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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië 2018

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië 2018 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië 2018 Datum juli 2018 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië 2018 | Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Sub-Sahara-Afrika Cluster Ambtsberichten Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië 2018 | Inhoudsopgave Inleiding .........................................................................................................5 1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ............................................................................. 6 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ...................................................................................6 1.2 De Ethiopische oppositie ................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 Legale oppositiepartijen ................................................................................. 11 1.2.2 Illegale gewapende oppositiepartijen ............................................................... 13 1.3 Anti-regeringsprotesten vanaf het najaar van 2015 en uitroepen noodtoestand ..... 17 1.4 Verhouding met buurlanden ............................................................................ 22 1.4.1 Eritrea.......................................................................................................... 22 1.4.2 Somalië ........................................................................................................ 24 1.4.3 Soedan en Zuid-Soedan ................................................................................. 24 1.4.4 Soedan en Egypte: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ....................................... 25 2 Algemene veiligheidssituatie ..................................................................... 27 2.1 Oorzaken verandering veiligheidssituatie .......................................................... 27 2.2 Demonstraties............................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Oromia ......................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Amhara ........................................................................................................ 29 2.2.3 Protesten in andere regio’s ............................................................................. 30 2.3 Conflict tussen Oromia en Somali Regional State ............................................... 31 2.4 Activiteiten gewapende oppositiepartijen en paramilitaire organisaties ................. 32 2.4.1 Ogaden ........................................................................................................ 32 2.4.2 Oromia ......................................................................................................... 34 2.4.3 Benshangul-Gumuz........................................................................................ 34 2.4.4 Tigray en Amhara .......................................................................................... 34 2.5 Lokaal interetnisch geweld .............................................................................. 35 2.5.1 Gambella ...................................................................................................... 35 2.5.2 Oromia ......................................................................................................... 36 2.5.3 Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) .............................. 36 2.5.4 Amhara ........................................................................................................ 36 2.5.5 Overig .......................................................................................................... 37 3 Documenten .............................................................................................. 38 3.1 Identiteits- en reisdocumenten ........................................................................ 38 3.2 Vital Events Registration Agency ..................................................................... 41 3.3 Identificatieplicht ........................................................................................... 42 3.4 Documentfraude ............................................................................................ 42 4 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 44 4.1 Juridische context .......................................................................................... 44 4.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ....................................................................... 46 4.2.1 Aangifte ....................................................................................................... 46 4.2.2 Politie .......................................................................................................... 46 4.2.3 Rechterlijke macht ......................................................................................... 47 4.2.4 Nationale Ombudsman en Ethiopian Human Rights Commission .......................... 48 4.2.5 NGO’s .......................................................................................................... 48 4.2.6 Internationale organisaties ............................................................................. 49 4.3 Naleving en schendingen ................................................................................ 50 4.3.1 Optreden veiligheidstroepen ........................................................................... 50 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië 2018 | 4.3.2 Arrestaties .................................................................................................... 51 4.3.3 Situatie gevangenissen .................................................................................. 53 4.3.4 Mishandeling en foltering ................................................................................ 54 4.3.5 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen ....................................................................... 55 4.3.6 Buitenrechtelijke executies ............................................................................. 55 4.3.7 Politieke moorden .......................................................................................... 55 4.4 Rechtsgang ................................................................................................... 56 4.5 Doodstraf ..................................................................................................... 57 4.6 Strafvervolging overheidsfunctionarissen .......................................................... 57 4.7 Internationale bezorgdheid ............................................................................. 58 4.8 Ethiopische inspanning ter bevordering mensenrechten ...................................... 60 4.9 Vrijheid van meningsuiting en persvrijheid ........................................................ 61 4.9.1 Wetgeving .................................................................................................... 61 4.9.2 Vervolging van journalisten............................................................................. 61 4.9.3 Kranten ........................................................................................................ 62 4.9.4 Radio en televisie .......................................................................................... 62 4.9.5 Internet en mobiele telefonie .......................................................................... 63 4.9.6 Wachtwoorden .............................................................................................. 66 4.9.7 Private initiatieven ......................................................................................... 66 4.10 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ............................................................ 66 4.11 Vrijheid van godsdienst en levensovertuiging .................................................... 68 4.12 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................... 69 5 Positie van specifieke groepen .................................................................. 71 5.1 Leden van oppositiepartijen / politieke activisten/opposanten ............................. 71 5.2 Etnische minderheden .................................................................................... 73 5.3 Religieuze minderheden ................................................................................. 75 5.4 Vrouwen ....................................................................................................... 76 5.5 LHBT ............................................................................................................ 77 5.6 Minderjarigen ................................................................................................ 80 5.7 Dienstplichtweigeraars en deserteurs ............................................................... 82 6 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden ................................................................... 84 6.1 Wetgeving en internationale verdragen ............................................................ 84 6.2 Vluchtelingen ................................................................................................ 85 6.3 Ontheemden ................................................................................................. 86 6.4 Registratie .................................................................................................... 88 6.5 Uitreisvisum en –boete voor Somalische en Eritrese vluchtelingen ....................... 89 6.6 Opvang in de regio .......................................................................................
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