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Funku�....�14 � 2.1� Počátek� 20 -4 OBSAH ÚVOD ...............................................................................................................................6 I ČÁST 1 HUDEBNÍKULTURANAÚZEMÍSPOJENÝCHSTÁTŮ ...............................8 1.1 AFRICKÉ KOŘENY ................................................................................................8 1.2 EVROPSKÁ VERSUS AFRICKÁ HUDBA .................................................................10 1.3 VZÁJEMNÉ PROPOJOVÁNÍ ..................................................................................12 2 HUDEBNÍSTYLYSPŘÍMÝMVLIVEMNAVZNIKA VÝVOJFUNKU ....14 2.1 POČÁTEK 20. STOLETÍ AŽ DVACÁTÁ LÉTA : GOSPEL , BLUES , RAGTIME , NEW ORLEANS – KOLÉBKA JAZZU , JAZZ ....................................................................16 2.2 TŘICÁTÁ A ČTYŘICÁTÁ LÉTA : SWING , BE BOP , RHYTHM &BLUES .......................23 2.3 PADESÁTÁ A ŠEDESÁTÁ LÉTA : ROCK &ROLL , SOUL ............................................28 2.4 SEDMDESÁTÁ LÉTA : JAZZ ROCK , DISKO , HIP -HOP ..............................................31 II ČÁST 3 HISTORICKÝKONTEXT VZNIKUFUNKU ...................................................36 3.1 OBČANSKÉ NEPOKOJE .......................................................................................37 3.2 RASOVÁ PROBLEMATIKA ...................................................................................38 3.3 HUDEBNÍ SOUVISLOST .......................................................................................40 4 FUNK .......................................................................................................................41 4.1 VÝZNAM SLOVA „FUNK “ ...................................................................................42 4.2 JAK POZNAT FUNK .............................................................................................43 4.3 „T HE ONE “ ........................................................................................................45 4.4 GROOVE ............................................................................................................46 4.5 NAHRÁVACÍ SPOLEČNOSTI ................................................................................48 5 ŠEDESÁTÁLÉTA–POČÁTEKFUNKU ...........................................................50 5.1 JAMES BROWN - ZAKLADATEL SOULU A FUNKU ................................................50 5.2 BROWNOVI SPOLUTVŮRCI FUNK STYLU , JB’ S ....................................................56 5.3 PRE -FUNK .........................................................................................................62 6 SEDMDESÁTÁ LÉTA–ZLATÁ ÉRAFUNKU .................................................65 6.1 „Č ISTÝ “ FUNK ...................................................................................................65 6.2 P-FUNK ..............................................................................................................69 6.3 DANCE -FUNK ....................................................................................................76 -5 7 OSMDESÁTÁLÉTA–ÚPADEKZÁJMUO FUNK .........................................78 7.1 JAZZ -FUNK ........................................................................................................78 7.2 ROCK -FUNK ......................................................................................................79 7.3 PUNK -FUNK .......................................................................................................82 8 DEVADESÁTÁ LÉTA–ZNOVUOBJEVENÍFUNKU .....................................84 8.1 METAL -FUNK ....................................................................................................84 8.2 G-FUNK .............................................................................................................86 8.3 NEO -FUNK .........................................................................................................89 9 FUNKNA ČESKÉSCÉNĚ ....................................................................................95 ZÁVĚR .........................................................................................................................100 SEZNAM PRAMENŮALITERATURY .................................................................102 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH .....................................................................................................112 RESUMÉ -6 ÚVOD Hudba patří mezi jednu znejstarších forem udržování (nejen hudebnícH) tradic akulturního dědictví jednotlivýchnárodů.Slouží také kosobitémuprojevua vyjádření emocí,vlastníchnázorů i postřehů,pozitivníchči negativních. Funk jakohudební styl splňujevšechnytytopodmínky. Vnásledujícím textujsem se snažila shromáždit relevantní informace,vztahující se ktématu