 birds were seen in th~ vicinity of mile 60 on til vas found brecoing in an old I Kampalc>.-l\lasah road during JlIne, July, August and Reptember no ros Fish Ea!flr (('1I11flll hr,>cuing colony w?'> located ;~Ith()ugh these are the USll?l ne, ting mont~;. unmi~takah)e dangin!! cry is In Busog,•. , :'. s01'll\ hreeding colony was reported in :\ vcry tall 11171/!f' Lake George and Kaziug;•. y()tln~ tri':C' whicL contained hird.s in August. I December YOllng unes n 155. Saddle-hill S/.)rl< (Ephippiorhynclll/s sl'11l'galnHis).-Tn .\prJ) a juvenile wa." kept at the Kieh pair of the$c storks wt'"n. reported nesting ne?!' Kabtanda on tht: .\nku)e :'\ear a western Ankole cratel 'ide of the Kazinga Channel. The nest, \\ hich wa$ .1 lar~e one measurillg a clifT from which it "'a.<; po some 9 ft. by 6 ft., W2S in a flat topped Ellpl/(Jrhia ahout 25 ft. off lhe ground the eaglet". 20 0 and vards from the water. 1\ eggs wert: seen until 5th June when 1 r,6, Fult111'l1lf Fish Eugl a Pisheries Officer \'isited the ncst and. founu one of th.e birch; incuhating of this hanusollW, piebald ea three eggs. Cnfortunately the sittin~ hiI'd deserted and four days latt:r where thi:- species undoubtedl it was found that the nest had been abandoned notwithstandillg the fact T67. La11llllergeyer or Bea, that the eggs were on the point of hatching. A Rockefeller Institute n:j:ea ~udcUe-hiU Thi!' i5 the first authenticated record of the hreeding of the hird at I he northem end of Rll tork in Uganda. 168. StOlle .Pnr/,.il~tte or 156. }It]arabolll Stud? (Leptop/ilos rnmu1l1je/'lls).-Thcre \S IlO A nest of this interesting littl dimin~tion in numbers of this odtl-looking IJird at the Katwe and in ROllth-eastern AcholJ on 30' Katunguru fish landings on Lake Edward and thc Kazinga Channel. all rock) hills In Kar;~moia, • 23 northern extremity of ake • n gg laid casually on the ~round wa. found at T atwe un 20tl tensi ve cL'l.magc i fore try November. ~t of l wo to three f et above 1 ~7. Yellow-hdled Slorh or WOI)d ihis (lbis ihis).-Th.i: is a fairly tat ions whit'h llllly be the common p cie. in the Lake Edward, LIke Georg..: and Kmr.inga ella !'lel pllllrol1lYs aquiIus. regi 0, tho gh no bre >ding colony h:/S yet heen located. Howe" r, a young bird hrough in I y a lneal ric;\n during r()47 \Va.;; kepl for some time as a pe ,.t the Yichwa.l ba lIotel. /S).-Thi. peli, n, generally, 158. GIl)ssy This (Plegadi: falduel/us) -riftci.'n were seen in .L - ovcmber d ~)nu Lak corge. It has on Ky".zanga dam some ]2 miles beyond r 24 • ,69. Afman ~ake (Crecopsis egregia).-A 'pecimen of this sk1/king .~ of Lake Edward species, which Jackson writes "ib a rare bird in collections," waS collected .it- far the eggs have- not near Katwe (Lake Edward) in September. Ccting....tind is at oft' '70. Little Reed Hen (Porphyrula alleni).-Although widely June 0,+ shores of Lake Edward at Rwensama (Kigtzi) and Kinyampidzi (Toro). So far the eggs have not been found locally, though intrusion on to a breeding ground is at once apparent by the fantastic display of feigning wounded and crippled birds indulged in by the parents to divert attention: 180. Stone Curlew, Thit:k Knee or Water Dikkop (Burhinus v. vermiculatus).-This odd-looking. species which frequents the dry shores of .I),e Uganda lakes usually advertises its presence by its weird, plaintive call, and it is particule.r1y noisy in brilliant moonlight. On Lake Vietoria it has a definite association with crocodiles, and where these loathsome mOl\sters breed there too will be found the nest of vermiculatus, the eggs oft~n lying on the ground within a few feet of a brooding saurian. At Rwensama (Lake Edward) a dikkop's eggs were found in the centre of an old heap of elephant droppings; near Lake George e. dry buffalo "pat" was uset for a similar purpose. 181. Scandinavian Lesser Blaclv-backed Gull (Larus fuscur furcus). On 2nd July an adult Larus fuscur fuscus was brought in' ?live near Bundibugyo, in Bwamba, western Toro, to a member of the Swedish East Mrican Expedition. As it was ill and weak it was turned into a scientific specimen. On one leg it carried a ring which is referred to i~ paragraph 194· , 182. Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon ,nilott(4).-In August several hundreds of this beautiful tern were seen at a l~goon at Rwensama on the Kigezi shore of Lake Edward. It is possible that they may have been breeding ~ little earlier in this neighbourhood, but none was examined for sexual.activity. 183. Milky Eagle Owl (Bubo lacteus).-This huge owl breeds freely in Entebbe and juveniles strong on the wing and capable of looking after themselves usually appear in November. In the Lake Edward, Lake George arid Kazinga Channel area brooding birds have been seen on eggs on top. of old hammer-head stork nests or in fish eagles' nests in JUly and August. A juvenile nearly ahle to fly was found in an old eagle's nest by the Kyazanga dam on loth May.. 184. Duck and Geere.-Duck were seasonally plent;ful on Kyazanga, Nabitanga, Namimbi, Kyebondogoto, Matete, Ntusi and Biwolobo dams in the Masaka District, on various dams ap.d l".kes in Ankole, in Busoga, and on the dams in the Teso and Lango Districts. Spurwing geese were reported in large numbers in the neighbourhood of Mugoya on Bugaba Island of the Sese group. 185. Black Bee-eater (l'Ifelittophagus gular;', australis).-Specimens of the black bee-eater, a species not hitherto recorded from Uganda, were collected in Bwamba, western Toro, and in May this handsome species was observed to be nesting in the banks of some of the small streams which are crosSl'd by the road to Bundibugyo. 186. HOnl!Y Guide (Indicator rpp.).-The Fisheries Officer who was bil1eted at Kichwamba flotel reported that a honey guide, probably the large, black-throated species, came on several consecutive days to eat __"01_ ..--- . ~. '-:J- ." .. .- 26 • beeswax out of a cigarette tin which had been left otiti)_e~ He 193. Rw_ama.-The got snaps of the bird while it was perched on the edge of the tin, and with George and the Kazinga its head deep down in the tin. This record suggests that the hon8'f guide neighbourhood are all noted may be pritnarily interested in eating the wax of a honeycomb, ,:!hich one when it is claimed that one would imagine normally to be quite indigestible. But what is of exceptional in this respect it must be r. interest is how the bird found the wax. The nearest tree was sorne distance Rwensama on the Kigezi sh, away and the bird could not possibly have seen it; if it found it by scent July, August and September the bird must have quite an uncanny sense of smell! .: of birds in great variety have t 187. At the end of the year, at Entebbe, the Game Warden noticed to in the preceding .ornithologi, a scaly-throated honey guide (Indicator v. variegatus) eating the wax of an abandoned wild bees' comb right inside a wood shed. 194· Co-operation with 1 188. Teso Golden-crowned Weaver (Ploceus spekeoides).-In the course were recovered from white < st, of working through the study collections at the British MUS ,:;. 27 193- RW8IlSama.-The sholes and swamps of Lake Edward, Lake George and the Kazinga Channel, and the saline craters in this neighbourhood are all noted fOI their varied and abundant bird life, so when it is claimed that one swampy lagoon of little extent is outstanding in this respect it must be realised that the bird life there is literally profuse. Rwensama on the Kigezi shore of Lake Edward is well worth a visit in -July, August and September by any nature lover for its concentrations of birds in great variety have to be seen to be believed. Some are Ieferred to in the preceding ornithological notes. 194. Co-operation with European Bird-il'larking Stations.-No nngs were recovered from white storks during the year. An example of the Scandinavian Lesser Black-backed Gull (LaTUS f. juscus) was found III Bwamba, western Toro, on 2nd July with a ring marked:- T7775 Particulars of when and where this gull was RIKS MUSEUIYI ringed have not yet been received. STOCKHOLM , 195. Since the last Report (vide paragraphs 176-177) details of seven more white storks bearing Rossitten rings (recorded in 1947 Report) have been obtained, as follows:- Ring No. Date Locality where ringed BB 12284 1938 or 1939 District of Cottbus, Province Brandenburg, Gem1any. BB 11494 June or jU!y,I939... Pcovinee Oberschlesien, Upper Silesia, Germanv. BB 83 2 5 1936, 1937 or 1938 Distriet of Stolp. Province Pommem, Pomerania, • Gennany. B 66286 28th or 29th June, 1939 ... District of Samland, East Prussia. B 76008 1940 Ortelsburg, East Prussia. B 65 658 1938 (two rings) ... District ofTrebnitz, Silesia. B 65659 B 65 1 7 1 ... 1939 (two rings) "Burgenland" part ofAustria. B 73408 t All these birds were ringed while still in the nest. 196. The Rossitten bird marking station of pre-war days has been replaced by the new Radolfzell station. 197. The following infonnation has been received from P. Skovgaard of Viborg, Denmark, concerning certain of his rings recovered in Uganda:- Ring No. Annua~ Report Date Loeality where ringed referenee R4954 ... (1935, para. 309) ... 30-6-32 Askov, Vejen, S. Jutland, Denmark. R 6I87 ... (1936, page 31) ... ? " . Vejen Distriet, S. Jutland, Denmark. R 3848 ... (I947, page 29) .. June or July, 1937 ... Spanggaarde, 20 km. north of Viborg, N. Jutland, Denmark. These three birds were ringed while still in the nest. - ,. • :"'j..~¥~-"" f.".,....-~· .~"li . 7' .""\<. .~. ~~~ . . , . I 28 198. The following details have been received of W'\lite stotb and 202. Pythons abound ~ other species whose "Helgoland" rings have been recovered 4ocaJly; and Kwania in the EasternI unless otherwise stated all the birds concerned are white stork,,- have taken advantage of theit. Unfortunately, there is not ~ Ring No. Annual Report Date Locality where ringed where these great reptiles a~ reference ------. market and kill the trade, wi 221 954- ... (1936. page 31) .. , 10--7-36 ... Oster-Ihlienworth, Hadeln, Hanover, Gennany. Pythons up to a length of [ 227374- ... (1939, para. 74) .. 25-6-39 . .. Bergenhusen, Sehleswig, Schleswig- diffieulty. Holstein, Germany. 203. An eight feet pyth' 221175 .. (1947, page 27) ... 6-7-38 ... Wehrdex, Elsfleth, Oldenburg, Gennany. Kazinga Channel near Katung 222877 ... (1947, page 27) .. Records lost d uring the war. well and truly entangled. 221 524 .. (194-7, page 27) ... 28-6-39 .. Kellinghusen, Steinburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Gennany. 204. Royal Python or j 218773 ... (1947, page 27) ... 2-7-39 Holzhausen, Osterburg, Magdeburg a West African species whic on Elbe, Germany. 31I780 .. (1947, page 28) 24-6-"3 6 ... Leipzig, Saxony, Gennany. Uganda. The first authentic, Black kite. whieh was obtained at Laufol 222769 ... (1947, page 28) 7--7-40 ... Salzendeieh, F.lsAeth, Oldenburg, Germany. bi9logist. Subsequently, anO! H 297 .. «(947. page 28) ... 2:;-6-39 ... Bremen on Weser, Germany. Semliki valley, at the forest ed 2217°9 ... (1947, page 29) ... 6-7-35 .. , Frischenmoor, Brake, Oldenburg, Germany. species which rarely attains a ~ H 352 (1947, page 29) ., 26-6-36 ... Arsten, Bremen on Weser, Germany or frightened it is apt to coil 1 229065 ... (1947, page 29) 5-7-45 ... Hergenhusen, Friedrichstadt, Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, popular name'. Germany. • 205. Scaphiophis albopu, been given this harmless SF '99. These birds were either ringed in the nest or while still spade-like rostral, which pr juveni1<;: appropriately be called the");h, Ring No. 311780 when originally received was said to have come is not particularly common t from a "black stork". Catholic Church at Budini, ne: Ring No: 222769 is from a white stork ringed in the early part of the biologist collected a fine exampl war; ring 229065 is from one ringed in the latter part of the war. are recorded from Serere am H 352 is ,from a white stork which was 9t years old, and. is the oldest appe,r that this species which bird from which a ring has so far been recovered in Uganda. mainly found in the drier eastel 206. Fatalities.-An Afri, zoo. (i) Details of the ringing of Budapest 1[5597 (1937, page 29) at Katabi, just outside Entebbe, are that it was ringed as a nestling at Komjati, N.E. Hungary, on 9-7-1935. is believed to have been a puff , (ii) With reference to Paris Museum ring B 6723 (1947, page 28 Human fatalities in Buaog No. 'l·in 10941 list), this white stork was ringed as a nestling in June, [940, twenty-four. at Bordy, Bou, Arreridy, Constantine, Algiers, North Africa. 207. General.-Snakes fo the Congo Beige, south wester (C) Reptiles Kenya, the Coryndon Museunl 201. Python (Python sebae).-The python each year can be relied on for a good story, and this time it is the Game Warden's wife who can SECTIO provide an experience which subsequently she had to record for an American broadcast. .A well shaded heap of cattle manure is one of (A) n a gardener's most cherished possessions, but it also has that nice wann 208. Rinderpest.-Acknowl temperature beloved of reptiles for incubating their eggs. It is rather Veterinary Services for a res~ terrifying to find coils of python instead of manure wherewithal to particular reference to game. . fertilise a garden, which was the lot of this luckless lady. The wretched This disease was widesPre python, which had to be shot· as it could not be captured, measured where it spread to North Teao. 10 feet 3 inches. north of Mount Elgon. 29 received of "'.te storks and . 202. Pythons abound along the swampy shores of Lakes Kyoga "have been recovered toeally' and Kwania in the Eastern Province, and some enterprising residents d are white storks:- ' . have taken advantage of their abundance to foster a trade in live pythons. Unfortunately, there is not an unlimited demand for live pythons, •.nd Locality where ringed where these great reptiles are so plentiful it is soon possible to flood the market and kill the trade, which was the inevitable fate of this venture. 09ter-lhlienworth, Harlem, Hanover, Gennany. Pythons up to a length of 10 feet were caught and handled with little .. Be~~> Schleswig, Schleswig- difficulty. ",,"!O.lAClII, Germany. Wehrdex, ElsAeth, Oldenb",g 2°3. An eight feet python was caugbt in ., five-inch mesh net in the " Gennany. ' Kazinga Channel near Katunguru. In its struggles to free itself it became . thewar. J{e~. Steinburg well and truly entangled. ~~-HolsteiD..chrmany. 204. Royal Python or Ball Python (Python regia).-This is re.Jly _. U8e'I1, Osterburg, Magdeburg '0 on Elbe, Germany. a West African species which only occurs along the western edge of teJp~•.Su:ony, Germany. Uganda. The first authenticated record of its occurrence is a specimen ~~';ich) F.1sfleth, Oldenburg, which was obtained at Laufori, in West Madi, by the elephant research .....-Lljlany• birlogist. Subsequently, another reliable record was received from the .~on Weser, Germany. -~oorJ Brake, Oldenburg, Semliki valley, at the forest edge in Bwamba. The royal python is a small , y • species which rarely attains a size exceeding five feet. Wb"n first handled . Btemenon Weser Germany or frightened it is apt to coil tightly into a compact ball, hence one of its U8eD. Friedrichs~dt ~. SchJeswig-HoI~tein popular names. Gennany. ' 205. Scaphiophis albopunctatus.~No popular name seems 10 have been given this hannless species, though from its very pronounced in the nest or while still spade-like rostral, which produces an almost beak effect, it could appropriately be called the shovel-headed snake. It is a burrower which ived was said to have come is not particularly common though plentiful in the foundations of the Catholic Church at Budini, near Kaliro in Busoga. The elephant research ringed in the early part of the biolog~st collected a fine example at Laufori, in West Madi, Other specimens latter part of the war. are recorded from Serere and Soroti, and from Lango, and it would 9! years old, and is the oldest appe.r that this species which normally reaches a length of 3 to 5 feet is overed in Uganda. mainly found in the drier eastern and northern parts of the Protectorate. .pest "5597 (1937, page 29) 206. Fatalities.-An Mrican student at the Survey Training School at Katabi, just outside Entebbe, died from snake bite. The snake concerned I, N.E. Hungary, on 9-7- 1 935. ring B 6723 ('947, page 28 is believed to have been a puff adder. ~ Human fatalities in Busoga due to snake bite were reported to total d as a nestling in June, '940, lfll. North Mrica. twenty-four. 207. General.-Snakes for identification have been received from the Congo Belge, south western Sudan, Northern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Kenya, the Coryndon Museum (Nairobi) and privale il\dividuals. ython. each year can be relied , Game Warden's wife who can SECTION IV.-GENERAL Iy she had to record for an .. of cattle manure is one of (A) Diseases of Game mt it also has that nice warm rating their eggs. It is rather 208. Rinderpest.-Acknowledgments are due to the Director of id of manure wherewithal to Veterinary Services for a resume of the incidence of rinderpest with ~ luckless lady. The wretched particular reference to game. id not be captured, measured This disease was widespread in game and cattle in Karamoja, from where it spread to North Teso, and to a lesser extent to the Sebei plains north of Mount Elgon. Al. 30 In North Teso game were not observed to be infected with rinderpest • j 216. Duly authon~ but buffalo, eland and warthog carcasses were found in Karamoja and on at the most favourable ~ the Sebei plains and Elgon foothills, such discoveries being closely tsetse control area. It ~ associated in place and time with outbreaks of rinderpest in cattle. of tribal hunting with t 209. Outbreaks of rinderpest also occurred in a few isolated herds control during the same of cattle in the northern part of the West Nile District adjaoent to the of which both methods southern Sudan, the infection having been introduced from the Sudan greatest successes are witl through the medium of game but fortunately, spread of the disease the larger, for instance the southwards did not occur. No evidence, however, of infected game in this District was found. Tribal 2 ro. For the past thirty years or more the rinderpest epizootics hunting which have caused such havoc in Uganda have come from tlie north, and Hush buck 611 on the urgent representations of the Director of Veterinary Services as Bush pig 29 a result of this latest West Nile infection a scheme has been evolved in Warthog 3°3 Waterbuck 35° an endeavour to prevent future disease introductions from the north. Hartebee-st 345 spreading southwards. 211. Rinderpest C07l!"ere1lce.-In October, the Game Warden 217. These ligures • attended an International Rinderpest Conference which was held at contention freely expressec: Nairobi. One of the resolutions of this Conference recognised the urgency with nets and spears is not of creating aseries of barriers to check the possibility of the southward spread of rinderpest originating in the north. It was agre~d that the 2 18. In the latter P' Uganda-Sudan border is of primary importance in this respect, and, in East Africa High Commi consequence, the Protectorate will endeavour to break the rinderpest link out investigations in the with the Sudan. connection with the carria It will inevitably take several years to bring the necessary operations two tsetse flies GlossiTUl mOl to a suc~essful conclusion, but if in the end the success anticipated is achieved the saving in cattle losses and remedial expenses wilt be (B) incalculable, and well worth the costs of the campaign, which s1tould not 219. Crocodile :Yilins. be unduly heavy. found in paragraphs 415-4' 212.' What it is propoSed to do is to try and create a buffalo-free 220. Game Skins.