Fifth Re-Examination of the Permanent Vegetation Quadrats on Little Barrier Island

TANE 28,1982 FIFTH RE-EXAMINATION OF THE PERMANENT VEGETATION QUADRATS ON LITTLE BARRIER ISLAND

by C.J. West* and P.J. Bellingham * Department of Botany, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland t School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag, Christchurch SUMMARY

Two permanent vegetation quadrats established in 1954 and last examined in 1971 were re-examined in 1981. While there has been comparatively little change in the frequency and density of species in Quadrat 1, there has been considerable change in Quadrat 2 with Agathis australis now the most abundant species. Several species are recorded for the first time in Quadrat 2.The frequency of species in the ground cover and epiphytic vegetation is recorded for the first time. Diameters of poles and saplings (Quadrat 1) and poles (Quadrat 2) are included for use in later examinations of these quadrats.

INTRODUCTION

In May 1954 two permanent quadrats were established in a regenerating Leptospermum ericoides stand along the Thumb Track on Little Barrier Island in order to quantitatively assess changes in vegetation with time. Since their establishment the quadrats have been examined in August 1958 (Percy 1958), August 1963 (English and Brock 1964), August 1967 (Parris and Keen 1968) and April 1971 (Parris 1971). The present examination took place in August 1981. Details of the location of the quadrats are given by Bellingham and Percy (1954) and Parris and Keen (1968). However, the marker pegs referred to, on the track, have'been removed and the quadrats were relocated by reference to clues given in these two papers. No pegs were available to replace the removed markers so additional information is supplied. Both quadrats are on the eastern side of the track. Quadrat 1 is above the 200 ft altitude marker and is 31.4 m up the track from the edge of the "Moss Clearing". Peg number 4 (see Fig. 1) is approximately 1.5 m from the edge of the track at this point, and is concealed behind a Leptospermum ericoides trunk. All four corner pegs are present (Fig. 1). Quadrat 2 is below the 600 ft altitude marker. This quadrat was relocated using the compass bearing of 126° from the only large Agathis australis on the western side of the track which fitted the description given by Bellingham and Percy (1954). Corner peg number 1 (see Fig. 1)

7 8 is located near a 1.5 m tall Cyathea dealbata. Peg number 2 is near a clump of Collospermum hastatum while peg number 3 is missing altogether. There is a mature Knightia excelsa between the western edge of the quadrat and the track (Fig. 1).

SAMPLING METHODS

An altered version of English and Brock's (1964) method of sampling was used. The vegetation was divided as follows: Poles. Greater than 10 cm D.B.H. (diameter at breast height = 1.4 m above ground level on the highest side of the tree). Saplings. Between 2.5 and 10.0 cm D.B.H. which were further subdivided into: A. 7.5 to 10.0 cm D.B.H. B. 5.0 to 7.5 cm D.B.H. C. 2.5 to 5.0 cm D.B.H. Striplings. Less than 2.5 cm D.B.H. and taller than 30 cm. These were further subdivided into height classes: A. 3.0 to 4.5 m B. 1.5 to 3.0 m C. 30cm to 1.5 m Seedlings. Dicotyledons (excluding Metrosideros perforata), gymnosperms and tree ferns less than 30 cm in height. Ground cover and Epiphytes. Cryptogams (excluding tree ferns) and monocotyledons. Density was not recorded for this category. Canopy heights were assessed but not measured. Quadrat 1 is a square (30 ft x 30 ft) while Quadrat 2 is a rectangle (60 ft x 30 ft). Each quadrat was divided into 6 ft* plots which were sampled separately as above. Because of the missing corner peg and the more variable terrain of Quadrat 2, 55 such plots were sampled instead of 50. There was certainly no overlap of plots. Thus the results obtained from the re-examination of this quadrat are not strictly comparable with previous, results. Fig. 1 shows the layout of the plots within the quadrats. Except where otherwise referenced, nomenclature follows Allan (1961) for lycopods, ferns and dicotyledons, Moore and Edgar (1970) for native monocotyledons and Healy and Edgar (1980) for exotic monocotyledons.

