La Fiction De La Langue Et De L'espace : La Fragmentation

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La Fiction De La Langue Et De L'espace : La Fragmentation Claire Derry présente La fiction de la langue et de l’espace : La fragmentation dans trois œuvres de Sebbar, Belghoul, et Kassovitz Un mémoire Présenté sous la direction de Prof. Michael O’Riley Au Département de Français et d’Italien The Colorado College Printemps 2019 2 « Si j’étais jeune, je serais un yoleur. » Aimé Césaire 3 Table de Matières Introduction 4 Leïla Sebbar – Fatima ou les Algériennes au square et l’espace féminin 9 Farida Belghoul - Georgette ! et la destruction linguistique 16 Les jeux de mots 18 Mathieu Kassovitz – La Haine et les jeux de langue 24 La violence 27 La langue 30 Conclusion 34 Bibliographie 38 4 Introduction La langue française fait grande partie de l’imaginaire nationale. L’existence de l’Académie Française fait preuve du rôle joué par la langue dans la société métropolitaine et sur ce qu’aperçoit le reste du monde. La France garde aussi, malgré tout effort de l’oublier, une histoire coloniale et immigrante qui gère la condition du pays. En juxtaposition avec le côté plutôt rigide de l’Académie, l’association politique, économique et culturelle de la Francophonie montre le multiculturalisme des populations parlante français. En effet, les 88 pays de l’association sont partis prenantes du destin de la langue française, ce qui implique 300 millions de francophones dans le monde (« Qui Parle Français »). Cependant la diversité de la langue ne se trouve pas seulement en dehors de la métropole, et en ce moment la France fait face à plusieurs enjeux concernant la pluralité linguistique et sociétale chez elle. L’importance de la langue se révèle par plusieurs fils dans la littérature et l’art langagier. Des écrivains, des régisseurs, et des comédiens expriment comment les locuteurs natifs se servent de la langue française afin de rabaisser ceux dont le français n’est pas la langue maternelle, ou simplement ceux qu’ils jugent de ne pas appartenir aux français « de souche ». Parmi les représentations de ces préjugés dans la littérature et l’art se trouvent des fils différents montrant les idées stéréotypées auxquelles ces gens font face. La méprise des accents perçus comme non-français indique la xénophobie qui s’y manifeste. En plus, l’utilisation des termes péjoratifs révèle le racisme et l’exotisme profondément enracinés dans la culture française. Enfin, les noms et les prénoms disant « étrangers » envoient un signe immédiat aux français majoritaires que leur interlocuteur peut-être ne partage pas leurs origines. Face aux stéréotypes si nuisibles, les créateurs de ces œuvres de résistance se servent de la langue aussi, mais d’une manière dont la subversion de la langue est également une subversion de la culture dominante. 5 Les conditions sociétales qui mènent aux telles situations sont bien complexes. D’abord, l’image de l’Autre non-français et inconnaissable se conceptualise selon le passé colonial de la métropole. Les idées des mœurs sociétaux français se construisent en opposition aux images des anciennes colonies, et les immigrés non-occidentaux sont marginalisés à cause de la valorisation de la culture dominante. Their body (the color of their skin) as much as their religious, culinary, and intellectual traditions, their sexual mores, their ways of dressing distance them from the core constituents of French national identity, structured by Enlightenment philosophy and translated into French universalist republican citizenship. In other words, they are fundamentally nothing more than ‘black,’ Arab, or Asian, and their existence and presence in the world is strictly, if not exclusively, constructed from a racialized Western perspective and discourse. (Diouf 34) Cette conception réductionniste de gens ne faisant pas partie de la culture dominante fait montre du processus d’exclusion par excellence. Au lieu de reconnaître la similitude entre soi et l’Autre, le stéréotype permet de se séparer d’un groupe et d’appartenir à un autre. « Oblivious to its authoritarian implications (my own identity is predicted and imposed), the stereotype lets me in, or rather implies that it is unthinkable that I may wish to decline » (Rosello 11). La combinaison de ces deux phénomènes – l’appartenance et la séparation – forme la base de la théorie des communautés sociales et linguistiques et les images d’altérité. Un stéréotype est implicitement lié à la langue, et au langage qui l’entoure. Formellement, un stéréotype se définit comme une idée en relation aux conditions et préconceptions sociétales (Rosello 10). Voir la définition de Jean-Claude Anscombre ; « une communauté linguistique sera tout ensemble de sujets parlants qui est présenté comme partageant 6 (entre autres choses) une certaine liste de termes affectés des mêmes significations » (60). Cette communauté représente un pouvoir en relation à la communauté stéréotypé, et l’image utilisée est le récit de la différence que veut imposer la communauté dominante. Du