-C zone along the Uganda side of the border to a depth of twenty or thirty of the activities of tsetse c miles, as this very susceptible species is there abundant. parts of the Eastern Provi. At present it is not considered necessary to try and free this area of and sell the skins of the all susceptible ungulates, as it is believed that the buffalo on account of destructive specLe~. its numbers and wandering habits is the animal almost entirely responsible for the spread of the disease, but time alone will show that this assumption (C) !'i is correct. "~;: 221. Murchison FaliJ By the end of the year speciat'¥huffalo measures on a limited scale carried 821 passengers to 1 had commenced. ., : . excursion to the Falls has 1 2 13. Other Diseases.-No other diseases of game came to notice incidents necessitating th~ during the year. buffalbes and a hippopotan 214. Tsetse Control in connectiOT! with Game.-The Kigezi killed in a few months thal resettlement (vide paragraph .198, 1947) continues to make.good progress, this trip. and four game guards are still permanently employed in this area. These incidents were 1 215. Tsetse control operations, which usually entail considerable that in some cases animals interference \vith game, have continued in Ankole, Buruli, Bugerere, the Falls. This was never Lango, Acholi and eastern Karamoja. Particular attention was paid by Reserve the visitors have to, the Department to the preservation of giraffe, black rhinoceros, the rare dangerous to proceed the roan antelope and, to a certain extent, the Uganda kobo 31 216. Duly authorised organised tribal hunts have assisted considerably at the most favourable season in evicting game from the Acholi-Lango tsetse control area. It has been interesting to compare six months' results of tribal hunting with the achievements of the hunters shooting for tsetse control during the same period. Generally, with the exception of buffalo of which both methods show an almmt identical bag, tribal hunting's greatest suceesses are with the smaller ungulates, and tsetse control with the larger, for in.tance the following figures:- Tribal Tsetse Tribal Tsetse hunting Control hunting Control ----- Bush buck ... 6" 73 DUlker ...... 1,01 I '°5 Bush pig ... 29 Nil Oribi ... 894 363 Warthog ... 3°3 17° Reedbuck '" 427 10O Waterbuck ... 35° ,88 Kob ... 188 617 Hartebeest ... 345 I,:Z47 217. These 'figures somewhat strikingly bear out this. Department's contention freely expressed in the past that straightforward, tribal hunting with nets and spears is not unduly destructive to the larger antelopes. 2 I 8. In the latter part of the year two research workers from the E~t Africa High Commission Tsetse Reclamation Service! were carrying out investigations in the Kibanda-Choepi region of eastern Bunyaro in connection with the carriage and spread, primarily by elephants, of the two tsetse flies Glossina morsitans and G. pallidipes. (B) Economic Industries 219. Crocodile Skins.-Reference to the crocodile industry will be found in paragraphs 415-4'7. create a buffalo-free 220. Game Skins.-Considerable quantities of game skins, a result of twenty or thirty of the activities of tsetse control have been disposed of to the trade. In t. parts of the Eastern Province local traders are still permitted to purchase and free this area of and sell the skins of the common duiker, an abundant and particularly buffalo on account of destructive specie~. > t entirely responsible that this assumption (C) Notes of General Interest 221. Murchison Falls Trip.~During 1948 the Railway steamers . ·.measures on a limited scale carried 821 passengers to the Murchi;,on Falls. The increasingly popular li'~j excursion to the Falls has this year bhn marred by a series of unfortunate iii- vi game came to notice incidents necessitating the killing of three truculent elephants, two buffaloes and a hippopotamus. In fact more wild animals have had to be :.,,;u, Game.-The Kige~i killed in a few months than in the whole of the previous twenty years of .yes to make-good progress, this trip. oyed in this area. These incidents were carefully investigated and there is little doubt usually entail considerable that in some cases animals were shot in order to enable visitors to get to 'Ankole, Buruli, Bugerere, the Falls. This was never intended, and the rule is that being a Game lar attention was paid by Reserve the visitors have to give way to the wild life, and if it is considered , black rhinoceros, the rare dangerous to proceed the walk to the Falls has to be abandoned. kob: .,;, .. .-'I 32 222. The African game guards who constitute the protective unit see off anyone who tried to . accompanying the visitors have again been warned that their responsibility finally took refuge in the lake towards them does not include getting to the Falls at all costs. Further, 229. Game Warden's Tl a...~ it 'MlS considered that the path in the vicinity of the a.nchorage was tour and visits were paid becoming overgrown to a dangerous extent arrangements were made with exception of Arua, Moyo the Railway authorities to uf!.dertake the necessary clearing. made to the Fisheries station , 223. Complaints have been made by visitors who have seen wounded lagoon, Lakes Edward and G hippos in the river carrying in their bodies harpoon heads attached to the fish landings along the L large arnbatch floats, which is the work of poachen;. . and Mjanji, Were inspected 1)10 On one occasion every effort wal: made to free an unfortunate the Masaka, Teso and Lango hippopotamus of this in..,;;.trument of" torture, but without avail, and visited included Bundibugy~ eventually all that could be done was to cut adrift the tell-tale float. M utunda and Atura Port, L 224. Honorary Game Rangers.-Honorary Game Rangers appointed Serere, Lake Salisbury and t during the year were Mr. 1,. St. C. Bartholomew, Mr. J. K. Marriott and 230. Increased Costs. Mr. C. S. Wilson. commodities and rising saIari, 225. Game Conference.-In June the Game Warden attended an cost of the Department year informal Conference of East and Central African Game Wardens in clothing are all much dearer. Northern Rhodesia, at Chilanga (near Lusaka), which is the headquarters of the Game, Fisheries and Tsetse Control Department of that territory, at which the Ea~t Mrica High Commission, Central Mrican Council and SECTI' Southern Rhodesia Game Department were also represented.' The , opportunity was taken of studying the progress made at Chilanga in fish (A) .culture, which though only in its initial stages has already achieved results (I) GENERAL of considerable importance. 231. A second Fisheries 226. Scientific and Filming Expeditions.-Amongst the numerous charge of Lake Albert arrived expeditions Which, are visiting East Mrica in ever-increasing numbers year acquiring local know\. and which ilicluded Ugarula in their itinerary were a Swedish Natural Kazinga Channel region. , Science Expedition; an Expedition from the University of California, 232. As previously, the a; including a Vnited States Naval Medical Science Group, which was to be concentrated on (a) the studying the role played by shrews in the transmission of malaria; the control. The control staff has t Gatti Expedition; a United States Mission, from the )lational Research of additional fish guards, bringiJ Council of the Pacific Science Board, in quest of a parasite tu destroy the large East Mrican snail Achatina which has become an appalling pest 233. Once again during 1 since its introduction by the Japanese into the Pacific regions; the November, the usual vigorous Elk-Combs (American) Expedition to film tribes and wild life; Mr. Arch female crocodiles on the Lak, ~ Obo1cr who was accumulating material for a series of topical broadcasts a matter of routine that the in America; Mr. and Mrs. Rogen;, to obtain documentary films and operations are entirely in theJJ photographs of local interest; and Mr. Wilson of Glasgow, collecting wild always achieves good results. animals for his private zoo. (2) LEGISLATION 227. Collecting Wild Animals for Zoos.-There have been several 234. .During '948 the j enquiries from zoos, but generalJy collecting for zoos is discouraged. As Notices concerning the control) there are no wild animal dealers in Uganda itinerant expeditions trying Game Ordinance and the Trout! to collect live animals are apt to foster an illegal and undesirable trade The following is a list of in protected species. Legal Notices Nos. 40, ~ 228. Recalcitrant Bull.-In November, the Department was called The most important iten; upon to deal with a recalcitrant hull at the Entebbe lake-shore slaughter in Legal Notice No. 252 whii house. The bull not unnaturally decided to live longer and proceeded to Fishing Rules, 1947". 33 _tinnie· the protective unit see off anyone who tried to interfere with it. It refused to be caught and 'that their responsibility finally took refuge in the lake, where it was shot. 'af 1111 costs. Further, 229. Game Warden's TOUTs.-The Game Warden was constantly on -~;tbe anchorage was tour and visits were paid to all Administrative headquarters, with the ."were made with exception of Arua, Moyo and Moroto. In addition, several visits were made to the Fisheries station at Kichwamba, as weB as to Katwc, Kaianja lagoon, Lakes Edward and George, and the Kazinga Channel. Most of the fish landings along the Lake Victoria ehore, including those at Jinja and Mjanji, were inspected morc than oncc. A large number of dams in the Masaka, Teso and Lango Districts were investigated. Other places visited included Bundibugyo (in Bwamba), Butiaba, Masindi Port Mutunda and Atura Port, Lale and Bugondo (both on Lake Kyoga), Serere, Lake Salisbury and the Sebei region of Mt. Elgon. 230. Increased Costs.-The steadily increasing cOots of all commodities and rising salaric& afC reflected in the progressively increasing cost of the Department year by year; in particular. rifles, ammunition and clothing are all much dearer. SECTION V.-FISHERIES (A) Administration (I) GENERAL 23 L A second Fisheries Officer who is eventually destined to take charge of Lake Albert arrived in August and spent the remainder of the year acquiring local knowledge in the Lakes Edward and George, and Kazinga Channel region. 232. As previously, the activities of the African fish guards continued to be concentrated on (a) the compilation of statistics, and (b) general control. The control staff has been further augmented by the appointment of additional fish guards, bringing the total to 36. 233. Once again during August, September, October and a part of November, the usual vigorous campaign ha& been prosecuted against the female crocodiles on the Lake Victoria breeding grounds. It is now a matter of routine that the arrangements for and the conduct of these operations are entirely in the hands of the African staff. This campaign always achieves good results. (2) LEGISLATION . ·.bave been several 2J4.. During 1918 the Fishing Rules, 1918, and various Legal .ill !Iiscournged. As Notices concerning the control of fishing were publi,hed by virtue of the expeditions trying Game Ordinance and the Trout Protection Ordinance. undesirable trade The following is a list of the relevant Legal Notices: Legal Notices Nos. 10, '90, 252, 259 and 260. "lrtJl!lent was called The most important item is "The Fishing Rules, '918", published lake-shore slaughter in Legal Notice No. 252 which essentially amplify and strengthen "The r and proceeded to Fishing Rules, '947". ... , ______---- "":_-_..,._.--.--,-.-_._____ 4 ¥. ,:tI'·~;;"X:::Lt.'::y?' • ...~ 'j i 34 (3) NETS (ii) Railed for Export fl 235. Supplws.-A general shortage of all types of nets has continued. 76 tons 140 lb. which t This is sca[cely surprising as only 444 cwl. (1,[42 ewl. in 1947) of fishing 242. Exported by Road; nets were imported, a decrease of 61 per cent. on last year. (a) To the Belgian Con ~6. ~~~ (b) To the Belgian Congo, <-c) l'() t\\~ \\~\'5\"'~ c:..:,. QUAN-rHms AND '1 Al...\JES OF 'FISHING NETS IMPOR1ED Quantities and values of dr Lake Edward and associated Country of origin Quantity Value 1--- 243· ewt. £ United Kingdom 444 58,839 Weight Month 1---- Dried countrie~. (salted) Sm( There were no importations from other 1 237. It is understood that some headway has been made with the -'-I~tons to! establishment of a flax-spinning and net-making factory on the Kenya January 88 IJ F,ebnl'ary 125 I I, side of Mt. Elgon. March ... 156 21 April... 76 :Ii 238. Priees.-Net prices continue to soar. In 1947 the average price May 144 2. of imported nets per cwt. was £82, in 1948 it had risen to £132. June 49 I• Jul~' ,.. (02 2. 239. At the end of the year the retail price of the 5-inch net was August 76 I' Shs. 31/25 cents; of the 3-inch net Shs. 13/03 cents, and of the2t-inchnet September ... 76 2J October 102 a' Shs. 13/94 cents, representing increases respectively of Shs. 2/tiJ cents, No~'ember ... S7 3: Sh. 1(09 cents and Sh. 1/42 cents. The cotton seine net, or "gogo", December ...l 100 . 3: advanced slightly from Shs. 150 to Shs. 152. GRAND TOTALS ••. 1 ','51 .60 240. The net shortage naturally promotes 2 brisk black market which flourishes particularly in the Lake Edward region. 244· In [947, a total of Large q\lantities of small mesh nets to meet requirements at Lake •.t £58,084. The average price Kijanebalola are hand produced loeally ou~ of cotton thread. £87: in 1947 it w", £40 per toi A certain number of five-inch nets are home-made in the Sese 245- (iv) Imported into Islands. Mahagi Por;..t: _ Table B. Month (4) IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF DRIED FISH 24t. (i) Handled by Railway Steamers: January (a) From Sese Islands and Kome:- February 160 tons 707 lb. (of which all but 17 tons is from Sese), which is March April only about two-thirds of the tonnage handled last year. This drop May is probably due to the islands' fishetjllen having made their own June . July . ,- arrangements for transporting much of their dried fish to the Au'!ust mainland. September October (b) From Tanganyika Territory:- November 143 tons 528 lb. (of which all but 7 tons is from Bukoba), which is December a drop of 37t per cent. TOTAL Vide paragraph 224 (i) (b), 1947, it is probable that increasing quantities of fish are being conveyed overland from Bukoba. No dried fish was imported by rail from Kenya. (e) From Butiaba (Lake Albert) to the Belgian Congo:- (1 435 tons (approx.), which is an increase of 22[t tons, or more than (1 ) LAKE VICTORIA double the 1947 figure. 246. Control.-As usual the fishing regulations, CO-O' 35 (ii) Railed for Export from Mainland Ports and Railway Stations:- types of nets has continued. 76 tons '40 lb. which is 56 per cent. decrease on r947. (1,142 CWl. in '947) of fishing 242. Exported by Road:- ~.t. on last year. (a) To the Belgian Congo, through the Kisoro Customs Post-Nil. I Table A. (b) To the Belgian Congo, through the Vurra Customs Post-Nil. (e) To the Belgi.n Congo, 'through the Mpondwe Customs Post. NG NETS IMPORTED Quantities and values of dried (salted) and smoked fish exported from ~. Quantity Value Lake Edward and aswciated fisheries:- r--- 243· fi cwt. £ 444 58,839 Weight Value Month ------TOTAL TOTAL Dried Dried Fountrie8. (salted) Smoked (salted) Smoked ~.._--_.__ .....- !way has been made with the tOllS tons tOllS £ £ £ inaking factory on the Kenya January ... 88 '0 98 4,3+8 745 5,°93 February ... 125 '9 '44 6,361 1,659 8,020 March ...... '56 22 '78 7,826 ],947 9.773 . In r947 the average price April ...... 76 u 87 4,020 949 4,969 May ... .. , '44 ., ,65 7,064 1,880 8,944 had risen to £132. June ...... 49 25 74 2,460 2,d)8 4,648 p~ July ...... '02 23 125 5,280 2,057 7,337 of the 5-inch net was August ... 76 '9 95 4,090 I 1,723 5, 81 3 cenlB, and of the2!-inchnet September .. , 76 20 96 4,127 1, 809 5,936 October ... ,"2 20 '22 5,3°0 I,7~6 7,016 ively of Shs. 2/88 cents, November 32 89 2,8:l3 2,778 5,631 December 38 138 4,988 3,114 8,102 on seine net, or "gogo" 1 .. GRAND TOTALS ::1-,,::: 260 ],411 58,7 17 22,565 81,282 a brisk black market which n. 244. In r947, a total of 1,368 tons was exported which was valued meet requirements at Lake a.t £58,,,84, The average price per ton of salted fish is £50 and of smoked colton thread. £87: in '947 it was £40 per ton for salted and £76 for sm 36 the annual campaign against the breeding crocodiles, have constituted the principal activities of the Lake Victoria fish guards. Once again the effort and the industry have been affected by the Ngege~ continued net shortage. Semutundu Kasulubana 247. Vide paragraph 239, the price of nets ill" again risen, and the Ki~inja "Red Hand" five-inch mesh flax gill-net which cost Shs. 28/37 cents when Male 1947 closed, was at the end of 1948 selling at Shs. 31/25 cents. Mamba Mpongo In view of the progressively advaneing net prices-flax gill-nets are now two-and-a-half times pre-war costs-the fisherman is justified in demanding There is little difference in higher, but not unreasonable, prices for his catch, and naturally he will figures. take advantage of a public which is prepared to pay unduly inflated prices. 254. During 1948 no check!! 248. There has been some falling off in the quality of the ngege, landed at NakiyeJDe. as the average weight is I' 49 Ih., which compares unfavourably with the Small mesh nets were again 1947 average of I'56 lb. from this landing during a tolai 249. Breaches of Game Laws.-Breaches of fishing regulations have were used. not been numerous, those which have been detected being of a minor 255. Average weight of ng, nature and principally coneerned with infringements of mesh size and economic species calculated fl fishing in prohibited waters-which is in fact an offenee against the principal fish landings (excepting Sleeping Sickness r~gulations. to the Sese Islands was I'49 Ib appr~ 250. Lake Victoria Fishen'es Board.-Considerable progress> has 35 I ,078 ngege. This is ao been made with the formation of the actual Lake Victoria Fisheries Service !.56 lb. though slightly better tl sh~ and in the middlc of the year a Chief Fisheries Officer, who is also the at the eight principal landings Executive Officer of the Board, was appointed: his headquarters are at total. At Masese (linj•.) 123,035 Mwanza. At the end of the year there arrived a second Fisheries Officer, and at the four principal Ses who had been recruited and trained in the United Kingdom: for the time respectively !·461b., 1·47Ih. (app being he has bero posted to M wanza. 256. Average size of ngege.., were taken at various times of the Fisherie~ 25 I. In December, a plenary meeting of the Lake Victoria Kaziru and Bukakata, and no .mde Board, which was attended by the Game Warden, was held at Mwanza. 257. Jinja Catches.-The c< l\tluch pre1imin~y organisat,ion, however, remains to be done, and serious '947 and 19+8 are as follow:- investigations and development must await the arriv.l of suitable-launches. 252. Nakiyenje Basic Landing.-Stati.tics were collected at NakiyeJDe Year Days Nets ~ landing on the Entebbe peninsula on 291 (303 in 1947) days, during which 1947 273 34,8[9 ,. period a total of 52,805 five-inch mesh gill-nets (approximately 181 per 1948 248 3 1,934 ,. day) was set, being 11,421 more than last year, and approximating nearer The 1948 results based on 25 d to, though about 3,000 in excess of 1946 figures. 