RESULTS

The raw data obtained per plot, have been lodged at the University of Auckland and can be made available on request. Pole and sapling diameters are recorded in Appendices I and II.

9 Frequency (F) and density (D) were calculated as follows :-

F = plots in which species occurs x 100 total no. of plots

D = total no. of individuals of a given species total area of quadrat (yd2) In Table 1 and Table 2 the above parameters have two values each. The value in parenthesis indicates the total frequency and density of each species. The first value in each instance excludes seedling numbers and is therefore comparable with previous work. For some species, e.g. Coprosma rhamnoides (Table 1) and C. spathulata (Table 2), the inclusion of seedlings in frequency and density values greatly increases the ranking of these species within each quadrat. Density could not be recorded for epiphytes and ground cover species because individual plants are often very difficult to define although frequency was recorded by the number of plots in which a plant was rooted. Frequency should be recorded in later examinations of the permanent quadrats in view of the large number of new, non-ephemeral species recorded since 1971 (Table 3, Table 4).

DISCUSSION

Quadrat 1 The canopy is formed by approximately 12 m tall Leptospermum ericoides with a subcanopy at about 4 m comprised of Coprosma arborea, Pittosporum umbellatum and Myrsine australis. There is a very sparse understorey mostly of M. australis with some Melicytus ramiflorus. Ground cover is largely Doodia media with scattered, quite large Asplenium oblongifolium. Leptospermum ericoides remains the canopy species but there has been a decline to nearly half the number originally present (Table 1); there are several fallen trees at the lower side (south-east) of the quadrat. Coprosma arborea remains the largest contributor to the sapling category, but Pittosporum umbellatum appears to be assuming greater importance in this category. Both species are actively growing through the sapling size classes and may form a low canopy when the remaining Leptospermum ericoides dies out. Myrsine australis is still the most abundant in the stripling category. Overall, though, there has been a marked decline in numbers of most species present; Pittosporum tenuifolium is no longer present and Geniostoma ligustrifolium, recorded as seedlings by Parris (1971), has failed to become established. However, the first recorded appearance of Rhopalostytis sapida and Pseudopanax crassifolius x

10 Table 1. Species found in Quadrat 1 arranged in order of density. Figures in parenthesis for density and frequency include seedlings.

DENSITY FREQUENCY SAPLINGS STRIPLINGS

SPECIES YEAR POLES A B C ABC SEEDLINGS

Nestegis lanceolata 1954 0.01 2 1963 0.03 10 1 1 2 - - - 1967 0.04 14 1 1 2 3 _ 1971 0.04 14 1 2 - - Spars- e 18(22) 2 2 2 4 4 1981 0.04 (0.05) 1 3 2 - Nothofagus truncata 1954 0.02 6 - _ (1958) Present -1 -2 1963 0.02 6 - _ 1967 0 .0! h _ _ 1 3 -Present 1971 0.02 6 - _ 3 Absent 1981 0.03(0.04) 13(20) 2 1 1 7 3

Knightia excelsa 1954 _ _ _ _ - (1958) present x x 1963 0.03 10 2 2 1 - 1967 I .03 8 -1 2 2 1 - 2 -Sparse 1971 0.04 8 1 . 1981 0.02(0.03) 7(16) -1 3 12 1 5

Geniostoma Ligustrifolium 1954 0.05 16 - - - 1963 0.02 8 4 1967 0.05 18 -1 B - 1971 0.05 16 1 e Absen- t 1981 0.01(0.03) 7(13) 2 2 4

Pseudopanax discolor 1954 0.01 2 . . _ 1963 0.02 6 1 2 1967 0.03 4 1 2 - 1971 D.0J 2 ; - 1981 0.01(0.02) 2(9) - 4 '•

Corokia buddleoides 1954 0.01 2 _ _ 1963 0.01 2 i 1[)67 0.01 2 i - 1971 0.01 2 ; Absen- t 1981 0.01(0.01] 4(4) Absent 3

