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A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2009 "I am a Living History": A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors Amy Knowles University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Knowles, Amy, ""I am a Living History": A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/61 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Amy Knowles entitled ""I am a Living History": A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nursing. Susan Speraw, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Jan Lee, Tami Wyatt, Allison Anders Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Amy Knowles entitled “‟I am a Living History‟: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nursing. Susan Speraw, Major Professor We have read this dissertation And recommend its acceptance: Jan Lee Tami Wyatt Allison Anders Acceptance for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student record) “I AM A LIVING HISTORY”: A QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Amy Leigh Knowles August 2009 ii Copyright © 2009 by Amy Leigh Knowles All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the amazing individuals who shared their stories with me. They invited me into their lives, divulging intimate details of extremely painful events in their lives. The hibakusha have overcome such drastic adversity, beyond what most of us can comprehend. Yet, their desire to share their story, with the hope that no one else ever has to experience what they endured speaks of their character. They will forever hold a special place in my life. Further, this is dedicated the researchers and healthcare providers who provide care and assistance to the hibakusha. For many, it is their life work to enhance knowledge and provide support for a very special group of people. Their tireless efforts are an inspiration to me. Finally, this research is dedicated to all those who wage peace. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hillary Rodham Clinton once said it takes a village to raise a child. I would argue that it takes a village to write a dissertation. There are numerous people who have played a significant part in the writing of this work. First, I want to thank Dr Susan Speraw, my dissertation chair. She dedicated countless hours to this project: facilitating the training at RERF, brainstorming ideas, tracking down leads, providing guidance, assisting with organization and revisions. Her tireless efforts are greatly appreciated. Committee members Dr Jan Lee, Dr Tami Wyatt and Dr Allison Anders all provided guidance and expertise in their areas of interest. They selflessly gave their time to discuss ideas, review drafts, and answer questions when called upon. This team of champions guided me through this journey, and I am indebted for their commitment to me. Other key individuals who influenced this work include Dr George Kerr, Dr Kazuo Neriishi, the RERF staff in Hiroshima, Japan, Ms. Junko Houta, Ms. Geri Handa, and Ms. Lora Hartley. Each provided support and expertise in various stages of the project and were an invaluable asset. My co-workers and supervisor were extremely supportive of me as I endured school and I could not have done it without their support and assistance. Dr Robert Moore, Shelley, Jane, Lora, and Sarah-I am so grateful for your support and encouragement. Beyond professional assistance, I was blessed to have family and friends who helped, supported, encouraged, and endured me along the journey. My colleagues, Felecia and Steve have offered guidance and shared the triumphs and struggles of the v past three years. Dear friends Maryann, Jennifer, Inga, Peggy, and Kristi have encouraged me countless times. My family Allison and Scott have supported me through so many trials; often sending an encouraging note or small token at just the right time, as well as providing wonderful respites for retreat. To my parents, Ed and Jane McHenry, who have given so much and sacrificed for me in countless ways. Your commitment to education has never gone unnoticed or unappreciated. You are forever an inspiration to me. And to my husband Jon, thank you for your tireless support and encouragement, and for simply putting up with me. I love you so much and look forward to celebrating many successes with you in the future. Most of all, I thank my Almighty Father who has once again proven faithful to me (Proverbs 3: 5-6, Jeremiah 29:11-13). I truly am blessed beyond measure. Finally, I would like to thank Sigma Theta Tau Gamma Chi chapter for an education grant to assist the funding of this research. vi ABSTRACT Never has the world experienced such extreme desecration as with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945. This magnitude of destruction serves as the foundation for this disaster research. Although significant quantitative research has been completed about medical effects following radiation, the literature lacks qualitative exploration from a holistic health perspective. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. From ethnographic data and interviews with eight survivors who currently reside in the United States, a thematic structure was developed that depicts the essential elements of the atomic bomb experience. This includes the literal destruction of the bombing, which resulted in complete desecration of the environment (including the physical health, psychological health and response effort). Individual‟s perspectives of the atomic bomb experience were circumscribed within the Japanese cultural context. Two ways of being in the world followed the bombing: surviving and thriving, with resilience serving as a lever, allowing for fluid movement over time across the continuum. Individuals experiencing surviving exhibited anxiety about their personal and family members‟ health, expressed mistrust, and felt a stigma associated with being a survivor. For those who were thriving, peace activism, overcoming and forgiveness were typically displayed. Keen sensory perceptions were universal across all participants and extreme measures of care were frequently discussed. vii The narratives were explicated using Leininger‟s Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory. Findings from this study add to disaster nursing literature and support the need to include disaster nursing in all levels of nursing education, emphasize the necessity of long-term psychosocial support following disasters, and discuss key public health messages. viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The executive summary provides a broad overview of the findings of research. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Three research questions were posed. First, what was the experience of surviving an atomic bomb release? Second, for participants who were in utero at the time of the bombing, what stories were they told about the event? Finally, what impact did the atomic bombing have on survivors? Background and Significance Vast amounts of quantitative and epidemiological studies have been performed and enhance the knowledge of medical conditions resulting from radiation exposure. Unfortunately, very little qualitative work has been done with the atomic bomb survivors regarding their experience and their health during and following these catastrophic events. Furthermore, the previous qualitative research does not encompass a holistic approach to health care nor fully address psychosocial factors. Findings from this study have significance from historical, nursing, and disaster response perspectives. Research Design This was a qualitative descriptive study, using methods of narrative analysis, oral history, and ethnography. Institutional Review Board approval was sought and obtained. I participated in a bracketing interview to address potential bias. The final sample included eight survivors. ix Review of Literature The literature reviewed was extensive and included historical aspects leading up to the atomic bombings, the immediate aftermath and the impact from the bomb, previous qualitative
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