106,036 fish weighing improvement in the llgege and an '95,921 lb. (approximately 80 tons) were caught as compared with the ca'ch. The 1948 average catch pi 1947 figures respectively of 64,7°1 fish and 142,605 lb. a fraction better than in the previol An average of two fish per net set was caught which i. a marked better being 3'9 as compared with: improvement on last year's aver•.ge of I'5. The average weight of ngege 258. Fis/ling Effort.-In 1948 works out at I'47 lb. which is a .light decline on last year's figure of I'5 lb. a total of ,,856 fishing days at th The increase in effort, notwithstanding the difficulty in obtaining adequate in a total catch of 426,505 ngege. supplies of nets, is very welcome. The ngege-totalling 7',410 In t947, the respective figuret constitute 67 per cent. of the catch, and are more than twice the number indieate a considerable increase ill; landed in '947. The daily equivalent is approximately 245 ngege. of nets fished per day is 98, a mal 253. The average weights of the principal species taken in the The average number of ngege cau@ five-inch nets were:- lower (in 1947 it was 2·6). 37 crocodiles, have constituted .a fish guards. In 1947 ustry have been affected by the lbs_ lbs. Ngege" 1 '47 (I' 5) Semutundu 3'2 (3- zapprox.) • of nets has again risen, and the Kasulubana nearly z (2) which cost Shs. 28/37 cents when' Kisinja 3"5 (3'35) ~lale 5 (5' 5) at Shs. 31/25 cents. Mamba nearly 7 (7) t\.lpongo just over [ lb. (just over 1 lb.) net prices-flax gill-nets are now sh~rman is justified in demanding There is little difference in these average weights from the 1947 hlS catch, and naturally he will figures. ed to pay unduly inflated prices. 254. During 1948 no chech have been taken of the size of the ngege off in the quality of the ngege, landed at Nakiyenje. compares unfavourably with the Small' mesh nets were again in short supply, and only 625 were fished ri from this landing during a tOlal of 29 days: in [947. during 40 days 960 hes of fishing regulations have were used. detected being of a minor 255.' Average weight of ngege.-The average weight of this important ringernents of mesh size and cconomic species calculated from the statistics collected at the eight ,,!aet an offence against the principal fish landings (excepting Nakiyenje) in Lake Victoria, from Jinja to the Sese Islands was 1'49 lb., e.g. just under It lb. and is based on .' -Considerable progress has 351,078 ngege. This is an appreciable decline on last year's average of e Victoria Fisheries Service l' 56 lb. though slightly better than 1'46 lb. in 1946. The ngege catch . Officer; who is also the at the eight principal landings shows an increase of 135,[24 over the 1947 : his headquarters are at total. At Masese (Jinja) [23.035 ngege averaged 1'48 lb. approximately; .., a second Fisheries Officer, and at the four principal Sese landings the average weights were .~ Kingdom: for the time respectively 1'46 lb., 1'47 lb. (approx.), l' 5 lb. and [. 5 lb. .56. Average size of ngege.-Several checks on the length of ngege !;l~- '.- .' were taken at various times of the year at Masese (Jinj~), Mjanji, Katebo, the Lake Victoria Fisherie£ :Gf. Kniru and Bukakata, and no undersized fish were found. atden, was held at M wanza. 257. Jinja Catches.-The comparative Jinja (Masese) catches for to be done, and serious 1947 and 1948 are as follow:- arrival of suitable launches. .were collected at Nakiyenje Year Days Nets Ngege Semutundu Kasulubana Kisinja III 1947) days, during which ------_.------,- 1947 ... 273 34,81 9 IZ3,09° 10,°44 11,144 z,ooS '. (approximately 181 per 1948 ... 248 31,934 IZ3,035 11,9°9 4,°3 1 1, lz9 _:' " , ~d approximating nearer . , .figures. 106,036 fish weighing The 1948 results based on 25 days less than in 1947 show a slight improvement in the ngege and an appreciable inere:;!s\:: in the semutundu : caught as compared with the ca~ch. ~142,605 lb. The 1948 average catch per net set is 4' 5 which is once again a fraction better than in the previous year. The average ngege catch is also - caught which i. a marked better being 3'9 as compared with 3' 5· 5· .The average weight of ngege 258. Fishing Effort.-In 1948, a total of 181,475 nets was set during . on last year's figure of l'5 lb. a total of 1,856 fishing days at the fourteen principal landings, resulting difficulty in obtaining adequate in a total catch of 426,505 ngege. he ngege-totalling 7 1 ,4 0 1 In 1947, the respective figures were 111,133--1,418-291,9°4, which more than twice the number indicate a considerable increase in effort in 1948. The average number oximately 245 ngege. of nets fished per day is 98, a marked rise over last year when it was 78. . cipal species taken in the The average number of ngege caught per net set is 2' 3, which is a little lower (in 1947 it was 2·6). . 38 259. Kagera River.-Ningu catches, with the 3-inch or 3t-inch 264. Value of the mesh gill-nets, at and in the vicinity of the mouth of the River Kagera computation at the existing are as follow:- the fishing industry in the £65,000, Landing Days Nets Ningu Weight 265. Boat Building. ~------I\.1asangano .. , ...... 75 4,133 39,254 35,852 considerable progress at the Mubanzi ...... 77 5, 184 .1 8,972 54,886 essential improvements bom Igoma ...... 65 7,025 $2,43 I 5 1 ,310 Kyasa ...... 19 6,384 49,61$ 48,077 in the latest models. By t ------_.- construction or test. The gem TOTALS ... 276 22,726 200,279 11)0, 125 inexpensi,ve fishing craft so , with the 3-inch or 3!-inch 264. Value of the Lake Victoria Fishing Industry.-A rough the mouth of the River Kao-erao computation at the existing high prices suggests that the total value of the fishing industry in the Uganda waters of Lake Victoria i, at least £65,000. Nets Ningu Weight ------265. Boat Building.-Experimental .boat building has made 4. 133 39,z.H 35,852 considerable progress at the Kampala Technical School where all the time 18 5, 4 58,979 54,886 essential improvements born of past experience are being incorporated , 7,025 52,431 5 1 ,3 10 l~·384 49.61 5 48,077 in the latest models. By the end of the year five boats were under r 22---;;;6 - 200,279- -~~125 construction or test. The general plan is to produce a simple, comparatively I, inexpensive fishing craft so designed that construction shall be within the t "::.-= flpproximately o' 95 lb. capabilities of Mrican craftsmen working amongst their own people. 266. Although local interest in these experiments has increased ~hing period of 350 days caught and although much lip service has been paid to the efforts which are being ~ years. The small catch in 194 8 made to evolve a suitable type of craft, the practical test comes when one 'mdustry, and is directly related of these vessels is put into the water and demonstrated. So far, unfortunately, ng days, as well as to almost half the vessels demonstrated have proved a drug on the market; when it comes rI, being fished. Th~ decline in to the point no Mrican wants them, unless they are fitted with mechanical !y in obtaining adequa\e supplies propulsion. Sails are the subject of destructive criticism; it is true that nine mngu per net is still low. , most of the local fisherfolk are ignorant of the use of sails, but it is equally i to,," of dried fish were weighed true that they do not want to try to learn how to use them. I It was mainly semutundu with , 267. The modified pattern Usembo Bay type of fishing boat which lubana, and a goodly quantity is being developed is a twenty foot, hard chine, carvel built, craft with Kame and i ton from Sese, square transom. One has been demonstrated at Kazi, on Murchison Bay, Lake Victoria, for several months, and another, in June) was taken to Katwe and so long as for demonstration on Lake Edward. 268. The last mentioned wa, used with sail and much to the were:- amazement of the onlookers and critics travelled •.gainst the wind thus Increase in cents confounding the local critics who had declared that a ·sailing boat could since 1947 only blow along with the prevailing breeze. The possibilities of this craft were discussed in full detail with the NfL local Chief and representatives of the Baganda Fishing Company, all of '0 whom seemed keenly aware of its advantages. The business fraternity, 50. 60 however, wanted it to be powered with an outboard motor. 50 Although this boat, which had been purchased by the Native (0 Adminis1ratioD, was received with some enthusiasm by the fishermen no attempt to use it was made once the European instructor had left, and unduly high, and those ranging at the end of the year it was lying derelict at Katwe. rt. are scarcely wstifiable though 269. Another vessel is of the same gener.] design., but has a canoe oers of the com':Ilunity who are stern, e.g. a double-ender, as opposed to the square tran,om type. This is similar in appearance to the traditional Sese fishing canoe, and it is 'species were:- believed that it may have greater appeal to the African fishermen. Shortly. Increase in cents after the construction of this double-ender had commenced, a Sese canoe since 1947 with a square transom was seen at Port Bell! The intention is also to try out these Usembo Bay pattern craft with outboard motors, and also with Nil a fixed Diesel power unit. reviously4 for 20 cents) Nil 270. An ex-pupil of the Technical School was returned to the reviously 3 for 20 cents) School from Fort Portal for special instruction, and after having assisted in, and in one case supervised, the building of two boats, he was sent back, 41 boat building for the Native Although the Lake Albert Fisheries Officer arrived from the United has not been fulfilled. Kingdom in early August, he was for various re"ons posted to Kichwamba of canoe pattern, for paddle in the Lake Edward region until the end of the year. ve been specially designed for 278. Vide 263, 1947 Report, Uganda Lakes Ltd., which had been an alternative to the dug-out. operating for about a year in Lake Albert and employing as its agents y are accorded by. the local a trio of Cypriots, at the end of the year disposed of its interests to the newly formed Uganda Fish Marketing Corporation, who in its tum who is nearing completion of continued to employ this trio, styling themselves Kefreru, and with whom 'alising in this type of boat the necessary agreement was made. . . ding business of his own in 279. Although difficult to assess with any degree of accuracy it is lome local finn or the Native known that the Lake Albert fisheries are of considerable value and i importance, and the export trade to the Congo is extensive. Vide Ithe part. of Technical School paragraph 245, 521 tons of dried fish of Uganda origin, valued at £32,649, !"u:"" .to JOIn the boat building passed through the Belgian Customs Post at Mahagi, during the year. ilt III Improved types of fishing The total value of this industry may, however, be double this amount. ion of the potentialities of the 280. Cotton ,eason prices are usually the best, during the period r· January to April, and prices paid at Mahagi for a 44 lb. bundle of dry ! of the catches of the five-inch salted fish in February, March and April were respectively Shs. 30, tas Well as the weight of dried Shs. 33 and Shs. 30, though it was reported in March that a price of as tded by the fish guards, wili be much as Shs. 37 per bundle had been paid by some buyers. The average Itt. - price paid per ton of dried salted fish was approximately £6].' Table C 281. The fisheries generally continue to flourish, and a reported scarcity of mpoi, a periodical complaint, may be due to adverse water ING LICENCES ISSUED ON LAKE conditions in the normal fishing grounds. . 282. Early in the year during the dry s~ason, when the region is ~ceDceB Revenue collected most '\ccessible the possibility was examined of establishing a fishing settlement on the Toro shore of Lake Albert. There had been several £ ,. applications on the part of Africans who had never even visited the ,324 332 8 ,234 223 8 locality, for permission to fish there. In the dry weather this locality is accessible by lorry, but for eight ~,558 555 ,6 months of the year, except by water, it can only be reached on foot after a fifteen miles journey through water-logged country. Open water cannot t 428 42 ,6 be seen from the proposed site, and before the lake is reached one has to , 370 37 a I traverse tortuous channels through swamps infesced with myriads of 798 79 ,6 mosquitoes. Moreover, there is a lack of building materials and firewood. 1),356 635 I2 Good canoes, suitable for fishing in open waters, can be obtained from Kasenyi (Congo Beige) for Shs. 300 to Shs. 400 each. ~ increase, approximately 39 Owing to its remoteness combined with numerous other disadvantages :hing licences taken out in the it has been decided, at least for the present, not to pursue this proposition. an equivalent increase in the 283. A small fishery, however, is carried on profitably in this lcouraging. neighbourhood along the Semliki river, and owing to the shortage of 8 have prevented any increase locally produced food, high prices are obtained for smoked or fresh fish. Ngege are sold for 30 cents, semutundu for Sh. 1/50 cents, and other large Mengo and Masaka Districts fish may fetch as much as Shs. 6. f 1,002 (830 in 1947). The stinking "fresh" fish trade between this region and Bwamba :) has to be smelt to be believed! "",sible to attempt any direct 284- The West Nile fishing industry based on Panyamur, at the north western extremity of Lake Albert, continues to flourish. After the .. ... ,<.c 42 Congo SHUN Company ceased to collect fish from this region by motor effort. Unfortunately' boat, the fisherfolk had perforce once again to take the dried commodity nets has interfered seriously by dugout to Mahagi Port for disposal at the fortnightly market. In Congo is only 43 tons more t consequence the fishennen .pent most of the money realised in the Congo 292. TABLE OF CATCHES: instead of in Uganda. • 285. At Mahagi Port there are at least ten independent buyers'who Species Katunguru buy several hundreds of tons of dried fish per annum, mainly from the Uganda Mricans of Jonam and Bagungu. Nonnally, about 8h. I per kilo No. Ii». Ngege ...... 92.1,063 -I,5~.1 (or 45 cents per lb.) is paid for this dried (salted) fish, but during the period Semutundu .. 25,219 II6,6. November to February prices usually rise to Sh. 1/50 cents per kilo (or Kasulubana ... 347 Kisinja ... II,all; 2.-9,1'.'". 68 cents per lb.). Male .. 2.-,42) 18,01 At Nioka (Congo) m~rket inland the price is 16 francs per kilo Mamba .-. 7,279 59.5" Ningu .. , ... 6 (85 cents per lb.) and at Bunia 19 franc. per kilo (8h. 1 per lb.). Total nets set ... l"h337 .m' 286. At the end of the year there was in process of fonnation in (and 62,242.hooksJ Madi a company~not then registered-to conduct large scale fishing operations in the Nile in order to supply Gulu with fresh and dried fish. Total days fished... 356 287. At Ndaiga at the south eastern end of Lake Albert in the Mubende District, fOUf of the Mrican inhabitants are conducting a small fishery to provide fish for local consumption. Various applications from 293. The total catch Q1l non-natives and other immigrants to exploit the Ndaiga fishery have peen semutundu (mainly), male and...i refused. Tot~l number To (3) LAKE EDWARD AND ASSOCIATED FISHERIES of predators of] 288. Fish guards are stationed pennanently at Katwe, Katunguru , --- and Kaianja for the purpose of collecting statistics and for control. A 290 ,276 I, senior fish guard and another are allotted to the Fisheries Officer at Kichwamba, and, in addition, there are two more available for itinerant , visits to Lake George. It has been found necessary to engage a fish guard 294. AvrRAGES:- especially to collect statistics on the Toro side of the Kazinga Channel, at Katunguru, owing to the magnitude of the catches now landed there. Kat 289. Owing to exasperating delays on the part of the contractor Average number ofnets per day '.' 40 the Fisheries Officer's house, which has a magnificent commanding site Ayerage number of ngege landed at Kichwamha overlooking the rift valley, was unfinished at the end of per day... 2..587 Average total weight of ngege the year. landed per d:'ly ...... 4,J32- 290. Control, despite the allocation of a launch for the 'Ole use of (near. the Fisheries Officer, has not been satisfactory in so far as Lake George A\'erage ngege catch per net set ... 64 0 3, is concerned l where organised poaching on an inunense scale has developed. Even large organised raids have had little effect except to put out 295. Average weight of:- of commission temporarily some of the illegal fishing camps. Poaching is much too profitable for any temporary action to act as an effective Katl deterrent. The catches per net in Lake George are incredibly high; one canoe in a month can catch at least £roc worth of fish; and smoked fish Ngege I sold to the Congo finds ready buyers at £90 per ton. Semutundu 4 Kasulubana '.0 J 291. As usuaJ l the major -portion, amounting to I,4II tons, of the Kisinja 2 catches from this well-stocked region h.., been exported dried (salted) Male , , Mamba and smoked to the Belgian Congo where there is still no slackening of 8 Ningu 3 demand and where once again rising p~ices are an incentive to increased 43 from this region by motor effort. Unfortunately a continued shortage of the necessary five-inch to take the dried commodity nets has interfered seriously with the effort and the export total to the the fortnightly market. In Congo is only 43 tons more than in '947. money realised in the Congo 292. TABLE OF CATCHES:- t ten independent buyers who Species Katunguru Katwe Kaianja per annum, mainly from the I I ~----~--~------onnally, about Sh. 1 per kilo No. lbs. No. lbs. No. Ibs. Ngege ...... 921 ,063 1,542,199 1,732,937 2,913,186 193,937 296, [19 ed) fish, but during the period Semutundu ... 25.219 I 16,624 238 ,429 1,060,792 95 392 ,'to Sh. 1/50 cents per kilo (or Kasulubana ... 347 1,263 661 2,137 .-. ... Kisinja ... II ,819 29.14° 5J,567 153,742 13 43 Male ... 2,423 IB,991 5,277 37,021 440 3,379 ~ price is 16 francs per kilo Mamba .. - 7,279 59.541 9.779 9 0 ,080 1,335 10,806 Ningu ... 6 20 137 442 -_. ... rkilo (SiL 1 per lb.). ---. - -- Total nets set ._. 1+,337 122,511 ... in process of formation in (and 62,24z hooks) (and 54,610 hooks) (and 917 hooks) o cOnduct large scale fishing (and 4,339 baskets) (and 49,864 baskets) u with fresh and dried fish. ----~------Total days fished... 356 362 362 end of Lake Albert in the .\"Ilts are conducting a small .-Various applications from 293. The total catch of the principal predatory species, e.g. the Ndaiga fishery have been semutundu (mainly), male and mamba was :- Total number Total weight Total weight of predators of predators ently at Katwe, Katunguru Ibs. statistics and for control. A 1,387,812 to the Fisheries Officer at o more available for itinerant ressary to engage a fish guard 294. AVERAGES:- , side of the Razinga Channel, le catches now landed there. Katungucu Katwe Kaianja on the part of the contractor Average number of nets per day ... 4° 137·7 (baskets) • magnificent commanding site A ....erage number of ngege landed was unfinished at the end of per daY ... ' .. 53 6 Average'total weight of ngege landed per day 4,332 lbs. 8,047l Ibs. 818 lbs. i a launch for the sole use of (nearly 2 tons) (a little over (a little over ~ory 3l tons) i ton) in so far as Lake George Average ngege catch per net set 14· I 4 (per basket) r on an immense scale has little effect except to put out 295. Average weight of:- legal fishing camps. Poaching action to act as an effective Katunguru Katwe Kaianja :Corge are incredibly high; one worth of fish; and smoked fish lbs, lbs. lbs. Ngege ...... , 1 ·67 1·68 I ·5 J per ton. Semutundu ...... 