Beilschmiedia taua 1954 0.01 2 - (1958) Present 1963 0.02 4 i 2 1967 0.02 4 1 2 - 1971 0.01 4 1 1 -Absent 1981 0.01(0.01) 2(2) - I Absent Pittosporum cornifolium 1981 0.01(0.01) 4(4) 1 1 4(4) Absent Toronia toru (Johnsons Briggs 1981 0.01(0.01) .: 1975) Pseudopanax lessonii 1981 0.01(0.01) 2(2) ! 1

Leptospermum scoparium 1981 0.01(0.01) 2(2) 1 Absent

Dysoxylum spectabile 1981 x (0.01) x(4) 2

Clematis paniculata 1961 x (0.01) x(2) 1 Nestegis cunninghami 1954 0.01 2 . (Johnson 1959) 1963 0.04 12 - 2 2 1 1 - 1967 0.02 6 2 1 _ - 1971 0.02 6 1 1 1 1 _ Absent 1981 Absent * x Coprosma lucida 19 54 0.01 2 - - 196 3 0.01 2 1967 0.01 2 1971 0.01 _ Absent 1981 2 * x Pseudopanax crassifolius 1954 0.02 4 1963 0.01 2 1 1967 x ... 1971 x X Absent 1981 z Absent x * Cyathea medullaris 1954 0.03 10 1963 X X 1967 X X Absent 1 07 1 X * Absent 1981 X

Numbers in each class as * 1963 4.5 3.0 5.0 6.5 1.6 11.1 68 5 of total number 1967 4.0 2.1 4.3 4.7 1.3 11.7 71 9 1971 5.8 3.9 5.6 6.7 1.7 15.0 61 4 1981 (excluding seedlings) 3.5 2.4 1.7 4.0 4.1 16.4 67 7 1.8 1.3 0.9 2.1 2.3 8.6 35 5 47.6 x = not recorded. 1981 (inc1udinn seed)

11 Table 2. Species found in Quadrat 2 arranged in aider of density. Figures in parenthesis for density and frequency include seedlings. WW DENSITY FREQUENCY SAPLINGS STRIPLINGS SPECIES YEAR HD.yd'2 I POLES A I C ABC SEEDLINGS

Agathis australia 19S4 30 High density 1963 0.12 30 2 1 1 3 1 17 (1958) Numerous 1967 22 2 2 1 1 1 9 _ 1971 0.08 20 2 2 1 1 1 H Sparse 1981 0.24(0 50) 55(84] 6 1 2 2 21 44 83 Pseudopanax arboreus 1954 0.30 48 . _ . High density (1958) num. (Philipson 1965, Edgar 1973) 1963 0.36 46 3 2 7 62 1967 0.44 4. 3 2 8 74 - 1971 0.23 40 3 2 5 35 Sparse 19B1 0.19(0 31) 60(78) 1 2 7 50 39

Coprosma arborea 1954 0.15 44 Present (1958) num. 1963 0.40 70 1 4 7 11 57 _ 1967 0.12 40 1 4 7 5 7 1971 0.09 26 - 1 4 7 1 4 Absent 1981 0.17(0 32) 51(69) 1 1 1 1 2 11 37 48

Olearia furfuracea 1954 0.15 30 _ . K i<,h density 1963 0.11 24 3 20 1967 0.16 36 - 1 4 26 _ 1971 0.12 20 - 1 4 ie S parse 1981 0.16(0 23) 45(55) 2- 1 14 33 22

Cyathea dealbata 1954 0.2S 58 _ _ High density 1963 X X 1967 0.09 1- 16- _- 1971 0.06 14 1 10 Common 1981 0.15(0 25) 49(65) 48 33

Coprosma spathulata 1954 0.16 38 High density 1963 X X (1958) Numerous 1967 0.40 66 9- 70- _ 1971 0.27 50 13 Sparse 1981 0.14(0 56) 51(82) L- 1 41 134