fait qu’au fond les stéréotypes ont une signification dénotative, l’appartenance à une communauté linguistique devient essentiel pour en comprendre les connotations. « Le niveau stéréotypique apparaît ainsi comme régissant le fonctionnement de la langue en tant que pratique de locuteurs individuels », c’est-à-dire allant plus loin que la signification d’un terme jusqu’à la connotation (Anscombre 58). En comprenant un stéréotype, le côté linguistique communautaire devient obligatoire, car la « vraie » signification ne pèse guère sur le sens connotatif. Anscombre partage l’exemple du « soleil se (lève + couche), phrases stéréotypiques de soleil, fausses aux yeux de la science, mais valides aux yeux d’une communauté linguistique fonctionnant comme communauté non scientifique » (61). Ainsi le défi des auteurs qui visent à contester ces images se trouve dans l’usage subversif des outils normalement destinés à propager ces idées négatives : surtout, par la voie de la langue. Cette conception de la création des images négatives s’applique au processus de créer les images et les chemins de résistance à ces idées. Les communautés de la culture dominante construisent les images d’altérité par rapport à la différence entre eux et les communautés marginalisées. Étienne Balibar s’adresse à cette idée des communautés construites : Every social community is reproduced by the functioning of institutions is imaginary, that is, it is based on the projection of individual existence into the weft of a collective narrative, on the recognition of a common name and on traditions lived as the trace of an immemorial past (even when they have been created and inculcated in the recent past). 7 But this comes down to accepting that, in certain conditions, only imaginary communities are real. (346) Ainsi les communautés différentes de la culture dominante et celle qui est marginalisée appartiennent à la même communauté nationale, et donc la différence n’y est pas aussi simple. Pour Balibar, une des manières la plus importante de formuler ces communautés se produit par la langue. La communauté nationale idéale partage une langue en commun, et … Even if it were the case that individuals whose social conditions were very distant from one another were never in direct communication, they are bound together by an uninterrupted chain in intermediate discourses… Social differences are expressed and relativized as different ways of speaking the national language, which suppose a common code and even a common norm. (350-351) L’altérité, donc, se produit non seulement par l’expression dans la langue des stéréotypes, mais également par la manière dont les communautés sont perçues de parler la langue communale. Dans ses récits autobiographiques, Leïla Sebbar lie les idées de la théorie des communautés linguistiques à son expérience de ce qu’elle appelle « l’exil ». Pour Sebbar, qui est née en Algérie et dont la mère était française et le père était algérien parlant français, la langue maternelle est le français, et donc elle ressent l’écart d’un sens d’identité normatif. Elle dit que « si je parle d’exil, je parle aussi de croisements culturels ; c’est à ces points de jonction ou de disjonction où je suis que je vis, que j’écris, alors comment décliner une identité simple ? » (Huston et Sebbar 134). Le fait de vivre en France pose certains problèmes pour elle ayant une histoire de vie inattendue : Chaque fois que j’ai à parler de moi écrivant des livres, j’ai à me situer dans mon métissage, à répéter que le français est ma langue maternelle, à expliquer en quoi je ne 8 suis pas immigré, ni beur, mais simplement en exil, un exil doré certes mais d’un pays qui est le pays de mon père et dont j’ai la mémoire, vivant dans un pays qui est le pays de ma mère, de ma langue, de mon travail, de mes enfants mais où je ne trouve pas vraiment une terre. (Huston et Sebbar 133) L’enjeu des communautés linguistiques devient immédiat pour Sebbar, puisque ceux qu’elle rencontre attendent une « identité simple » : qu’elle parle arabe, et qu’elle écrit la perspective d’une maghrébine. Sa communauté linguistique est celle des locuteurs de français, pas celle des locuteurs d’arabe, et donc elle se trouve dans une espace en France où elle n’appartient pas totalement. L’idée d’exil se voit ainsi comme une expression du sentiment d’appartenance et d’exclusion au même temps, pendant qu’elle ne vit pas dans son pays natal mais dans un pays qui lui appartient par la voie de la langue. Prenant la narration de leurs expériences, les auteurs comme Sebbar, ayant des parents immigrés ou « en exil », se trouvent au milieu des images stéréotypées. Ces images construites font partie de la vie des personnages dans ces œuvres, au même temps qu’ils éprouvent les difficultés « réelles » de vivre en France comme enfants des immigrés et victimes de la marginalisation. Pour exprimer le sens ou le manque de sens en menant cette vie, les trois auteurs placent leurs personnages dans une histoire fractionnée et cruelle.
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