4. 6 4'45 4- , Kasulubana ... '" ... 3. 64 3. 2 3 '" Iounting to 1,4" tons, of the Kisinja ...... 2.46 2,8, 3-3 been exported dried (salted) Male ...... 7'8 7'2 7'7 Mamba ...... -. 8'2 9'2 8· • there is still no slackening of Ningu ...... 3'3 3' 1 ... 5 are an incentive to increased 44 1 296. The total tonnages caught at Katunguru and Katwe are:- 00 3 • j (vii) The total nets At Kaianja cent. but there is not an eq tDns to", (viii) At Katwe there i~ Ngege ...... 1,989 132 '2 nets, but a marked dOl Sp,mutundu .. , .'i 2 5· 6 0'13 very Kasulubana .. , I'S ... (ix) At Kaianja there 1 Kisinja .. , ... 81. -6 ... 73,I2~ Male ... 25 I" of basket::; set, from Mamba ... ,,' 67 4. 8 due to the progressive dJ disaster has to a certain ~ 'fOTAL 2,689"7 138 -63 (in baskets) ngege catch pel basket set, ngege were caught, but in a 297. The total tonnage of the principal predators semutundu 3°1. (mainly), male and mamba is:- (x) The total kisinja c -----,------from the 19+7 total of 68, 5~ Katunguru and Katwe I Kaianja 302. Dried Fish.-Owinl tons I tons systematie returns have been 613"5 6·1. (majnlymamba) from Katwe and Katunguru fl It is, however) known t~ 298. Compa,ing '9+8 figures with those of '947:- months May, June and July: (i) 53,23!r more ngege were caught at Katunguru, an inc~e""e of a price at source of 85 cent. PI 6 per cent. (total nets set show an increase of 16 per cent.); and 56,031 303. Prices.-At the enl more at Katwe, an increase of 3 per cen\. (net increase 46t per cen\.). Sh. I per kilo for dried (sa.ttt (ii) There has been a 33 per cent. increase in the numbers of competition was keen, especi predators caught, and a 50 per cent. increase in total weight. a possibility that prices will ri& (iii) The nets set per day at Katunguru show little change-fo in 30+. Although the total '948 and '\0' 3 in '9+7; at Katwe 63 more nets per day have been set of kisinja and ningu at Katwe).l indicating an increase of 23 per cent. fished flom Katunguru and I (iv) There has been a drop of just over 43 per cent. in the daily appreciated that the recoMed average of !,>askets set at Kaianja, but the average ngege catch per basket and 58 days greater at Katwe has again increased, from 2' 27 to 4. has been an increase of 23 P< (v) The average catch of 64'3 ngege per net at Katunguru is 6'3 number of ncts fished. less, and the '4' I at Katwe is a marked decrease on the '947 figure of 20. 305. Accordingly, these j that the increase in extent of ( 299· catch of llgege per net fished (vi) Average weights of the various species show:- '9+7 to 6+ in '9+8, and at Ka (a) A slight increase in the ngege at Katunguru, from 1·6+ in '947 fish per net from Katunguru to 1·67; an increase at Katwe from I'55 to l'68 j and an increase at Karnre from about 23 to 16. ' Kaianja from ,.4 to ,. 51. 306. The quality of the (b) A rise in the semutundu both at Katunguru (from +'45 to +' 6) from the average weights re. and Katwe (3.85 to 4' 45)· regard to .the extent of the cat, (e) A decrease in the male at Katunguru (from 8, 5 to 7' 8), and drop in results, particularly at a slight increase at Katwe (from 7 to 7'2). at Katwe the daily average of 3 (d) A drop in the mamba at Katunguru (from 8'7 to 8'2); an 307. It is therefore time appreciable rise at Katwe (from 8'36 to 9'2); and also an appreciable fished from anyone vessel, oth • rise at Kaianja (from 7' 3 to 8· ,). to this important fishery with (e) A decline in the kisirtja at Katunguru (from 2' 55 to 2'46), and The one encouraging fe' an increase at Katwe (from 2·68 to 2·87). weight of predators which haY< -- 45 and Katwe are:- 3°°, (vii) The total nets set at Katunguru show an increase of 16 per At Kaianja cent. but there is not an equivalent increase in the total catch. tom (viii) At Katwe there is a 46t per cent. increase in the number of 1J2'Z o· 13 nets, but a very marked decrease in the extent of the catch. (ix) At Kaianja there has been a tremendous drop in the number J 'S of baskets set, from 73,124 to 49,864-a difference of 23.260. This is 4·8 due to the progressive drying up of the lagoon. Fortunately, this ~xtent II '38'63 disaster has to a certain been off-set by an increased average r (in baskets) ngege catch per basket set, from 2'27 to 4, and actually 27,7'2 more ngege were caught, but in a longer fishing period of 62 more days. rcipal predators semutundu 3°1. (x) The total kisinja catch of 65,386 docs not differ a great deal from the 1947 total of 68,5If. 302. Dried Fish.-Owing to the ill-health of the Fish Culturist no systematic returns have been kept of dried (salted) or smoked fish sent from Katwe and Katunguru for Uganda's internal trade. It is, however, known that Mr. Dina Nath of Katwe during the three '947:- months May, June and July exported to Kenya 70 tons of salted fish at Katunguro, an increase of a price at source of 85 cents per lb. (e.g. total value £6,66f). .16 per Cent.); and 56,03 I 303. Prices.-At the end of the year Congo buyers 'were offering UlCIease 'l-6t per cent.). Sh. 1 per kilo for dried (salted) fish and Sh. llif cents for smoked. As . in the numbers of competition was keen, especially for the smoked commodity, there is •in tOtal weight. a possibility tMt prices will rise even higher. . show little change-40 in 304. Although the total catch of each species (with the exception .tiets per day Mve heen set of kisiltfa and ningu at Katwe) as well as the grand total offish taken in nets fished from Katunguru and Katwe show an actual increase, it must be '1-3 per cent. in the daily appreciated tMt the recorded effort was 5 I days greater' at Katunguru, erage ngege catch per basket and 58 days greater at Katw~l than in 1947. 1\Ioreover, at Katwe there has been an increase of 23 per cent, (e.g" 63 nets) in the daily average r net at Katunguru is 6·3 number of nets fished. on the 1947 figure of 20. 305. Accordingly, these fisheries are not in the flourishing condition that the increase in extent of catches would at first indicate. The average catch of ngege per net fished from Katunguru has dropped from 70' 6 in iesshow:- 1947 to 64 in 19'1-8, and at Katwe from 20 to '4' 1. The average catch of :atunguru, from I' 64 in '947 fish per net from Katunguru has dropped froIU about 73 to 67, and at 5 to I'68; and an increase at Katwe from about 23 to 16. 306. The quality of the fish caught, and especially of the ngege, Atunguru (from 4'45 to 4' 6) from the average weights recorded shows. no cause for alarm, hut in regard to the extent of the catch in relation to the effort there is a serious lW'U (from 8· 5 to 7,8), and drop in results, particularly at Katwe, which seems to suggest that at least at Katwe the daily average of 338. 4 nets fished is more than enough. lW'U (from 8'7 to 8'2); an 307. It is therefore time to restrict the number of nets which can be ~'2); and also an appreciable fished from anyone vessel, otherwise permanent hArm is likely to be caused to this important fishery with resultant progressively decreasing catches. llrU (from 2' 55 to 2' 46), and The one encouraging feature is the greatly increased number and weight of predators which have been caught. .• 46 308. (i) Investigations conducted in Katwe Bay have confirmed that hippopotamus mat: ngege frequent the shallows, which constitute the greater part ofthis bay, its dung with its U for breeding. It is well known that this bay is consistently poached manner. Not 011 and it is almost certain that the serious reduction in the breeding females considerably reduc due to this habitual poaching is responsible to sonie extent for the salts, but the amoUl decline in the average catch of the Katwe fishing fleet. In the deeper reduced. In other and more open waters of. the bay there are plenty of semutundu. Its movements tro (ii) The Fish Culturist noticed that there was a substantial increase materially assisting in the ngege catches at Katunguru and Katwe during a period of heavy it keeps down unde rains in February. the fishermen from 309. In August, the site of the prospective Kigezi fishing settlement are known to go for at Rwensama was visited by the Game Warden, the Fish Culturist and 313. Lake E~ the Lake Albert Fisheries Officer. The opportunity was also taken to of Lake Edward iS1 investigate the mouths of the Ishasha and Ntungwe rivers, neither of which receiving an abun! is readily detecteq from the lake. Near the mouth of the Ntungwe, where turbulent conditio predators abound, limited fishing activities with baskets are permitted. of water is unsuital 310. Congo Industry.-In the latter part of the year the Fish phytoplankton fo Culturist was privileged to visit the Belgian Government fishing' industry place is taken by firmly to rocks an' at the,'south ,end of Lake Edward. He saw two remarkable• hauls made by a seine net, 800 to 900 meters in length, near the Talia river which is attendant zooplank in this lake. about 10 miles distant from Vitshumbi. (i) The first haul was when the net was laid around the mouth of The protection the river and about 20,000 fish, mostly barbus, were caught. Hundreds yield of fish. escaped by jumping over the side of the net. 314. Parasites. : (ii) The second haul was at a point south of the river. The estimated are singularly free f~om c~.tch exceeded 25,000 fish which were mostly Tilapia nilotica, in fish other ~ practically all ripe fish, and nearly all females. 2 per cent. of the catch bagrus) are clean cpnsisted of Tilapia leucosticta. towards the surface. : Only ten predator fish were seen. The entire surface of the water above rooted aquatic vegeti the tightly packed bag at the end of the net as it was hauled in was swarming avoid contact with with tiny tilapia, in various stages of development, which had been ejected however, are probab from their parents' mouths. They were being preyed upon by quantities abundant organic fer of terns. is shown by their im The report by the Fish Culturist, who is stationed at Kichwamba, shot, and also in elm follows:- seen or heard grubbi: shallow water near th (4) REPORT BY THE FISH CULTUR1ST 315. Pelicans. 3I I. Activities during the year have been concentrated on Lakes the shooting and eJ Edward and George and the Kazinga Channel, with a view to investigating while they both live the reasons why these comparatively small and restricted fishing areas 'tilapia, which it co are so consistently productive of a heavy yield of Tilapia nilotica, and pelican (Pelecanus r~ whether the fishing effort could be extended to meet the demands of the shore and to a large ( local people of Turo, Ankole, and Kigezi, for a bigger share in the natural being predators pre: wealth of their lakes. Anhinga rufa the da 312. Fertilisation.-The waters of Lake George and the Kazinga tilapia fishery, and i Channel receive a generous application of organic and liquid fertiliser examination of the from the hundreds of hippopotamuses. Plant nutrients are being constantly P. rufescens revealed added to the water and surrounding shores through the medium of (Pelecanus roseus) on 46 308. (i) Investigations conducted in Katwe Bay have confirmed that hippopotamus mat: ngege frequent the shallows, which constitute the greater part ofthis bay, its dung with its U for breeding. It is well known that this bay is consistently poached manner. Not 011 and it is almost certain that the serious reduction in the breeding females considerably reduc due to this habitual poaching is responsible to sonie extent for the salts, but the amoUl decline in the average catch of the Katwe fishing fleet. In the deeper reduced. In other and more open waters of. the bay there are plenty of semutundu. Its movements tro (ii) The Fish Culturist noticed that there was a substantial increase materially assisting in the ngege catches at Katunguru and Katwe during a period of heavy it keeps down unde rains in February. the fishermen from 309. In August, the site of the prospective Kigezi fishing settlement are known to go for at Rwensama was visited by the Game Warden, the Fish Culturist and 313. Lake E~ the Lake Albert Fisheries Officer. The opportunity was also taken to of Lake Edward iS1 investigate the mouths of the Ishasha and Ntungwe rivers, neither of which receiving an abun! is readily detecteq from the lake. Near the mouth of the Ntungwe, where turbulent conditio predators abound, limited fishing activities with baskets are permitted. of water is unsuital 310. Congo Industry.-In the latter part of the year the Fish phytoplankton fo Culturist was privileged to visit the Belgian Government fishing' industry place is taken by firmly to rocks an' at the,'south ,end of Lake Edward. He saw two remarkable• hauls made by a seine net, 800 to 900 meters in length, near the Talia river which is attendant zooplank in this lake. about 10 miles distant from Vitshumbi. (i) The first haul was when the net was laid around the mouth of The protection the river and about 20,000 fish, mostly barbus, were caught. Hundreds yield of fish. escaped by jumping over the side of the net. 314. Parasites. : (ii) The second haul was at a point south of the river. The estimated are singularly free f~om c~.tch exceeded 25,000 fish which were mostly Tilapia nilotica, in fish other ~ practically all ripe fish, and nearly all females. 2 per cent. of the catch bagrus) are clean cpnsisted of Tilapia leucosticta. towards the surface. : Only ten predator fish were seen. The entire surface of the water above rooted aquatic vegeti the tightly packed bag at the end of the net as it was hauled in was swarming avoid contact with with tiny tilapia, in various stages of development, which had been ejected however, are probab from their parents' mouths. They were being preyed upon by quantities abundant organic fer of terns. is shown by their im The report by the Fish Culturist, who is stationed at Kichwamba, shot, and also in elm follows:- seen or heard grubbi: shallow water near th (4) REPORT BY THE FISH CULTUR1ST 315. Pelicans. 3I I. Activities during the year have been concentrated on Lakes the shooting and eJ Edward and George and the Kazinga Channel, with a view to investigating while they both live the reasons why these comparatively small and restricted fishing areas 'tilapia, which it co are so consistently productive of a heavy yield of Tilapia nilotica, and pelican (Pelecanus r~ whether the fishing effort could be extended to meet the demands of the shore and to a large ( local people of Turo, Ankole, and Kigezi, for a bigger share in the natural being predators pre: wealth of their lakes. Anhinga rufa the da 312. Fertilisation.-The waters of Lake George and the Kazinga tilapia fishery, and i Channel receive a generous application of organic and liquid fertiliser examination of the from the hundreds of hippopotamuses. Plant nutrients are being constantly P. rufescens revealed added to the water and surrounding shores through the medium of (Pelecanus roseus) on 47 ~we Bay have confirmed that hippopotamus manure. The curious habit of this animal in scattering ~e the greater part of this bay, its dung with its tail ensures this fertiliser being applied in. a most useful lbay is consistently poached manner. Not only is it broken down into small particles thereby I action in the breeding females considerably reducing the time taken for its decomposition into useful ~ble to some extent for the salts, but the amount of oxygen required in this process is also considerably l fishing fleet. In the deeper reduced. In other ways the hippopotamus is also of benefit to the fishery. plenty of semutundu. Its movements through the water stir up the bottom muds, thereby re was a substantial increase materially assisting in the liberation of nutrients into the water. Also, ~we during a period of heavy it keeps down underwater rooted vegetation, and to some extent prevents ! the fishermen from fishing their nets too close to the shore where tilapia f ' Hve Kigezi fishing settlement are known to go for or ::>.fter breeding. rden, the Fish Culturist and 313. Lake Edward.-The shallow water fringing the Uganda shores ,portunity was also taken to of Lake Edward is also the home of numerous hippopotamuses. While lngwe rivers, neither of which receiving an abundant application of fertiliser from these animals the .outh of the Ntungwe, where turbulent conditions caused by waves in the more open and larger expanse baskets are permitted. of water is unsuitable to the successful propagation of the free swimming phytoplankton found in Lake .George and the Kazinga Channel. Their rt of the year the Fish overnment fishing'industry place is taken by filamentous algae which are able to attach themselves two remarkable hauls made firmly to rocks and underwater vegetation. These growths with their r the Talia river which is attendant zooplankton largely comprise the food consumed hy the tilapia in this lake. 'laid around the mouth of The protection of the hippopotamus is essential to a continued heavy , were caught. Hundreds yield of fish. 314. Parasites.-Tilapia and bagrus from Lakes Edward and George of the river. The estimated are singularly free from nematode worms and other parasites, common cichli~s . mostly Tilapia nilotica, in fish f;-om other lakes. The (which form the principal food of bagrus) are clean feeding owing to the abunda,r\ce of. phytoplankton s. 2 per cent. of the catch towards the surface. They do not, therefore, have to grub about amongst surface of the water above rooted aquatic vegetation and bottom muds in search of food, and thus it was hauled in was swarming avoid contact with parasitic worms or their larvae. These parasites, ~ent, which had been ejected however, are probably in reduced numbers in. these waters owing to the !g preyed upon by quantities abundant organic fertilisation. That nematodes are present in these lakes is shown by their invariably being found in the stomachs of pelicans when ~. is stationed at Kichwamba, shot, and also in clarias. This fish is a bottom feeder and at night can be seen or heard grubbing about in the mud and rooted vegetation in the very shallow water near the shore, in search of snails, frogs, worms, etc. 315. Pelicans.-Of the two species of pelicans found in these lakes been concentrated on Lakes the shooting and examination of several dozen birds have shown that I, with a view to investigating while they both live on fish, the rosy pelican feeds more frequently on and restricted fishing areas tilapia, which it consumes in enormous quantities. The pink-backed 'ield of Tilapia nilotica, and pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) which is in lesser numbers, feeds close to the to meet the demands of the shore and to a large extent on Haplochromis. Some species of Haplochromis a bigger share in the natural being predators prey on juvenile tilapia. P. rufescens (together with Anhinga rufa the darter) is therefore of more benefit than harm to the :e George and the Kazinga tilapia fishery, and although no doubt tilapia are occasionally eaten, an organic and liquid fertiliser examination of the mass of fish bones beneath a nesting colony of IlUtrients are being constantly P. rufescens revealed no large tilapia bones. The large rosy pelican res through the medium of (Pelecanus roseus) on the other hand, especially when shot in Lake Georg~, I ~ ':~?'Le.. . ""..,,~ 48 i has invariably contained tilapia or the remains of tilapia. It has not been most favoured for bree~ possible to assess the exact weight of fish consumed by a rosy pelican each particularly near the m~ day but 6-8 lb. of tilapia taken from birds shot while still fishing suggests numbers of rosy pelican~ 10 lb. is not an over-estimation. As the rosy pelican population of these a pelican has been shot '1 lakes is more than a thousand the total weight of fish consumed in a year it have been breeding ~ is considerable. young still carried in thei; 316.. Aquarium Experiments.