Funk. Hudební styl funk vznikl vedruhé polovině 20. století. Čerpá zkulturního dědictví potomkůpůvodníchafrickýchotroků,ale také celkové černošské kultury,fungující odšestnáctéhostoletí ve Spojenýchstátech.Kromě hudebníchstylů, vztahujícím se ke vznikajícímu hudebnímu stylu funk , se vpráci věnuji také sociální, kulturníarasové problematiceAfroameričanůnaúzemíSpojenýchstátů. Celá práce je rozdělena na dva okruhy. První okruh zahrnuje dvě kapitoly, pojednávající o hudební kultuře na území Spojených států. V první kapitole, o době příchodu prvních černošskýcH otroků anásledném promíchávání afrických aevropskýchhudebnícH vlivů vAmerice,jsem se snažila nastínit pohledna smíšenou hudební kulturu ve Spojených státech. Ve druhé kapitole rekapituluji zhruba šedesátiletý vývoj jednotlivých hudebních stylů od přelomu 19.a20.století. Jsou zde zahrnutyvšechnyhudebníútvary,důležité propozdějšívznikavývoj funku . Druhý okruh obsahuje sedm kapitol, věnujícícH se samotnému hudebnímu stylu funk . V pořadí třetí kapitole se zabývám historickým kontextem vzniku funku , obsahujícím nejen hudební souvislosti, ale především občanské nepokoje a rasovou problematikuve Spojenýchstátech.Ve čtvrté kapitole se věnuji významuslova „funk“ vširším kontextu, hlavním znakům funkové hudby, především rytmické linii, avneposlední řadě se zmiňuji oprvníchnahrávacíchspolečnostech,které podporovaly funkové hudebníky.V páté kapitole, zahrnující období šedesátýchlet,popisuji životní odkaz „otce funku“ Jamese Browna vrámci jeho funkového působení, tvorbu Brownových významných hudebních partnerů a kariéry prvních funkových kapel. Všesté kapitole, věnované sedmdesátým letem, se zabývám „zlatou érou“ funku , funkovým velikánem Georgem Clintonem a jeho neodmyslitelným P-funkem, ataké poněkud méně účelně vytvořeným dance-funkem. Pro funk ne příliš významná osmdesátá léta s jazz-funkem,rockfunkem a punkfunkem,následují vsedmé kapitole. -7 Vosmé kapitole se věnuji znovuobjevením funku vdevadesátých letech, obsahujícím hudební stylymetal-funk,G-funka neofunk.V poslední,deváté kapitole se zabývám vývojem funku avíce či méně funkovými kapelamivČeskérepublice. Cílem mé práce je představení poměrně známého,avšaku nás nepříliš dostatečně definovanéHo hudebníHo stylu funk vsouvislosti shudební kulturou na území Spojenýchstátů,sdůrazem na hudební útvarydvacátéhostoletí.Dále jsem se věnovala vývojovým proměnám funku jako hudebníHo stylu, kompletaci funkové tvorby jednotlivýcH hudebních interpretů a kapel, společně snáhledem nacelkový sociální, kulturníarasovýpodtext. Hudebním stylem funk vrámci celosvětového přínosu jsem se zabývala jen okrajově. Při kompletování práce pro mě byly hodnotnými zdroji především knihy Ricky Vincent - Funk: The Music, the People, andthe Rhythm of the One a Pete Madsen - Funk Guitar and Bass: Know the players, play the music. Dále jsem se opírala oinformace zoficiálních webových stránek interpretů a kapel, údaje jsem čerpala ztištěnýcH dokumentů a vneposlední řadě také ze článků na internetu a zosobní zkušenosti.Významnými zdroji promě bylyi hudební naHrávky,vydané ve SpojenýcH státechavČeskérepublice. Kromě přiložených fotografií funkových interpretů a Hudebních kapel je samostatnou přílohou práce také kompaktní disk, zahrnující antologii funku odšedesátýchletdopřelomudvacátéhostoletí. -8 I Č Á S T 1 HUDEBNÍ KULTURA NA ÚZEMÍ SPOJENÝCH STÁTŮ Funk vznikl ve Spojených státech amerických ve2. polovině 20. století. Proobjektivní uchopení a vystižení hudebního funk stylu je potřeba se seznámit s hudební Historií na území Severní Ameriky od doby přícHodu prvnícH černošskýcH otrokův16.století. Funk z předchozích hudebních stylů, u nichž se inspiroval, absorboval některé prvkya postupněsivydobylstatussvébytnéhohudebníhostylu. 1.1 AFRICKÉ KOŘENY Černošská hudba měla vždy velmi silné kořeny spjaté skulturou, historií, rituálními obřadyi zvykyjednotlivýchafrickýchkmenů.Podle RickeyhoVincenta byl funk obsažen už v prapůvodníafrické hudební kultuře: „Funk is deeply rooted inAfricancosmology –the ideathat people are createdinharmony withthe rhythms ofnature,andthat free expressionistantamout tospiritual andmental health.“ 1 Technickými vymoženostmi nepoznamenaná Afrika se už od počátků prvnícH výzkumných výprav evropských cestovatelů odlišovala od konvenčního stylu života vEvropě.Svounespoutanouživelností,pohostinností i uctíváním neobvyklýchtradic se černošští obyvatelé naprosto vymykali evropským normám chování. V porovnání sEvropany žili Afričané v rovnováze duševního a fyzického světa. Jejich rituální obřady, spojované sextatickým bubnováním a nevšedním tancem dokáží ještě dnes fascinovat mnoholidí jinýchkultur. Původ funku vždybyl a je spojovánhlavně sčernošskoukulturoua tím i částečně s tradiční africkou hudbou, která jako součást kulturního dědictví pozdějších 1 „Funk je hluboce zakořeněn
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