Pittosporum umbellatum 1954 0.13 36 1963 20 2 1 1 1 S 6 1967 0.10 28 2 3 2 4 9 _- 1971 0.06 14 -1 1 3 2 3 1 Absent 1981 0.14(0.19] 45(53) B 12 11 13 16

Alaauoamia macrophylla 1954 26 . _ (19581 Numerous 1963 0.19 40 J 35 1967 0.16 34 4 27 _- 1971 0.13 42 5 21 1981 0.13(0 26) 49(71) 3 40 39

Myrsine australis 1954 0.09 28 _ - . . Present (1958) num. 1963 0.15 38 - 2 1 26 1967 0.17 34 1 : 36 1971 0. : 2 24 - 1 2 20 Sparse 1981 0.10(0 33) 42(67) 1- 1 1 5 73

Leptospermum ericoides 1954 0.25 64 - 1963 56 15. 8 8 1 2. _ 1967 17 6 10 1 2 *sent 1971 0.18 46 17 6 9 1 2 Absent 1981 0.08(0 Oh : 36(36] 12 9 3 - Absent Pittosporum tenuifolium 1954 0.06 22 - - 1963 0.06 24 1 2 1. i - 1967 0.19 38 -I 2 1 - 14 1971 0.06 , 4 1 2 1 7 -;parse 1981 0.08(0 15) 31(47) 1 1 23 23

Coprosma rhamnoides 1954 0.1G 24 _ . 1963 0.16 36 1 1 30 1967 0.15 36 1 29 1971 0.09 24 1 16 -Spars* 1981 0.07(0 12) 27(33) 23 16

Senecio kirkii 1954 0.06 16 _ _ 1963 0.06 16 6 5 _ 1967 0.06 16 1 4 6 1971 0.04 12 2 6 Sparse 1981 0.07(0 09] 27(381 7 15 a

Olearia rani 1954 0. IS 48 1963 0.15 44 2 2 1 1 _ _ 1967 0.14 34 2 1 9 16 1971 0.11 32 2 1 9 9 Sparse 1981 0.06(0 08) 27(29) 2 5 1 6 6 4

Cyathodea fasciculata 1954 28 1963 0.07 26 1 _ 11 - 1967 0.06 20 - 2 10 1971 0.05 14 1 B Spars- e 1981 0.05(0 07) 27(29) 2 1 8 5 6

12 Table2(cont.). NUMBER DENSITY FREQUENCY SPECIES YEAR POLES SAPLINGS STRIPLINGS SEEDLINGS A B C A B C

[1958) Present Myrsine australis 1954 1.23 96 - - - 1963 0.87 100 1 11 31 41 1967 0.71 96 5 9 38 19 -Present 1971 0.61 72 7 5 36 13 Sparse 1981 0.52(0.55) 92(92) 9 17 13 13 3 Coprosma arborea 1954 0.29 60 2 196 3 0.24 68 1 15 2 3 - Present 1967 0. 2 3 60 - 14 1 4 ••< 1971 0.16 52 1 8 1 3 3 Absent 1981 0.17 (0.18! 4B(48) 2 9 8 - - 1 Pittosporum umbellatine 1954 0.17 44 1963 0.16 36 2 3 3 5 3 Present 196 7 0.11 .Mi 1 3 2 5 1 Present 1971 24 1 ,' 2 3 Absent 1981 0.09(0.09) 24(24) 1 2 4 2 - Absent 1954 0.15 48 - Leptospermum ericoides - 1963 0.12 44 12 - 1967 0.12 44 12 Absent 1971 0.09 32 9 Absent 1981 0.07(0.07) 24(24) i Absent (1958) Present Melicytus ramiflorus 1954 0.11 32 196 i 0.13 AD -2 11- 1967 0.13 36 5 8 -Prt-Hent 1971 i). 1 ( 40 4 •) Sparse 1981 0.06(0.06] 20(20) 2 4 Absunt (•opvtiiima vh

13 lessonii is noteworthy and may be indicative of what may replace the evidently declining Leptospermum ericoides. Nestegis lanceolata, Dysoxylum spectabile and Olearia furfuracea are present as seedlings or striplings but are of negligible significance, and Coprosma spathulata was re-recorded after being reported absent by Parris (1971). The quadrat is of open appearance and the forest floor is well lit. The predominant ground cover species is Doodia media (Table 3); it completely covered some 6 ftJ plots, possibly inhibiting seedling establishment. The lianes Parsonia heterophylla, Clematis paniculata and Asparagus scandens were recorded and Phymatodes diversifolium was recorded growing epiphytically on Leptospermum ericoides.