-Four Tilapia nilotica were kept in 319· Salted Fish. a small aquarium with a view to .investigating this species' breeding habits. room for improvement, 31 On the bottom of the tank six inches depth of sand was laid, and Sagittaria and the higher prices 01 and other rooted underwater vegetation planted as an aid to aeration. in the better preparation' When these had taken root the fish were introduced. They were fed from Aden. With the exc regularly on the larvae of chironomid flies, but within a few days of their Nath of Katwe, the bulk introduction the fish had torn up and eaten all the vegetation. Water the Congo. Prices remain lettuce (Pistia) was then put on the surface where it quickly spread and 320. Fresh Fish.--'· was apparently dista~teful to the fish as they did not eat it. After being in the year with the object the tank for about a fortnight the male commenced to build a nest. It from Lake Edward. Sevi hollowed out a saucer shaped depression by creating a current with sawdust, were tried, but a quick downward and sideways sweep of its tail. When apparently tiring high cost of transport, as of this it would stop over the depression using its pectoral fins vigorously too costly. so as to cr~ate a current which also moved the sand. These operations 321. Ten cyclists ar, were continued until a hollow was formed in which the fish c.,uld lie with and selling them at a pr most of its body below the rim. It then commenced chasing the females Bunyaraguru. The fish at! about and b\ting at their sides and driving them towards the ne~t. None road. Between 250 and 304 of these could have been ripe as they did not breed and unfortunately all 322. The bulk of th died before they could do so. The colour of the male during the building, to the Bakonjo cultivators and especially after completing the nest, was very bright. of tilapia at Kaianja has iJ 317· I That Tilapia nilotica do not tolerate the presence of other fish, fish are bartered for muhog and at times are even cannibalistic, was shown when fifteen small 323. Smoked Fish.-J Haplochromis of about half an inch in length were introduced into the by Greek buyers from the aquarium!. Not only were these small fish attacked but several were eaten by this method. Fisherm immediatdy and' the rest finished off during the night. When this one ton of smoked fish re experiment took place the nilotica had not been fed for ~everal days. approximately the same at 318. Breeding of Tilapia nilotica.-Along the fandy shores of Lake by salting. The prices obt; Edward the catches of Tilapia nilotica have consistently shown a to Sh. I/go with most beil preponderance of males to females of approximately two to one. In the is very brittle and theref( waters of Lake George, the Kazinga Channel, and the bays in Lake salted fish. When sold to Edward, more females to males are taken in about the. same proportion. baskets which are brought I In a single haul of a goo meter seine net, seen in the Congo, and near the although it does not keep mouth of one of the rivers entering Lake Edward, an estimated 25,000 insect pests and rats, is p. tilapia, all but 2 per cent. being nilotica, in every stage of breeding were In the closed waters of L taken. The other 2 per cent. were Tilapia leucosticta. In this remarkable by poachers for curing t catch females predominated in a ratio of approxim,,-tely twenty to every preparation is quick and 01 male. The particular place was off a sandy beach, in clear water, and away the fish between a frame' from papyrus swamps. Ripe males have been taken in Lake George readily available in the thicl especially towards the clearer water along the northern shore and where 324. Poaching.-The rivers enter this lake. Some ripe males are invariably seen with the daily led to increased and organi! catch from the Kazinga Channel. From these observations it is noted that The capture of poachers, I altho1.!gh breeding is not confined to any particular places, conditions sentel).ces, has not detern 49 [}ains of tilapia. It has not been most favoured for breeding are a well aerated water, with a sandy bottom, consumed by a rosy pelican each particularly near the mouths of rivera. It is near such places that large Is shot while still fishing suggests numbers of rosy pelicans are usually seen fishing. In every instance when rosy pelican population of these a pelican has been shot while fishing in such a locality the fish taken from eight of fish consumed in a year it have been breeding females, some having been swallowed with the young still carried in their mouths. . Tilapia nilotica were kept in 319. Salted Fish.-While the preparation of salted fish still leaves ing this species' breeding habits. room for improvement, advice to the fishermen at Katwe and Katunguru, l of sand was laid, and Sagittaria and the higher prices obtained for a well-cured product, have resulted planted as an aid to aeration. in the better preparation of the fish by the exclusive use of salt imported re introduced. They were fed from Aden. With the exception of 70 tons sold to Kenya by Messrs. Dina I, but within a few days of their Nath of Katwe, the bulk of salted fish amounting to 1,150 tons went to :aten all the vegetation. Water the Congo. Prices remained around Sh. I per kilo. throughout the year. Ice where it quickly spread and 320. Fresh Fish.-Katwe Fisheries, Ltd., started operations during Ley did not eat it. Mter being in the year with the object of supplying the Kampala market with fresh fish wmmenced to build a nest. It from Lake Edward. Several consignments, with the fish packed in ice and :>n by creating a current with sawdust, were tried, but the increased price of the fish at 'source, and the its tail. When apparently tiring high cost of transport, as well as losses from deterioration in transit proved using its pectoral fins vigorously too costly. r~d the sand. These operations 321. Ten cyclists are engaged in purchasing fresh fish at Katunguru in which the fish could lie with and selling them at a profit of 5-10 cts. on each fish t6 the people of commenced chasing the females Bunyaraguru. The fish are sold at Lugazi market or to buyers along the g them towards the ne~t. None road. Between 250 and 300 fish are sold by these traders every day. not breed and unfortunately all 322. The bulk of the fish caught at Kaianja Lagoon is sold fresh of the male during the building, to the Bakonjo cultivators from near Bwera and Kanyampara. The price &S very bright. of tila,pia at Kaianja has increased from 10 cts. to 20 cts. Many of the !Crate the presence of other fish, fish are bartered for muhogo flour and other food. vas shown when fifteen small 323. Smoked Fish.-An increased demand for smoked fish created ength were. introduced into the by Greek buyers from the Congo has brought about an incl'case of curing , attacked but several were eaten by this method. Fishermen estimate that whereas the cost of preparing iuring the. night. When this one ton of smoked fish requires a ton of wood costing Shs. 37, it costs :>een fed for several days. approximately the same amount in imported Aden salt to cure 300 fish lIong the ~an1:ly shores of Lake by salting. The prices obtained for smoked fish have varied from Sh. 1/50 a have consistently shown a to Sh. 1/90 with most being sold at Sh. 1/80 per kilo. The smoked fish lroximately two to one. In the is very brittle and therefore cannot be packed in the same manner as hannel, and the bays in Lake salted fish. When sold to the Congo the fish are packed in special wicker l in about the. same proportion. baskets which are brought over by the fish buyers. Fish cured by smoking, seen in the Congo, and near the although it does not keep as well as salted fish and is liable to attack by e Edward, an estimated 25,000 insect pests and rats, is preferred, by the Mrican, especially in Uganda. in every stage of breeding were In the closed waters of Lake George smoking is the method employed l leucosticta. In this remarkable by poachers for curing their illegally caught fish. This method of . approximately twenty to every preparation is quick and only requires the digging of a pit, the laying of : beach, in clear water, and away the fish between a framework of papyrus, and smoking with materials e been taken in Lake George readily available in the thickly forested area. ~ the northern shore and where 324. Poaching.-The high prices and demand for smoked fish has te invariably seen with the daily led to increased and organised poaching in the closed area of Lake George. lese observations it is noted that The capture of poachers, nets, boats and fish, and in some cases heavy [ particula< place" conditio", senteI).ces, has not deterred these poachers, many of whom are bad ~; r- ',"';-- ~ _ }.l.•'-~ 50 characters willing to take the risks of capture, which are small, in a gamble These figures are as received which, when it comes off, can easily amount to as much as Shs. 2,000 in Mbarara during the year has one month's fishing'. constant reports of nets being 325. Fishing from the Ankole shore of Lake Edward.-It has not yet 334· Crocodiles in Lake M been possible to construct a road to the proposed new fishing village near by shooting, in Lake Nakavali~ Kazinga. . canoes with the aid of a spotlig 326. Kigezi shore.-The opening up of fishing on Lake Edward to a successful method as the animal the inhabitants of Kigezi awaits the -construction of a track to the range. settlement site. 335· When shot in the braiI 327. Lake Katinda.-This small crater lake, containing five side, or back, with its feet out stiff, hippopotamuses, has been fished daily by one man using two nets. It often long enough for a rope to I continues to produce a good quality fish in numbers sufficient to meet ashore. It sometimes happens 1 the requirements of the Kichwamba Hotel 2nd many local Africans. a disturbance on the surface of 328. Lake Mulambi.-This small crater lake adjoining Lake Katinda such occasion three more cr, contains no hippopotamuses. A f~w Tilapia nilotica can still be taken towards the wounded one. T with a 5-inch net, but they are too few to be profitable. wounded one was then 'finished 0 329. Lakes Chuwera and Kyamwiga.-These two little lakes have 336. On another occasion been examined. They contain a fair number of hippopotamuses and crocodiles' eyes quite close to the a good sized tilapia. The names of six local fishermen have been sent to "gulping" noises were coming. the District Commissioner, Ankole, for the necessary permission to.fish to a large shoal of clanas. These in these lakes. frogs could be seen jumping out where other clarias were waiting f 330. Other Lakes.-Some waters which owing to their depth or having eaten by the crocodiles which may no means of outside fertilisation (such as by hippopotamuses) show for ~rocodi1e was shot but not landed' their expanse .of water a poor return in fish. Such waters as Bunyonyi, extent it had been feeding on the cL Saka, Nkugute and many of the crater lakes and dams are examples. Some 337· Examination of the sto have been stocke,1 with Tilapia nilotica but these fish, in the absence of at night invariably showed signs or: phytoplankton and seeking food in other directions, develop a "muddy" digested, while one contained a yo flavour and become infested with parasites. of others. The shooting of this pal 331. A number of these lakes contain an invertebrate fauna more in which large numbers of darters suitable as food for an omnivorous species of tilapia. The majority of the this nesting place ~.n easy source ( lakes are in areas visited by tourists, and the introduction of a predator a clumsy bird and quite frequently having an angling value would prove an added attraction to such visitors. stage and takes fright it falls or dive: 332. Fish Farming.-It has not been possible to commence fish 338. Food is usually absent j farming experiments with indigenous species. during the daytime. This is due to I 333. Lake Nakavali.-The following show~ the Tilapia nilotica catches to its rapidity of digestion. It is in Lake Nakavali during 1948. During the year the number of fishing underwater vegetation in which nu permits was increased from four to fifteen. numbers of crocodiles (except at th January No nets. These had been destroyed by crocodiles. Nakavali. All the crocodiles shot il February 1,954 or tilapia remains when examined, an, March ... 1,449 April... .., 2,,335 339· They have become so Ui May...... 4,580 a canoe which left one of the lane June... .., 7,174 July... 8,021 by two crocodiles which took off f August 5,051 Old nets were purposely sent out OJ September .., 4.432, October 7,738 were later shot while they waited November 4,165 h~d reported that these particular c December 2,,305 feet in length, had become exceedin TOTAL 49,2,04 constantly beating the water when tb SI which are small, in a gamble These figures are as received from the fishermen. The fish position m Ito as much as Shs. 2,000 in Mbarara during the year has much improved. Last year there were constant reports of nets being destroyed by crocodiles. Ike Edward.-It has not yet 334. Crocodiles in Lake Nakavali.-30-40 crocodiles were destroyed, ~d new fishing village near by shooting, in Lake Nakavali. This was done at night from dugout canoes with the aid of a spotlight and a six volt car battery. This is r fishing on Lake Edward to a successful method as the animal can be approached to within pointblank truction of a track to the range. 335. When shot in the brain a crocodile generally t\lms over on its Bt~r lake, contammg five side, or back, with its feet out stiff, and it remains like this for a little while, ine man using two nets. It often long enough for a rope to be tied to it, so that it can be dragged l numbers' sufficient to meet ashore. It sometim~s happens that a crocodile when hit will cause ,d many local Africans. a disturbance on the surface of the water and attract others to it. On one such occasion three more crocodiles put in an appearance and moved , lake adjoining Lake Katinda towards the wounded one. Two of the newcomers were shot and the ria nilotica can still be taken wounded one was then 'finished off. profitable. 336. On another occasion the spotlight showed several pairs of -These two little lakes have crocodiles' eyes quite close to the shore and at a place from which curious nber of hippopotamuses and "gulping" noises were coming. On investigating, the noises. were traced ~l fishermen have been sent to to a large shoal of clarias. These were hunting as a pack and numerous •necessary permission to fish frogs could be seen jumping out of the papyrus into the deeper water where other clarias were waiting for them. None of the fish was being owing to their depth or having eaten by the crocodiles which may have been dazzled by the light. One by hippopotamuses) show for crocodile was shot but not landed so it could not be ascertained to what il. Such waters as Bunyonyi, extent it had been feeding on the clarias. and dams are examples. Some 337. Examination of the stomachs of crocodiles shot at Nakavali : these fish, in the absence of at night invariably showed signs of some food, mainly fish in stages of being irections, develop a "muddy" digestea, while onl; contained a young darter and the bones and feathers of others. The shooting of this particular crocodile occurred under a tree [l an invertebrate fauna more in which large numbers of darters were neating. It had evidently found If tilapia. The majority of the this nesting place ~.!l easy source of food supply, as the young darter is :he introduction of a predator a clumsy bird and quite frequently when it has reached the nest-leaving ~d attraction to such visitors. stage and takes fright it falls or dives into the water. l possible to commence fish 338. Food is usually absent from the stom'lch of a crocodile shot during the daytime. This is due to the anim'l.l feeding mainly at night and lOWt:i the Tilapia nilotica ca.tches to its rapidity of digestion. It is amongst the thick growth of rooted le year the number of fishing underwater vegetation in which numerous tilapia can also be seen that numbers of crocodiles (except at the breeding season) are found on Lake are~s :n destroyed by crocodiles. Nakavali. All the crocodiles shot in such at night contained tilapia or tilapia remains when examined, and in this lake they feed mainly on fish. 339. They have become so used to robbing nets that one evening a canoe which left one of the landings wa.s shortly afterwards followed by two crocodiles which took off from different places ".long the shore. Old nets were purposely sent out on this occasion and the two crocodiles were later shot while they waited hopefully near them. The fishermen h'l.d reported that these particular creatures, both specimens over twelve feet in length, had become exceedingly bold and had to be kept away by constantly beating the water when the nets were fished during the day. 52 340. The largest crocodile shot at Nakavali during the year measured over 16 feet. This huge specimen after having been fired at and missed ~c became very wary. Eventually, he was shot one night when raiding i o~ ~.o I set-nets. He was seen to surface only a few yards away covered with : I-:i"~e fishing net which had several tilapia still in it and flapping about on his ~: . neck and back. At the shot he disappeared but was so entangled in the u I . nets that it was possible to drag him ashore with them. He was an old ~ male and his stomach contained about thirty iilapia and oits of net. Four 'g of the nets which had been set were completely destroyed and the others ;g:a badly damaged. § o;,g ~ .~ .a~ , 34I. CTocodile neaT Lake GeoTge.-During the year a species of z- forest riverine crocodile Osteolaemus tetraspis hitherto recorded from West .g Africa and the Congo, was found in a prospecting pit (into which it had .D fallen) near the Hoindagi river. The place is about five miles from Lake .s I-H George. This rare specimen appears to be very !,ld and is almost black 1! in colour on the back and undersides. It measures 5 feet 10 inches in ~ "§'2) ~, - 0 «, length. No anxiety is felt for the fisheries by the finding of this crocodile .:: ".0 , in the area as it is a species which is only found in rivers bordered by thick ~ ~dl forest. No crocodiles have been seen or reported from the lakes themselves. ~ ~ : 342. Co-operative GTOUPS of Fishermen.-Three additional net fishing ~ .s {i ." licences were issued during the year to the Toro fishermen at Katunguru. 0 I I I 5 ,.l" Each licence was issued to a group of ten men jointly owning one vessel. "" o~ 11 ""c This was done with a view to encouraging the men to acquire, if possible, ~ o 0 g,~ -J a sense of responsibility by sharing in the work and profits of their trade. ~ >, "', f/) .D ~c • The remaining 17 available licences for Lake Edward have been reserved for issue to sim~lar groups at Katwe. .rhe numerous applications for net l "'" <.l J.iu fishing licences 'do not justify the issue of a licence to an individual when ~ I such licences are limited, as the individual owner can without doing any .fi I ~ fishing himself, ,obtain up to Shs. 100 per month bv hiring out his vessel I " I "'<; '" ]~ :;;~ to less fortunate.fishermen. '" '" ·z ~ ... '": ;:I C"l r-: 343. Longline Fishery.