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New Psychoactive Substances and Stimulants New Psychoactive Substances and Stimulants Gilberto Gerra Chief Drug Prevention and Health Branch Million % Heroin Prescription opioid 53.3 1.08 53.3 Cocaine 18.0 0.37 Amphetamines 28.9 0.59 68.2 Ecstasy 21.3 0.41 Past year, World Drug Report 2019 Stimulants among NPS Methyl-meth-cathinone (Mephedrone) Phenethylamines Benzylpiperazine Synthetic cannabinoids Services for people affected by stimulants use disorders and NPS use: - Not available - Unprepared - Empty - Not appealing - Laboratory inability - Counselling - Psychosocial interventions only NPS: "Internet drugs/designer drugs/legal highs" in Sweden Among 189 cases of drug intoxications at emergency departments and intensive care units 50 substances identified: - synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists ("Spice") - piperazines - substituted phenethylamines - synthetic cathinones - hallucinogenic tryptamines Helander et al., 2014 New psychoactive substances as adulterants of controlled drugs. A worrying phenomenon? 173 samples believed to be MDMA, amphetamine, cocaine, mescaline, or methamphetamine. The NPS adulterant most frequently observed 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-B) - 69 different combinations of substances were detected: - 20 involving a controlled drug combined with an NPS - 49 involving one or more NPS that substituted the controlled drug Giné et al., 2014 Int J Drug Policy. Characteristics of the use of 3-MMC and other new psychoactive drugs in Slovenia, and the perceived problems experienced by users. Sande, 2016 Int J Drug Policy. I like the old stuff better than the new stuff? Subjective experiences of new psychoactive substances. Matthews et al., 2017 Users attributed greater risks to the use of new drugs and preferred the effects of traditional drugs: - depression (55.2% of users), - concentration difficulties (44.0%), - feelings of fear and anxiety (39.4%), - tingling in the arms or legs (34.4%). Mephedrone, 4-methylmethcathinone(4-MMC) or 4-methylephedrone: Releasing dopamine/norepinephrine Dopamine transporter inhibitor Stimulant effects Teeth grinding, cardiovascular problems, behavioural undercontrol Bath salts containing substituted cathinones cathinone dopamine Phenethylamine, β-phenethylamine, or phenylethylamine Monoamines uptake inhibitors. Stimulant effects 2C series. Inhibitors of Mono Amine Oxidasis Phenethylamine Norepinephrine Piperazine organic compound GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor agonists Serotonin agonists Piperazines Clozapine Olanzapine 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1- benzylpiperazine(2C-B-BZP) 1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP) 2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine (DCPP) 4-Chlorophenylpiperazine(pCPP) Sold as ecstasy Stimulant / hallucinogenic effects Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice) Agonists on cannabinoid receptors Anandamide Aminoalkylindole (Naphthoylindoles) Tetrahydrocannabinol Psychosis – Cardiovascular disorders Clin Toxicol (Phila). A systematic review of adverse events arising from the use of synthetic cannabinoids and their associated treatment. Tait et al., 2016 Major complications: myocardial infarction ischemic stroke and emboli acute kidney injury generalized tonic-clonic seizures psychiatric presentations first episode psychosis paranoia self-harm/suicide ideation hyperemesis Australas Psychiatry. Signs and symptoms associated with synthetic cannabinoid toxicity: systematic review. Courts et al., 2016 clinicians in emergency services should consider synthetic cannabinoid toxicity when evaluating young adult patients presenting with unexplained agitation and /or cardiovascular symptoms. Tryptamines: monoamine alkaloid found in plants, fungi and animals Binding serotonin receptors – hallucinogenic effects Tryptamine Psilocybin Serotonin Psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) α-methyltryptamine N,N-diisopropyltryptamine 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine Forensic Sci Int. Use of synthetic stimulants and hallucinogens in a cohort of electronic dance music festival attendees. Mohr et al., 2018 Marijuana, alcohol, "Molly" (MDMA), cocaine. 75% of the participant: positive toxicological analyses Of those positive samples, 36%: one or more NPS Drug Alcohol Rev. Patterns and correlates of new psychoactive substance use in a sample of Australian high school students. Champion et al. 2016 higher levels of psychological distress frequent binge drinking Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. Recent changes in the clinical features of patients with new psychoactive-substances-related disorders in Japan: Comparison of the Nationwide Mental Hospital Surveys on Drug-related Psychiatric Disorders undertaken in 2012 and 2014. Matsumoto et al., 2016 the number of patients dependent upon NPS increased the number of those exhibiting social dysfunction increased Hum Psychopharmacol. Profile, effects, and toxicity of novel psychoactive substances: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Assi et al., 2017 The main desired effects of NPS use were empathy and increased ability to socialise. Addict Behav. Characterizing users of new psychoactive substances using psychometric scales for risk-related behavior. Vreeker et al., 2017 NPS users had higher scores for sensation seeking impulsivity compared to drug users. lower scores for risk perception compared to drug users. BMJ Open. Use of novel psychoactive substances by inpatients on general adult psychiatric wards. Stanley et al., 2016 NPS use was identified in 22.2% of admissions, contributing to psychiatric symptoms in 59.3%. drug-induced psychosis was significantly more likely in NPS users Hum Psychopharmacol. Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) use in severe mental illness patients: Potential changes in the phenomenology of psychiatric diseases. Bersani and Prevete, 2017 The NPS use in patients with Severe Mental Illness is probably underestimated. acute symptom exacerbation of pre-existing psychosis Paranoid, mood, and aggression symptoms occur more frequently. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. Mind navigators or chemicals' experimenters? A web-based description of e-psychonauts. Orsolini ...Schifano, 2015 Psychonauts typically considered themselves as "psychedelic researchers," "new Shamans," "philosophers," "alchemists." - a set of key skills, - attention to their inner "soul" - high standards of knowledge about drugs' chemical and pharmacological issues - high levels of both IT skills and verbal fluency Curr Neuropharmacol. Evolutionary Considerations on the Emerging Subculture of the E-psychonauts and the Novel Psychoactive Substances: A Comeback to the Shamanism? Orsolini… Schifano, 2017 Modified status of conscience Self - transcendence Reference to Shamanism J Psychoactive Drugs. Voice of the psychonauts: coping, life purpose, and spirituality in psychedelic drug users. Móro et al., 2011 enhancing self-knowledge auto-gnostic use of psychedelic drugs self-enhancement by rehearsing personal coping strategies spirituality J Psychoactive Drugs. Values and beliefs of psychedelic drug users: a cross-cultural study. Lerner and Lyvers, 2006 Psychedelic users scored significantly higher on: - mystical beliefs: oneness with God and the universe - life values of spirituality and concern for others - coping ability “the desert of the real” can be uncovered by swallowing the red pill there exists a pill–or a particular substance encapsulated in a pill– that shows reality in its “true” form Transcending mental boundaries : psychedelic drugs and demystification Br J Pharmacol. Lifestyle use of drugs by healthy people for enhancing cognition, creativity, motivation and pleasure. d'Angelo et al., 2017 increasing use of cognitive enhancers by healthy individuals raises safety, ethical and regulatory concerns, which should not be ignored. understanding the short- and long-term consequences of the use of NPS, as well as better understanding the motivations and profiles of users could promote more effective prevention Drug Alcohol Depend Twin epidemics: The surging rise of methamphetamine use in chronic opioid users. Ellis et al., 2018. Methamphetamine use significantly increased among treatment-seeking opioid users 34.2% (+82.6%, p < .001) 18.8% 2011 2017 synergetic high, balanced out the effects of opioids to function "normally” Subst Use Misuse. Heroin and Methamphetamine Injection: An Emerging Drug Use Pattern. Al-Tayyib et al., 2017 296 (50.0%) reported injecting both drugs during the past 12 months. Pattern characterized by injection of both methamphetamine and heroin Injecting both heroin and methamphetamine was associated with a 2.8 fold increase in reported overdose Heroin/Methamphetamines + heroin 2.8 1.0 Med J Aust. Estimating the number of regular and dependent methamphetamine users in Australia, 2002-2014. Degenhardt et al., 2016 1.24% 0.74% 2009 2014 The rate of dependent use had increased since 2009-10. 2.09% for regular non-dependent use Forensic Sci Int. The occurrence of alcohol/drugs by toxicological examination of selected drivers in Hong Kong. Cheng and Dao, 2017. 89% 27% 2006 2015 Increased use of methamphetamine among drivers: fatal accidents Front Psychiatry A Review of Risk Factors for Methamphetamine-Related Psychiatric Symptoms Xiangwen Chang et al., 2018 Heart Lung Circ. The Current Epidemiology of Injecting Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis in Victoria, Australia in the Midst of Increasing Crystal Methamphetamine Use. Wright et al., 2017 Stimulants injected A significant proportion of people who inject drugs have switched to injecting synthetic cathinone in recent years. Outbreaks of HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs, partly due to the increased use of synthetic cathinone Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Sexually transmitted infection prevalence and related risk factors among heterosexual male methamphetamine users in China. Liu et al., 2017 Methamphetamine users belong to the high-risk group for sexually transmitted infection in China. Non-protected sex Behavioural under-control Methamphetamine induced arrhythmias Heroin and Opioids Stimulants and NPS E-mail [email protected] Twitter @gilbertogerra.
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