-It has not yet been possible to increase - -5 E,.l ~ u Z the number of vc.,els for long line fishing in the Lake Edward/George I - area. Those fishermen ,.1ready engaged in this type of fishing are making 11 ~ increasing use of haplochTomis as bait. These small fish are caught near ~ the landings on barbless hooks baited with offaL '60 I J- " ~o u I-e. t"'l..c-.. ::0 ~~ ... ~ T. C. VAN INGEN, ~::- t"'l ~'" 30TII APRIL, "949. Fish CultllTist. i'!' .:;: ... .§ I ~~ o " ::4E-<"'.c ."'" ...... :I ~ ~ ~'" Cl :ill, ',f: 53 Iol"akavali during the year measured r having been fired at and missed ~ shot one night when raiding .1. i a few yards away covered with ~ Ii in it and flapping about on his ~ fl"'d but was so entangled in the Jll:ore with them. He was an old ...."os ....l Lirty /i/apia and bits of net. Four tnpleteiy destroyed and the others 's § '2' -During the year a species of '"' aspjs hitherto recorded from West 'g lrospecting pit (into which it had ..c os lee is about five miles from Lake ....l , be very .old and is almost black Jj i It measures 5 feet IO inches in ~ eo by the finding of this crocodile .5 'found in rivers bordered by thick .i!J ~ eported from the lakes themselves. ...u bIJ 1Ien.-Three additional net fishing ~ " this type of fishing are making ..c I I ~ ~" Be small fish are caught near "' ~ olla!: .~" ~ ..c T. C. VAN INGEN, os ~ Fish Cul/uri"t. bIJ .~" ..9 0( :B 0 ><" ~ ~" "' j'" ... M ~ U"> ~ ,,~, ., ,. 54 1 345. The fall in effort continues and compared with [947 an average 351. As the hippopo satisfactory plankton growth... j of only 21' 6 baskets a day were set over a total recorded period of 434 fishing days (422 in '947), but the nandere catch has greatly increased and 3(2), it is essential that from [85,852 to 568,929. as possible in this lake. I The average weight of 568,929 nandere is o· 3 lb. which is a big drop 352. On account of th~ on the [947 average of o' 39 lb. The total weight of nandere is 75 tons. guards hllve been posted to Control measures have been the same ae in previous years, statistics. (6) M[NOR LAKES AND THE VICTORIA NILE 346. Lake Kijanebalola.-The acute shortage of small mesh nets has continued to affect very adversely what was last year an extremely profitable and thriving industry. The majority of nets are home-made and last on an average 45 days. Two nets, each of a length of fifty yards, and with three-inch mesh, can be made locally from a packet of thread costing Shs. 25 or Shs. 26. This compares very favourably with the Shs. [6 eharged for an imported three-inch net. At one time it was reported that some imported nets had been retailed for as Iowa price as Shs. [3/50 cents, but it was never ascertained exactly what they were. 347. The "Koki" boats, made mainly of musizi wood vary in price according to size and transport charges. The cost of the larger size is Shs. 80 and of the smaller Shs. 65 to whieh has to be added translWr[ costs varying from Shs. 20 to Shs. 25, but it is said that some of the boats delivered at the lake have cost as much as Shs. r20. On the other hand one enterprising artisan has set up building this type of craft on the lake shore at Shs. 50 apiece. For dugouts, which are fashioned principally out of the bark cloth tree there is ~ ,,~de range of prices from Shs. [5 to Shs. 65, but they do not last long. 348. There is no evidence to indicate that this lake is being over fished, although in March the local Sa2a Chief, the Kamuswaga, stopped fishing on the grounds. amongst others, that the driving of fish was unduly reducing the stock. He also forbade fishing by "foreigners", which referred to all Mcieans who were not Bakoki. The use on a small scale of the 2l inch mesh net is neither in the best interests of the fishermen nor of the fishery. In May, fishing was being conducted from eight landings, but throughout the year the effort was greatly impeded by the net shortage. 349. The prices generally prevailing have been Sh. [ for 45 fresh, or for 30 smoked, ngege. At certain landings the price was Sh. [ for 40 fresh fish. The barter value of a normal size bunch of bananas was 35 ngege. Shs. r6 was the price of a bundle of 500 smoked ngege. A large ., quantity of fish is bartered for food. Local middlemen purchase 80 ngege for Shs. 2 to retail at a cons,iderable profit; this. is a cycle service. 350. In March a "Distribution of Fish" licence was granted Uganda Lakes Ltd., for the four months till the end of June, which was subsequently extended till th~ end of the year. This stipulated that this Company was restricted to the export of not more than three tons of dried fish per week, but it did ensure an organised m'-rket for much of the fishermen's catch. .. 55 mpared with '947 an average 35 L As the hippopotamus is a most valuable contributor to total recorded period of 434 satisfactory plankton growth in shallow, still waters (vide paragraphs 124 e catch has greatly increased and 312), it is essential that this big, aquatic beast is protected as much as possible in this lake. is o' 3 lb. which is a big drop 352 . On account of the relative importance of this fishery two fish . ht of nandere is 75.tons. guards 'have been posted to this region for most of the year to collect in previous years. statistics. ~ ishortage of small mesh nets at was last year an extremely iiority of nets are home-made bc'h of a length of fifty yards, K:a1ly from a packet of thread lres very favourably with the lch net. At one time it was , retailed for as low a pI ice as d exactly what they were. r of musizi wood vary in price rhe cost of the larger size is has to be added transport costs ,s said that some of the boats Shs. 120. On the other hand : this type of craft on the lake lcipally out of the bark cloth . 15 to Shs. 65, but they do not e that this lake is heing over 'bief, the Kamuswaga, stopped the driving of fish was unduly .hing by "foreigners", which i The use on a small scale of Iinterests of the fishermen nor :ed from eight landings, hut ~ed by the net shortage. have been Sh. I for 45 fresh, IgS the price was Sh. I for 40 size bunch of bananas was 35 pi 500 smoked ngege. A large t middlemen purchase 80 ngege bis is a cycle service. il" licence was granted Uganda f June, which was subsequently mlated that this Company was ree tons of dried fish per week, ,i1Ch of the fishermen's catch. If ~j? >••'I~' - 7·~·· ~~ S6 '" ft ... ft.,o ...... ~ M.,o VlC"'lN O'"or"'C"'lO-"'OO'O"~Vl • Kachira~ ..; + ... 0'O~ ,,",O"'COQ <"I .... l"'l"O 355. Lake T: :S~~;;'4:I~ ';0"';:';";":": that a small fishing industry ~ Vl <"I < I "...- :; I I of effective control there is a t E--t ""Vlo-..,oo <"I 0- ... "00 V'JO foe C"'lv ...... ~ ... ..0 '4:1 COQ ..., ... 0 ""' fishermen into conflict with the ciOO ° '<1"0-·0-0 ... 0 O'l"'lVi"'oo ~ M ....~ r.:.,.; 0"t:J 1i';00 M";";"; nets farther and farther aliel or"" ' 60 the economic fishery will certainly' rfJ • 0 362. Lake Nabugabo (Mma!< ~~'" e 0 Or;o;l ~ .n .. 58 part of the local resident population. It is still not known (vide paragraph 371. Victoria Nile (B 33 I, 1947) whether any ofthe Tilapia esculenta introductions have survived. Lwampanga for transmission to 364. Lake Niungu (Ankole).-This small crater lake, which is about two miles south of the Kichwamba Hotel contains plenty of Tilapia QUANTITIES OF DRIED trewavasae, as well as stunted T. nilotica. It is fished by some dozen Mricans with rod and line and single home-made hook, using larvae of chironomid flics as bait. Each angler catches 10 to 12 fish per day, either Month for his own consumption or to retail at 5 to 10 cents each. They fish from Nandere ------, small rafts made of banana stems. The Fish Culturist using fine tackle No. 1/". and the same bait caught eight of these fish in half-an-hour; two fish were March and April ... 3,996 337 May and June also taken on a fly. ." 17,724- 2,374 July and August ... 2,37° 4°3 365. Lake Saka (Toro).-This crater lake seems to be overstocked November and December 3.976 +82 with stunted Tilapia nilotica. Possibly owing to a lack of its normal ------plankton food many of these fish have a minute black parasite embedded TOTAL '" 28,066 3,596 in the tissue immediately heneath the scales. 366. Lake Isunga (Toro).-This small crater lake is overstocked This represents a total weigl with stunted Tilapia nilotica, and Tilap£a trewavasae also occurs. (7) DAMS 367. Lake Kiyanja (Masindi).-This small, shallow lake, not far 372. Teso.-Owing to from Masindi, is about 250 acres in extent and fringed with papyrus. f, in all the Teso dams from Ap Tilapia esculenta from the King's Lake, Kampala, were introduced in these dams remained open to February, 1946. In 'May, 1948, a small party of Europeans fishing with this was taken by local Mri, worms caught 125 of these tilapia, averaging about I lb. each, in 21 hour& (ngege) and clarias (male) and s' . one evening. Since then fishing has been poor and eight in an evening I is the best performance of one rod. Also, fishing before the great day had former. , I resulted in extremely meagre catches of ti/apia and a few darias. 373. A Senior fish guard iu1 368. Masindi Water Supply.-There are plenty of Tilapia esculenta June and July at a time when all; in this 'mall dam, i\S a result of the 1945 introduction. plenty of water. He reported as fi 369. Victoria' Nile (Buruli, Buganda).-The fisheries in the Victoria (i) Adoyi.-Maximum dept Nile based on Lwampanga, Kitobwa and Muyinami were investigated species of duck occur, one being respectively on 170, 174 and 13 days. These fisherics are conducted with (ii) Aketa.-Maximum dept hooks and baskets.· The appended Table gives details of the catches. male. Local Africans are fisbin! The average weight of the nandere is 0'4 lb. (0'42 lb. in 1947); and are poor. of the three predators-semutundu 6'3 lb., male 4' 5 lb., and mamba 9'6 lb. (iii) Ngobo.-This is the lal The kisinja average 3' 5 lb. in it. There are a few crocodile. 370. VICTORIA NILE-BuRULI-BUG~'lDA 374· Landing (iv) Arabaka.-Some experi gill-net was carried out in this Lwampanga Kitobwa Muyinami - ngege, one kasulubana and 20 m Days ... '10 '74 '3 taken place in 1948 because tb Hooks ...... 7S,IJ8 47,156 .. . Baskets...... 2,3 16 3,932 4,24I No doubt the local folk are hQ Cotton cultivation at this season No. /b:>. No. lbs. No. [hr. has temporarily ceased. Nandere ... 24.341 9,739 3,583 1,347 ... (v) Amudoyi.-There is no Scrnutundu ... 2,716 17,167 1,549 9,599 5 37 Kasulubana ... 37+ 2<)0 7 12 ... cultivation. This dam must b Kisinja ... 267 9,6 '33 469 8 35 a few pink-backed pelicans on it. Male ... I,:UZ 5,446 654 3.085 2 10 Mamba ... 1.451 15,3°6 4,008 37,026 .. ... (vi) Aloet.-This dam is ve ------~- April, '947, 3I ngege, I semu/_ TOTAL ... 3°,361 48,864 9,934- 51 ,538 . . ... were caught. 59 • still not known (vide paragraph 371. Victoria Nile (Buruli}-Dried Fish.-Dried fish landed at a introductions have survived. Lwampanga for transmission to Kampala was weighed as follows:- I crater lake, which is about tel contains plenty of Tilapia QUANTITIES OF DRIED FI8H EXPORTED FROM VICTORIA NILE AND LAKE It is fished by some dozen KVOGA TO BUGANDA e-made hook, using larvae of Speeies es 10 to 12 fish per day, either Month ,0 10 cents each. They fish from Nandere Semutundu Male Mamba ------~ish ------i Culturist using fine tackle tbs. No. [bs. No. lhs. No'1 --;;;;-1-----;;;- !'Jl in half-an-hour; two fish were March and April ... 3,996 337 895 2.354 56 '4° 4.072 10,326 May and June ... 17,724 2,374- 848 I,766 149 2°9 2,672 8,349 , July and August ... 2,370 4°3 25 8 836 ...... 475 1,246 '" lake seems to be overstocked November and December ... 30976 482 4°5 65' 47 '4° 620 1,421 owing to a lack of its normal ------minute black parasite embedded TOTAL ... 28.066 30596 2,406 5.607 25 2 489 7.839 21,342 .... nail crater lake is overstocked ThIS represents a total weight of nearly '4 tons. 'l'ewavasae also occurs. (7) DAM8 is small, shallow lake, not far 372. Teso.-Owing to fo'od scarcity general fishing was authorised tent and fringed with papyrus. in all the Teso dams from April until the end of August; subsequently, , Kampala, were introduced in these dams remained open to general fishing, though little advantage of party of Europeans fishing with this was taken by local Mricans. There are plenty of Tilapia esculenta Lng about I lb. each, in 2t hours (ngege) and c!arias (male) and some dams are now overstocked with the n poor and eight in an evening fonner. fishing before the great day had apia and a few clarias. 373. A Senior fish guard investigated eight of the Teso dams during ~ are plenty of Tilapia esculenta June and July at a time when all should have contained, and did contain, introduction. pleflty of water. He reported as follows:- ).-The fisheries in the Victoria (i) Adoyi.-Maximum depth 7 feet. Fishing has not started. Two ld Muyinami were investigated species of duck occur, one being the knob-bill. lese fisheries are conducted with (ii) Aketa.-Maximum depth 8 feet. It is stocked with ngege 'and :ives details of the catches. male. Local Mricans are fishing with long lines and hooks, but catches 0'4 lb. (0'42 lb. in '947); and are poor. male 4'5 lb., and mamba 9.6 lb. (iii) Ngobo.-This is the largest of the Teso dams, and has ngege in it. There are a few crocodiles and plenty of duck. JLI-BUGANDA 374· [..anding (iv) Arabaka.-Some experimental fishing with a five-inch mesh gill-net was carried out in this dam during '947, and it is said that 9 {itobwa Muyinami ngege, one kasulubana and 20 mamba were caught. No net fishing has 174 13 taken place in 1948 because the net provided last year is worn out. 47,156 ... 3,93:z 4.241 No doubt the local folk are hoping for the free issue of another net! Cotton cultivation at this season has interfered with basket fishing which lbs. No. [hs. has temporarily ceased. '3 1,347 ...... (v) Amudoyi.-There is no fishing at this time owing to cotton -9 9.599 5 37 7 12 ...... cultivation. This dam must be well-stocked with fish, as there are ,3 469 8 35 a few pink-backed pelicans on it. • '4 3,085 2 10 .s 37,026 ...... (vi) Aloet.-This dam is very overgrown. It is said that during - April, '947, 3' ngege, I semutundu, I kasulubana, I male and 18 mamba 5',538 ... '4 '" were caught. , --- ..,. , 60 375· which may be just what is r, (vii) Dokolo.-In 1947, experimental fishing with one five-inch mesh vegetation. But until exlurusti • gill-net caught I ngege, 2 kasulubana and 6 mamba. this species locally in practical' (viii) Obuli.-Experimental fishing with the above-mentioned net not positively dangerous, to al caught 22 mamba. There are some crocodiles in this dam. voracious weed-eaters, for ins· (ix) General.-Little interest has so far been taken by local Mricans but then stir up the bottom to to develop dam fishing. The Mrican dam inspector, as opportunity turbid. offers, shoots crocodiles with a shot gun and S.S.G. in the few dams 38r. Lango.-At the end in which this interloper occurs. eight of the Lango dams, as , 376. Game Warden's Tour.-At the end of November the Game unrestricted fishing for all speci Warden visited the emaIl dam at Abela, and the larger ones at Ngobo and Notes on the dams visited are as Aketa. 382. (i) Abela.-Not particularly large; very overgrown with encroaching (i) Alidi.-This is a smal reeds and water grasses leaving an unduly small area of open water. and, in consequence is only Under present conditions could only support an extremely limited stock species not identified, as well , of fish. This dam was stocked with nandere (the local name for ngege) variety. There is plenty of ope by the Game Department. It is accessible by car, by a good track Ie.. road from which it is accessibl, than t mile distant from a main road. 383. 377· (ii) Ngobo.-This is a magnificent dam with a tremendous eXp'anse (ii) Ngetta.-This is aver of water which may be as much as five miles in circumference. contains fish, but could only s Abundantly stocked with fish, as well as supporting quantities of water weed and water lilies, is fairl: fowl, including four pink-back pelicans. Amongst the duck identified open water. Is close to a main were-knob-billed (a few), white-faced whistling te•.! (abundant), Cape 384. pink-bill (a few), white-backed diving duck (many), hottentot teal (iii) Aler.-A fair sized daJ (plenty), and ~ few large packs of Mrican pochard. Accessible by car of 14 feet at the embankmenl along a good track of about 41 miles. Has been stocked with nandere. season. Has a big stock of , 378. worms, on hook and line. A I (iii) Aketa.--'-This is another fine dam with a wide expanse of open filled for first time in 1944. ~ water, which has also been stocked with nandere. It is fairly deep all it. It is alongside a main road over as reeds and rushes have not encroached; there are a lot of large, 385. white water lilies. It is four miles off a main road but is readily (iv) Alibangyiro.-Another approachable by a well-maintained car track. It supports a few small deep, open water. It was buil packs of Mrican pochard, and a few hottentot teal. 1944. Has .a good deal of wa 379· contain a lot of plankton. 'II (iv) General.-At the time of this visit there was no fishing on any stocked with nandere. A fe" of these dams. It is fully appreciated that stocking dams with fish can knob-bill seen. only be of secondary importance to the main purpose of these dams 386. which is to provide water at all times for man and beast, and there can (v) Achake.-This is anot be no question of periodically emptying dams to re-fertilise the area in 1943 a",d first filled in I9+fl which is the normal procedure in fish farming. contains many nandere; drops : 380. But in view of weed encroachment in varying intensity not seriously, when it was over 2C only in Teso but in most dams in Uganda, which must have a definitely spillway very nearly washed. a adverse effect on the volume of free water available, there is certainly the of open, clear water with appar, need for the introduction, if possible, of a weed-eating fish, which at the 387. same time might be an economic asset. There is a species of tilapz"a (vi) Atan.-Another roadsi obtainable from Northern Rhodesia which is a voracious weed feeder, in 1944. 16 feet water depth I which may be just what is required for keeping darns free of unnecessary [fishing with one five-inch mesh vegetation. But until exhaustive experiments have been conducted with '6 mamba. this species locally in practical pond culture it would be most unwise, if ~th the above-mentioned net ~Ies not positively dangerous, to attempt any general introduction, as some in this dam. voracious weed-eaters, for instance carp, not only clear a pond of vegetation, ,.,. been taken by local Africans but then stir up the bottom to such an extent that the water is always I dam inspector. as opportunity turbid. and S.S.G. in the few dams :un 381. Lango.-At the end of November the Game Warden visited eight of the Lango darns, as a result of which he recommended that c end of November the Game unrestricted fishing for all species of fish should be permitted forthwith. fid. the larger ones at Ngobo and Notes on the dams visited are as follow:- 382. ~ery overgrown with encroaching lduly small area of open water. (i) Alidi.-This is a small, new dam which is less than 3 years old pport an extremely limited stock and, in consequence is only partially filled. It contains a lot of fish, ",dere (the local name for ngege) species not identified, as well as much aquatic vegetation in considerable ible by car, by a good track less variety. There is plenty of open water. This dam is two miles off a main road from which it is accessible by a good motor track. , 383. lam with a tremendous expanse (ii) Ngetta.-This is a very small dam which was built in '94' and 8 five miles in circumference. contains fish, but could only support a very small stock. It has a lot of IS supporting quantities of water weed and water lilies, is fairly deep, but has a very restricted area of I. Amongst the duck identified open water. Is close to a main road and has a good car approadI. whistling teal (abundant), Cape 384. g duck (many), hottentot teal (iii) Aler.-A fair sized dam with plenty of open water; lias a depth can pochard. Accessible by car oi '4 feet at the embankment, which drops to '2 feet during the dry las been stocked with nandere. season. Has a big stock of nandere which can b~ caught freely with worms, on hook and line. A lot of water lilies. Was built in '943, but n with a wide expanse of open filled for first time in '944. Two dozen white-backed diving ducks on h nandere. It is fairly deep all it. It is alongside a main road. oached; there are a lot of large, 385. DII a main road but is readily (iv) Alibangyiro.-Another roadside dam. A lengthy expanse of ftrack. It supports a few small deep, open water. It was built in '943, and filled for the first time in tentot teal. '944~ Has a good deal of water weed along the edge, and appears to contain a lot of plankton. "feet deep at the embankment. Has been sit there was no fishing on any stocked with nandere. A few water lilies, mainly white. One male hat stocking dams with fish can knob-bill seen. If: main purpose of these dams 386 . >r man and beast, and there can (v) Achake.-This is another roadside dam which also was built Ii dams to re-fertilise the area in '943 and first filled in '944. Is '4 feet deep at the embankment, and !llting. contains many nandere; drops 2 feet in the dry season. In '944 flooded uncnt in varying intensity not seriously, when it was over 20 feet deep, and owing to an inadequate a, which must have a definitely spillway very nearly washed away the embankment. A good expanse r available, there is certainly the of open, clear water with apparently little plankton. A few water lilies. • L weed-eating fish, which at the 387. There is a species of tilapia (vi) Atan.-Another roadside dam built in '943, which first filled :h is a voracious weed feeder, in '944. ,6 feet water depth at embankment, which drops 2 feet in the 62 dry season. Water lilies abundant along the edge, with much open nothing like its former ~e water. White water lilies, which are more spectacular, appear to 10 miles. In the fortnig preponderate, but the blue are probably equally numerous. There disastrously, and at the seems to be a lot of plankton. It is plentifully stocked with nandere, watering there it seemed al and is said to contain many large male; also reported to harbour pythons. 394. In mid-May it j A pair of pigmy geese on it. collection of waterfowl indi 388. hottentot teal, a pair of pign (vii) Agwang.-Another of the roadside dams built in 1943 which as a couple of pink-backed p' first filled in 1944. A very small dam which has an embankment depth about to breed). In certain p of II feet, and contains nandere. Has plenty of open water, and also including a large patch of yel vegetation quite distinct from all the other large dams visited. A thick 395. A fortnight later' fringe or mat of dwarf-sized Nile cabbage (Pistia st~atiotes), and a tall, most of the waterfowl had dense border of masses of a conspicuous, silver-coloured water weed: P\'licans were still there, and a few white water lilies. Said to be visited occa.ionally by crocodiles of dead ngege were lying in w, from the Moroto river. stork was observed. 389. When water conditions I (viii) Ayen.-Anothcr of the roadside dams built in 1943, which first with scoop baskets. filled in 1944. An extremely small dam with very discoloured water and 6 39 . containing little weed. Water level appears to have dropped considerably (ii) Mbirizi.-This is j: recently. II'feet water depth at embankment. A very few white water any waterfowl, but is said lilies, and a fringe of yellow flowering, bulbous, water hyacintlt A few off a main road and in dry nandere and some male. One pink-bill duck on it. 397· I 39°· (iii) Kyebondogoto.-Tii (ix) General:- which one day may expand (a) The individuality of each of these danlS is most striking. dams to be stocked with 7 (b) A, botanical survey of each dam is necessary. always seems to be patror (c)~ All must be systematically water tested, as all seem to be has a number of yellow-bill different. (d) Good photographs of each dam should prove of value. It is about a mile off a D (e) The introduction of a weed-eating species of tilapia will car. probably be beneficial. 398. (I) As no one was seen fishing it is advisable to encourage fishing (iv) Kabulangiti.-This by any practical method in all these waters. and is close to a main road (g) In addition to the introduced nandere most of these dams exposed for waterfowl. contain male (catfish). 399· 391. Acholi.-By August nine dams had been completed in north (v) Kikoma.-This is I eastern Acholi, but they will not be ready this year for stocking with fish. It has no duck and very fe Treating these dams with a weak solution of copper sulphate as an a main road and in dry wea anti-bilharzia precaution is unlikely to prove inimical to fish life. 4°°· 392. Masaka.-In mid-May the Game Warden investigated the (vi) Ntusi.-This is "1 large Kya2anga dam, and at the end of May visited this same dam as well double or treble its eXpa:D$ as six others in this District. depth of several feet throlll att~ 393· to be plentiful. A very (i) Kyazanga.-This dam which is alongside the main Mbarara In addition to a few do: I road some 30 miles out from Masaka has the appearance of a small lake, it supports some extre but, unfortunately, since much of its water was released a year ago to water hen (Gallinufa ai remedy the flooding of the road, it has dwindled alarmingly and is alleni). 63 g the edge, with much open nothing like its former expanse when it had a circumference of at least more spectacular, appear to 10 miles. In the fortnight from '7th to 3,st May it had further shrunk bly equally numerous. There disastrously, and at the rate at which the Bahima cattle herds were lentifully stocked with nandere, watering there it seemed as if it would soon be drunk dry. so reported to harbour pythons. 394. In mid-May it still maintained an abundant and varied ~ collection of waterfowl including yellow-billed duck, knob-bill, pink-bill, , hottentot teal, a pair of pigmy geese and a few spur-winged geese, as well laide darns built in '943 which as a couple of pink-backed pelicans and a dozen painted snipe (which were ~hich has an embankment depth about to breed). In certain parts there is a good deal of aquatic vegetation, f plenty of open water, and also including a large patch of yellow flowering water hyacinth. fher large dams visited. A thick 395. A fortnight later with the exception of a few ducks and geese mgt (Pistia stratiotes), and a tall, most of the waterfowl had disappe?red although the two pink-backed ~us, silver-coloured water weed: ~Jicans w~.s ~isited were still there, and only one painted snipe seen. A number occasionally by crocodiles of dead ngege were lying in water only a few inches deep. One saddle-billed stork was observed. When water conditions permit a certain amount of fishing takes place e dams built in '943, which first with scoop baskets. . , with very discoloured water and """ to have dropped considerably 396. (ii) Mbirizi.-This is a very small dam, too .mall in fact to support tkment. A very few white water any waterfowl, but is said to contain a few ngege. It is a,bout half-a-mile bulbous, water hyacinth. A few luck on it. off a main road and in dry weather is accessible by car. 397· (iii) Kyebondogoto.-This is a small dam of considerable promise se dams is most striking. which one day may expand considerably. It was the first of the Masaka is necessary. daVIS to be stocked with T. esculenta and supports a lot of fish life. It liter tested, as all seem to be always seems to be patronised by one saddle-billed stork, and it also has a number of yellow-billed duck and knob-bill. . should prove of value. It is about a mile off a main road and in dry weather is accessible by .-eating species of tilapia will car. 398. i. advisable to encourage fishing (iv) Kabulangiti.-This is a tiny dam about the size of a large pond, ~ers. and is close to a main road. It contains some ngege but is too small and i _tiere most of these dams exposed for waterfowl. 399· I had been completed in north (v) Kikoma.-This is another small dam, which also contains ngege. . this year for stocking with fish. It has no duck and very few waterfowl. It is ab~ut a mile distant from lion of copper sulphate as an a main road and in dry weather is accessible by car. ~e inimical to fish life. 400. ~ Warden investigated the (vi) Ntusi.-This is a delightful dam of fair size which is likely to ~y visited this same dam as well double or treble its expan~e in a really wet season. It has a fairly even depth of several feet throughout and is full of ngege; male are also said to be plentiful. A very attractive, large white water lily is abundant. is alongside the main Mbarara In addition to a few dozen knob-bill and a pair of yellow-billed duck s the appearance of a small lake, it supports some extremely interesting waterfowl including the little 'liter was released a year ago to water hen (Gallinula angulata) and the lesser purple coot (Porphyrio I3ll dwindled alarmingly and is alleni). • 64 4°1. This dam is about amile off the main road and is inaccessible 409. There are, un£woij by car. About a quarter-of-a-mile before reaching the dam, and well In the Damba to Katebo above it) is a small subsidiary catchment which after heavy rain can and over, and three of 12 f, develop into a large pond. It is very overgrown with weed, contains no males killed in the same area ngege, and supports a few waterfowl including a pair of yellow-billed duck. and over, and three of '4 fe' 402. The abundance of large males (vii) Kamengo (Biwolobo).--This is a fine dam of considerable extent In the Sese region the II(lO which undoubtedly will expand a great deal. It is approached by a two one of 12 feet and over and OIl miles long track which should be passable for cars most of the year.· breeding females was remarkabl There are a lot of ngege but whether they are T. esculenta or T. nilotica (three of them less than 8 feet), is not yet known. At certain seasons a lot of fishing is conducted with Outsize males killed in tlu: basket traps. Evidently fish are plentiful as three fish eagles were 'een. one 13 feet, one '3 feet 6 inclu:. 403. There is deep water near the embankment, and 13 white-backed 4 roo The tally of nests, diving ducks frequented this part. EI..where there were a dozen spur to Katebo region, five of 70 or winged geese, a pair of hottentot teal, a few yellow-billed duck and one of 86. knob-bill. Other waterfowl were present in considerable variety. Aquatic vegetation is v~.ried and interesting and includes blue water lilies in 411. Loan of Weapons. abundance, yellow water hyacinth, a tall thick-leaved plant with white member of the public using a flower spike and a certain amount of water cabbage (Pistia). . year destroyed a total of 461 which is of inestimable benefit 40 4. (viii) General.-Until water conditions sbow a substantial improVement At times this marksman also the development of fisheries in any of these dams is impossible. most effective and which has occasion its solid bullet had pei (8) INTRODUCTIONS the eyes, travelled into the h 405. During 1948 there have been no fish introductions. lower jaw: another time the b (9) FISH TRANSFERS was smashed and had carried p' 406. Vide paragraph 358 Tilapia nilotica from Lake Nakavali have 4'2. Lake Nakavali.-V,· been transferred to two other emaIl lakes in South Ankole, e.g. Lake Mburo to take vigorous action agai and Lake Mik~ra, in order to speed up stocking. During January 29 crocodiles, (lO) CROCOD!LES and another of 14t feet, were (i) Control fishing nets and contained 30 407. Lake Victoria.-During the months of August, September will be found in paragraphs 3 and October, as well as part of November I the annual campaign against Inconclusive" pois.oning eXI· female crocodiles on the breeding grounds was conducted as usual. and nicotine. Sese operations were hampered considerably by late laying which 413. Lake Kachira.-It did not commence until aiter mid-August; by a lot of nest destruction against the crocodiles in this on the part of local fishermen which thereby enabled many breeding of a licence issued to a non-nati females to escape; and by numerous difficulties in the provision of a suitable launch. Notwithstanding all these troubles the results achieved can be 414. Lake Nabugabo.-C considered satisfactory. and from time to time are obse: 156 crocodiles were destroyed, almost the same number as I"'t year (15 2). r 408. Crocodiles killed (IIljlinly breeding females), nests found, and 415. Lake Kyoga.-TIu: eggs destroyed, were:- slowly reviving, and although output in C\.uantity there is no _ C~ed.il~ Nests found Eggs killed destroyed recover at the present rate of of a skin was 45 lb., two to '56 ,69 9.420 In 1947 152 ,84 9.128 now it is only 10 lb. I • 65 409. There are, unfortunately plenty of 1 rge rocodile. st.ill left. 1C main road and is inaccessible In th Damba to I atebl> region large fern e~ kill d w re twelve of 1 t feet rc r aching th dam, and well and ov r, and three of 12 feet :.mu over and t\ I) exec din r 13 feet. Large 11 \\ hieh after heavy rain can lales killed ill the same area w re live of [2 e t an l ov r, :;even of J 3 fe. rgrown wit h weeu, contains no and over, and thr e of 14 f et and over lhe largest being 14 feet 2 inches. ing:l pair of veil v-hilled du k. The abWldancc of larg ales in th e water is noteworthy. fine d"rn of con idera te extent In til Sese r gion the score was eight femal '5 of f 1 feet and over, deal. I[ is approached by a two on of 12 feet and. over and one of 13 feet. The numb r of small sized ,able for cars most of the ye'lr. bre din females was remarkable there being n less t n '7 h low 9 feet ley ,11' T. escufenla or T. ni/otica (three of them kss than 8eet), and sixt en between 9 feet: and 10 feeL. L lot of fishing i. ond cted with Outsize males kill d in the same area wcr on. of f? feet 8 in 'hes, I as three fi h eagle w rc seen.. one 13 feet, one 13 feet 0 inches, an lone 14 feet (\ inl:h s. mbankment, and r 3 whit -backed 4 TO. The tally of nests containing 70 ggs or over was: in th Damba where there wen:: a dozen spur- t Ka ebo region, fi.ve of 70 or over: in Sese, eleven of 70 or vcr, and one few yello\\ -billed duck a done IJf 86. in cO;lsiderable variety. Aquatic 411. Luan of Weapolls.-Vide paragraph 3+4, 1947. the same 1d includes blue water lilies in member 0 the public sing a Gam Department weapon has dilring the 1I thick-leaved ph'll1L with white .·e:lr d .:troyed a total of 4(n crocodile, a most s' tisfact ry performance Ir cabbage (Pi.,tia). which i .. of inestimable hen fit to the local inhabitant!>, and to th nsherie!>. At timc:-; this marhman als< used a high powered . 22 riR whIch pro 'ed IS show a slIb tantial improvement most cffectiv ~md \. rhi 'h ha' remarb.hle powers of penetr;'.t.ion. On one he edam i imp s ibl oec; .ion it· solJd LuUd had peneLraL d the rocodilc's b n.e mass between lhe eyes, travelled into the brlin ca\ ity, tum d and emer~ed through the 10 fish illlroduetions. low r ja\ ; another ti ml: the hullet had gone thrcJllgh the • hOlilder which was mashed and h.ad c·a.rried pieces of hone int the lungs. Ii/olico fr m Lake _"a.kavali have 412. La!? Nafuwali.-Vide paragraph 357 't !la. been necessar. In outh Ankole, e.g. Lake Mburo to t ke vi rouS action again:>t the numerous, destructive crocodiles. i>cking. 1 min Januar -I) crocodiles, one being a huge male 16 ~ fe l in length and alluther of q~ feet, ,\'(:re killed. The largest one had b en raiding 'rot fl. hin T nets and contailled 30 to 40 IIgege and pieces )f net. Furtherdetails m ndu of August, S pt .mboor will I e found in. paraaraphs 33+-34-0 or the Fisl Culturist's n:port. e~pt:riments her, rl e annu.al C,11 paign . ga.in t Incon. 'ltlt.ivc poisoning \'Cre ITl '4-'6. The percentage of "button" skins continues to be high. There (II) GENERAL NOTES are certain authorities who insist, with some justification, that "button" 422. Maximum Weights ofF; crocodiles are specifically separahle: according to others "buttons" are due to some defieiency in diet. Lake Victoria +'7. Semliki River.-Some exploratory work has been permitted in lhr. this region under lieence, but few crocodiles have been caught as there are Ngege 3- 4 numerous difficulties to be overcome. Skins from this loc.lity, however, 8emutundu .. , 30-35 Kasulubana 10-1 5 average large. Ki'linja 8-2 5 Male (iii) General 3 1 Mamha 3" +18. Congo Forest River Crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis).-Somewhat of a sensation was caused in October by the discovery of a small crocodile +23. There is little outstar in a prospecting pit near the Hoindagi river which flows into Lake George possible exception of 25 lb. kisin) from Ankole. +' .lb. semutundu, 5 lb. to 6 lb. nge, . The occurrence of a crocodile in this region which hitherto had been +2 lb. mamba from Katwe. believed to be crocodile-free naturally evoked considerable speculation and +2+. misgiving. But actually there was no cause for alarm as it proved to be (i) In the course of a visit a species which is exclusively a river and not a lacustrine creature, and part of Lake Edward the Fish I it can only breed under eertain conditions of semi-aquatic forest which bagrus which had been caught i enable it to incubate its eggs in a mound of dead leaves and other vegetable have been a veritable monster I matter, and their hatching is abandoned to the heat of fermentation.. This immense fish was a male of 276 I specimen was moved to a more convenient pit where it was regularly fed (ii) The mystery fish, the "i and at the end of the year it was alive and flourishing. Some excellent in paragraphs 492-+93'.'935, photographs were taken for purposes of reco.rd. As a result of comprehensive 293 (iv), 19+6, is well-knowtl~tl enquiries there is reason to believe that this little crocodile also occurs or eight are caught each~..2 in some of the Ankole and Kigezi rivers which flow into Lake Edward. a bagrus and the tail of 11: .: +'9. AsWa (or Moroto) River Pigmy Crowdile.-Rcfcrencc has been recorded in paragraph 1,t~:t9l made in previous Reports vide paragraphs .3'0-3II, '929, paragraphs species and those caug~ _,,! 200-201, '93'1, and paragraphs 223-22+, '933, to a pigmy species of was about 95 lb. It is fourtd DJ is found in eastern Uganda in the Aswa (or Moroto) river (iii) Soft-backed Turtles (n and the Greek river. been recorded from Lake Edwar Science has been reluctant to admit that these pigmies have specific in deep water. status and prefers to regard them simply as dwarfing, due to environment, +25. Fish Mortalily.-No of Crocodilus niloticus. received from any of Uganda's lak. 4-20. In January, however, some eggs of the Aswa pigmy crocodile It is believed that the ngege . were examined and it was found that they too were conspicuously dwarfed . recorded in paragraph 297 (iiifof' measuring only, in millimeters, 69'0 by +0'2 and 67'2 by +0'3, which almost certainly due to a terrific l contrast remarkahly with 80 by +9 millimeters, the average of the normal saturated oxygen in the water to ; Nile crocodile. of oxygen. The blooming of cowj Also, the Nile crocodile averages about sixty eggs per nest, but this the spirogira in its tum dies off, 81 pigmy crocodile's "sitting" was only twelve eggs. One cannot help feeling is a filamentous alga. that the Aswa pigmy crocodile has developed into a definite species, or It is possible, though by no at least a recognisable race. mortality which occurs amongst 421. General.-At times one receives strange requests. This. year due to blooming of spirogira. the Department was asked. to send by air to South Mrica three dozen +26. East Ajri(an FreshrD, newly hatched crocodiles! , progress has been made with The Department was prepared to comply with this request, but and severnl staff quarters have lj.. nothing further developed from the initial enquiry. construction. Two motor launl • . ~ 67 i lis continues to be high. There (11) GENERAL NOTES ~me justification, that "button" 422. Maximum Weights of Fish.-The heaviest fish recorded are:- ~g to others "buttons" are due Lake Victoria Katwe Katunguru Kaianja ------1'1' work has been permitted in lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. III have been caught as there are Ngege .'. 3- 4 3- 4 5- 6 • Semutundu ...... 30-35 :13-35 35-41 ... tins from this locality, however, Kasulubana ", , .. 10-1 5 8-10 8-10 ... Kisinja ...... 8-25 8 10-30 ... Male ...... 3' 3~-4° 3 1 rJ Mamba ...... 3' 4' 32 --40 .. . •teolaemus tetraspis).-Somewhat 1e discovery of a small crocodile 423. There is little outstanding amongst these weights, with the er which fl~ws into Lake George possible exception of 25 lb. kisi"ja from Lake Victoria; from Katunguru 41 lb. semutu"du, 5 lb. to 6 lb. "gege, and 40 lb. mamba; and 40 lb. male and ,region which hitherto had been 42 lb. mamba from Katwe. Ired considerable speculation and 42 4. lSe for alarm as it proved to be (i) In the course of a visit to the Congo fisheries in the southern :I not a lacustrine creature, and part of Lake Edward the Fish Culturist was informed that, the heaviest IS of semi-aquatic forest which bagrus which had been caught in a seine net weighed 346 lb.-it must , dead leaves and other vegetable have been a veritable monster of truly exceptional size. Also, another . the heat of fermentation. This immense fish was a male of 276 lb. t pit where it was regularly fed (ii) The mystery fish, the ngiriso (or engiliso), which is referred to nd flourishing. Some excellent in paragraphs 492-493, 1935, paragraph 219, '937, and paragraph tEd As a result of comprehensive 293 (iv), 1946, is well-known to the Belgians who say that about seven ~.llttle crocodile also oecurs or eight are caught each year. It is described as having the head of ~'iJIlv into Lake Edward. a bagrus and the tail of a clarias, which is the exact opposite of what is .~dile.-Reference has been recordlOd in paragraph 219, 1937.. It is believed to be a deep water p)..f(llo-311, 1929, paragraphs species and those caught Jinve never been less than 80 lb., the heavie. . i933, to a pigmy species of was about 95 lb. It is found mostly along the northern coast. a in the Aswa (or Moroto) river (iii) Soft-backed Turtles (Trionyx sp.) whieh have not previously been recorded from Lake Edward are sometimes c.ught by the Belgians, that these pigmies have specific in deep water. IS dwarfing, due to environment, 425. Fish Mortality.-No reports of fish mortality have been received from any of Uganda's lakes or rivers. ~s of the Aswa pigmy crocodile It is believed that the ngege mortality in Lake Bunyonyi, which was too were conspicuously dwarfed . recorded in paragraph 297 (iii) of the 1946 Report, Part II, Fisheries, was 40'2 and 67'2 by 40'3, which almost certainly due to a terrific blooming of spirogira which reduced the Leters, the average of the normal saturated oxygen in the water to such an extent that the fish died for lack of oxygen. The blooming of course exhausts the oxygen in the water and ut sixty eggs per nest, but this the spirogira in its turn dies off, so that the water soon clears. The spirogira 'e eggs. One cannot help feeling is a filamentous alga. loped into a definite species, or It is possible, though by no means certain, that the periodical heavy mortality which occurs amongst the Lake Albert Nile perch may also be :s strange requests. This year due to blooming of spirogira. ir to South Mrica three dozen 426. East Afman Freshwater Fisheries R...arch Orga"isatio".-Good ! progress has been made with the building programme, the Laboratory k:omply with this request, but and several staff quarters have been completed and others are under quiry constructi~n, Two motor launches. are in constant use, r · l ~~ i'~ ~ ,~ e ."""""C --. It,,,:.. ~ 68 The principal investigation so far undertaken has been a preliminary 433· Two species of ~ survey of the fish population in the Jinja area of Lake Victor'a. This has pelican-Peleeanus onocrotabu already given indication of promising lines for ec"nomic development Peleeanus ru!eseens. The rosy of the fisheries. proportion of these birdt move 427. The Uganda Fish Marketing Corporation, Ltd.-Thi. is the on the other hand is r~ent Public Utility Company which is referred to in paragraph.ij57 of the [94-7 at a very great distance from the' Report. The Uganda Fish Marketing Corporation, with a .capital of breeding season Is during the four £50,000, in which the Protectorate Government holds the majority of African breeding ground of the Ia 9hares, was incorporated in OClober. The Corporation plans to operate the state of the sex organs of male! at Lakes George, Edwac"l, Albert and Kyoga, as well as at sundry other in July indicated breeding later in I sm~ller inland waters but not, for the present, on Lake. Victoria. The place during the October to· end objects of the Corporatio."1 arc essentially to organise the processing and a considerable lessening of rosy pel marketing of fish and other lake products so that the African fishermen region from November to February; will be assured of a steady long-term m'.rket for their catch at a fixed and 434· The pink-backed pclicatl fair price, There will be no interference with .the fishermen themselves, of a number of specimens indicates ~nl: and the satisfactory development of Uganda's fishing industry is considered fisheries as its catch consists to be of priluary importance. which can well be spared, in fact i The Game Warden ex officio is a Director of the Company and bird are to a great extent beneficial. attended all but one of the Board meetings. 435· The rosy pelican on the the economic fisheries, and it is es 428. The Corl'0ration has acquired the fish and crocodile interests of Ugand~. Lakes Ltd., a Company which was operating on Lake J(yoga, of these birds consumes at least one a formidable total. It is ~wn fJ Lake Albert and Lake KijanebaloJa (Masaka). . a single ,rosy pelican catches at Ie.. By the end of the year a nucleus of European staff had been engaged ngege, per day, and, unfortunately, ' to carry on these various activities. breeding females, as in Lake Ed~ 429. Fish Farming.-Preliminary investigations have been carried grounds are in the shallows at· the out in an endeavour to find suitable localities in western Ankole and the tilapia breeding grounds. adjacent portion h£ the Toro District in which free flowing streamslnight 436. The majority of tilapia , be used to supply the necessary water for experimental fish farms. One pelicans are either fish about to spai ~. such locality exajUined in August at the Kilembe mining headquarters, with ova or fish carrying their broo< at the foot of Ruwenwri, by the Game Warden and the Fish Culturist b~ the damage caused to the valuable ta was found to most suitable, but, unfortunately, the contemplated associated waters is incalculable. development did not materialise. 4-37· During the years t937 to 430. A large business Concern owning plantations of considerable Lake Naivasha in Kenya Colony incfij extent in several parts of Buganda has been constructing dams wherever at least 11' IS pounds of fish, entirely possible on its properties and stocking them with Tilapia eseulenta from 43 8. In consequence the pre. Lake Victoria. pelicans on the waters of Lake Ed" 431. Fish Culture.-Little fish culture has been possible though Channel for a greater part of the ye the few aquarium experiments conducted by the Fish Culturist have economic importance; worse still is th revealed how voraciously Tilapia nilotiea feeds on water weed, and also by day and night. that wherever this species occurs it will be the dominant tilapia. 439· IsinglaJs.-IEinglass is a j 432. Pelieans.-Pelicans play an important part in tbc economy of with certain valuable properties whiclJ the shallower lakes which are well stocked with valuable food fishes, and particular it is used for fixing or clariJ in particular in parts of Lake Edward, Lake George and the Kazinga of great importance to the leather trad. Channel. cement. It is found in the walls of As tb.ese large, voracious birds are exclusively fish-eaters it lias been as the "sound,. or "maw") of certain necessary to investigate carefully the extent of the damage they may caUSe by weight when thoroughly dried, an, to local fishing industries, is much heavier and more valuable than t .... 69 433. Two species of pelican occur in Uganda, the larger one or rosy lertaken has been a preliminary pelican-Pelecanus onocrotaEus and the lesser or pink-backed pelic.n L1'ea of Lake Victoria. This has Peleconus rufescens. The rosy pelican is seasonally migratory, when a large ilea for economic development proportion of these hirds move away, probably to breed; the pink-backed on the other hand is resident and nests in colonies in trees, usually not CorporatiDn, Ltd.-This is the at a verY great distance from the waters in which it ohtains its food. Its to in paragraph 357 of the r947 breeding season is during the four months August to November. No East .corporation, with ~ capital of African breeding ground of the larger species has yet been located, but emment holds the majority of the state of the sex organs of males and females collected on Lake George e Corporation plans to operate in July indicated breeding later in the year, •.nd nesting is believed to take yoga, as well as at sundry other place during the October to end of January period. There is usually resent, on Lake. Victoria. The a considerable fessening of rosy pelicans in the Lake Edward/Lake George . t. organise the processing and region from November to February, s so that the African fishermen . 434. The pink-backed pelican is dealt with first '.s the examination ket for their catch at a fixed arid of a number of specimens indicates that it docs little harm to the economic ,-with the fishermen them,.elves, fisheries as its catch consists mainly of a small sized predator· eichlid fish ill's fishing industry is considered which can well be spared, in fact it is possible that the activities of this bird are to a great extent beneficial. I Director of the Company and 435. The rosy pelican on the other haJJd does incredible harm to I. the economic fisheries, and it is estimated on reliable evidence that one the fish and crocodile interests of these birds consumes at least one ton of valuable food fis," per annum, , was operating on Lake Kyoga, a formidable total. It is known from frequent local examinations that ta). . a single .rosy pelican catches at least 6 lb. of fish, mainly if not entirely European staft had been engaged ngege, per day, and, unfortunately, a Jarge proportion of these ngege are breeding- females, as in Lake Edward these pelicans' favourite fishing ~vest~gations have been carried grounds are in the shallows at the mouths of rivers which are the main Iities if! western Ankole and the tilapia breeding grounds. ~hich free flowing "treamsmight 436~ The majority of tilapia which have been fo1l.nd ino.ide rosy )r experimental fish farms. One pelicans are either fish about to spawn or fish with the pharynx packed , Kilembe mining headquarters, with ova or fish carrying their broods in their mouths. In consequence 'Warden and the Fish Culturist the damage caused to the valuable tilapia fishery of Lake Edward and its nfortunately, the contemplated associated waters is incalculable. 437. During the years 1937 to 1941 investigations carried out on ~ng plantations of considerahle Lake Naivasha in Kenya Colony indicated that the rosy pelican consumed een constructing darns wherever at least 11'15 pounds offish, entirely tilapia, per day. \em with Tilapia esculenta from 438. ln consequence the presence of a few thousands of rosy pelicans on the waters of Lake Edward, Lake George and the Kazinga nrc has been possible though Channel for a greater part of the year presents a problem of very great d by the Fish Culturist have economic importance; worse still is the fact that the rosy pelicans fish both feeds on water weed, and also by d.y and night. the dominant tilapia. 439. Isinglass.-Tsinglass is a pure form of commercial gelatine with certai~ valuable properties which are not found in other gelatines. In rtant part in the economy of particular it is used for fixing or clarifying- beers and wines, and also it is with valuable food fishes, and of greal importance to the leather trade as it is the strongest known leather . ke George and the Kazinga cement. It is found in the walls of the swim-bladder (otherwise known as the Ilsound" or "maw") of certain species of fish. Sounds are bought usively fish-eaters it has been by weight when thoroughly dried, and normally the sound of the female of the damage they may cause is much heavier and more valuable thanthatofthe malefish ofthesamespecies, 70 +40. The sound 1S eXlracted without stretching or tearing \vhen the fish IS gUlled; it is split with a sharp knife from end to end, and hand washed in running water to r"move all blood and attachml:nts of connective tissue. It is then air- or sun-dried until it is stiff and hard. An I. -\n examination of the sound.<; of the varioui'. species of fish \hich ,'rt found in Lake Edward and its associated \\'aters indicates that the SI'II/l/tUUtlll (Bagrus dOC1T111r) is 1he only onc which prrJ\'ides asatisfactory bladder. :\s a by-product the cullection of its :,ound might be worth while, though the price otTercd of Sh. 1/9d. per lb. deltvered in the United Kingdom is unattractive, rcprc~enting as it does a local price of only Sh. J per Ih. The bladder::: of l1IorlllYrus and hnrbus arc of good quality, but to ~maU, and as the supply is extremely limited their collection is not an economic propositIon. ('/arias blRdders are small and llsdess. the sound of this fi$h is in the skull. +42. :\t the end of the year, in addition to the Seml/fllndll material previously sent to the Colonial Fisheries Adviser, a com:ignment of bladders from some of the larger Lake :\lbcrt species waR submitted for c xpt::rt examination and report. Th~ ~ile per(1) (La(e~ n/bertia7lIls) sound is large and provides isingla'is of high quality, and the trade is prepared to pay Shs. 4 to Shs. 5 pt'r lb. for these bladders. The ~<:aehol1e (Dislirhodus lli/otiCliS) also has a valuable sound, hut larger samples will have to be submitted before it can be priced. 443. The air bladJers of the 1IIpoi (Cirlzari1J/ls citherus), waIJrilld/ (Synodenlis seIJal1) and Iwruha (Lnheo horie) are of no commercial value. L mil the proce~sjng of the catches from Lakl: Edward and Lake Albert i!i properly organised there can Iw no satisfactory development in til produclion of dried soumb. +++ Id('1lI({iwti()/ls.-Some small sized ti/apia caught in the little :raler lakl ;..; iungu, Tll:ar the Ca~holic 1\lission at Kichwamba and the road to Katunguru, have been identified with Ti/apia trewavasae at the British :Vluscum C\atur£ll History). Th.is crater lake is not connected with either Lake Edward or Lake George. There is considerable confusion of idcntity of the tilapias which. arc found in the various crater lakes in western Ankolc and in Toro, and it appears that frewavasae in its various forms is so close to Ti/apia edllardiallu that it is m fact a form of this species. Moreover, Tilapuj fJunrdiana and T. /ellcosticta may prove to ue the same. In Lake ~illngu T. trewm.iOS{l(' is vcry black. This species also occurs in Lake Tsunga not far fronl Fort Portal, and in Lhe Hritish I\Iu!oiC'um collection at outh Kt'nsington there are also specImens from a crater lake. at an altitude of 3,500 fect. near Mohokva .. 71 (C) Angling TROUT '0. 445· 3°4 66\) (i) Brown Trout.-Y:o reports ha c been received f either conditions j.7 or catches from the Ruwenzori streams. l\) i2 ") +46. )1 (ii) Rainbo'zv Trout- 'S 2 (a) Buhwa Ri-ver.-Fishing generally has been poor, and r -stocking with r'linbow "fry" from Stellenbo ch (S JUth Africa) ova IS -298 contemplated h_ the Suam and Kaptega Angling Association. uti 23 1 447· 3+5 ;\ (b) Suam River.-In the Suam also fishing has been p( or, and 2 t)5 I 186 r -stocking is co tcmplaLed. At the end of the year when conditions 61 were said to be ideal angl 'fS found fish scarce, and those taken 33 I - 33 averag d ~'- lb., the best being I lb. 4-48. (c) Siti Riur.-_ lothin to report. 449. 8uam and Kapll1ga Angh'ng A 'sociatioll-Honorwy Members. The Suam and Kaptega Angling Association has invited the County hil~f .3ul of Sebei, the Gombolol Chief f Buhya and the Muluka Chief, 'uam, to h . orne H0110rary Iembers of the Association, a privile e which is very greatly appreciated by the trio cone med. 45°· (iii) Trout Licences.-The re"enue derived from the sal of Trout Licences amounted t £28 19s., which is an eighty-three pe cent. 15 increase on last year, 4S I. Nile Percb or lV/pUla-Late albertiwlU '.- 0 definite ne '8 las l een received about Nile prch fisl ing which, however, is believed to be still indifferent. ) I I, +52. Ripon Falls Barbel.-Fair sport has heen had below the Ripon Fall , and at the 0, ren Falls, by local enthusiasts ::l.11d visitOl s. I, 453. Tilapia- ariabilis.-Angling for Tilapia 'i;ariabilis above the Ripon Fall~ at Jinja continues to provide a profitable pastime for 111..11nerOUS African". It is remarkable how contemptuous the'e fishermen are f the abundant lurking crocodiles, as they make a prdctice of wading far out into the shallow water wh~re they will stand for hours 011 end horefully angLing. Although casualties occur this does not deter the others from a king for - the same tro lble. C. R. S. PITMAN, ENTEBBE, Game IVanten. 28Tlt FlmnUARY, 1950. 7 J ~-r-- """1'\ !.:::..-LAK>;V1CTORIA.-WESTERN MEN~C ~I,". Nd.> lH~-!.~ '!'\' II> ,V. ) ,'.'0-. ",.. "f ... I~" .. No. ... '\7) ~., '. 1.04'~ I I S-J.,II , . 4.1'" ) • .),.11. 'u J.t-:'- ~,1 !J! i ~J;;: ~ili.u~ -:-~I ~.•H ....)!'O . .. 1 ~l\ l,111 "~ !~l - 10 f Joi ".. '".. ; I' ...... ,.. 1 .., 1)' '" , J' ., .. J~I ,...~ ." 'J'J Oll'''' ~ .." .. ","",II " J 1 • \tuJl...~.. .,. ,,;. t,.s~ " "~ ..., "~,, t. k..I I lql, ,.., .. n... ~!, l ba 00' .."- JI.' I;~ I f\-nJ' ''''I .... '" ., Io' j ~ . K"'M.tt .,.- ,-" ....'" loon· .do(! 1-: ,10,1." ;~i . ... I .1 --~ ~: ~~_ \1 ,I.. 'l1!.-." 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