Quadrat 2 Leptospermum ericoides forms a canopy at about 7 m through which emerge several Agathis australis and a large Nothofagus truncata. The north-east corner of the quadrat features extensive growth of Astelia trinervia and Collospermum hastatum, and in this corner Agathis australis regeneration is most advanced. The subcanopy at 2.5 to 3.0 m consists largely of Pittosporum umbellatum as well as Olearia spp. and Myrsine australis. The quadrat vegetation is quite dense and regeneration, particularly at the seedling and stripling stages, is very good for most species (Table 2). The large degree of seedling mortality observed by Parris (1971) was not evident. The most significant change in Quadrat 2 is the increased dominance of Agathis australis. It is now the most frequent (including seedlings) and abundant species. Leptospermum ericoides, however, has declined considerably in frequency and density. In comparison, other changes in the density ranking of the species are relatively minor. Misidentification may account for some of the differences in numbers recorded for Coprosma arborea, C. spathulata, Nestegis cunninghamii and N. lanceolata Overall there seems to be a general increase in absolute numbers for each species and progressive movement through the size classes for some species, e.g. Agathis australis, Coprosma arborea, Olearia furfuracea and Knightia excelsa (Table 2). Several new species of trees and shrubs have been recorded in the seedling and stripling categories including Toronia toru and Pittosporum cornifolium. As in 1971, no one species of ground cover is dominant. Several new species were recorded in this category (Table 4) probably the most interesting of which are Hymenophyllum dilatatum, Schizaea dichotoma and Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum. The latter appears to be a relic from a much earlier successional stage while the previous two species indicate a fairly advanced kauri succession. There has been a proliferation of epiphytes in this quadrat and several

14 Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of ground cover and epiphytic species in Quadrat 1.

Ferns Ground Cover Epiphytic Adiantum hispidulum 4 Asplenium oblongifolium (A. lucidum) (Brownsey 1979) 36 Doodia media 100 Phymatodes diversifolium 4 4

Monocotyledons Oplismenus imbecillus (Roemer and Schultes 1817) 4 Uncinia banksii 12* * species recorded for the first time.

Table 4. Frequency of occurrence of ground cover and epiphytic species in Quadrat 2.

Ferns and Fern Allies Ground cover Epiphytic

Adiantum sp. 2* Asplenium flaccidum ssp. flaccidum (Brownsey 1977) 4* 2 Blechnum capense 2 Ctenopteris heterophylla 4* 13 Grammitis billardieri 2* 2* G. ciliata 44 9 Hymenophyllum demissum - 4* H. dilatatum 4* H. multifidum 7* 4 H. rarum - 9* H. revolutum - 2* H. sanguinolentum 51 45 Lindsaea linearis 2* L. trichomanoides 27 Lycopodium volubile 5 Lygodium articulatum 18 Phymatodes diversifolium - 2 Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum 4* Schizaea dichotoma 2* Trichomanes reniforme 4* 4

Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

Acianthus fornicatus var. sinclairii 29* A reniformis 5* Astelia banksii 3- 2* A solandri 2 A trinervia 40 Bulbophyllum pygmaeum Collospermum hastatum 20 Dendrobium cunninghamii - 2* Dianella nigra 13 Gahnia setifolia 7 Metrosideros perforata 15 5* Pterostylis spp. 13* Uncinia uncinata 45 * species recorded for the first time.

15 new species have been recorded (Table 4). These include Grammit billardieri, Hymenophyllum demissum, H. rarum. H. revolutum, Astelia banksii and Dendrobium cunninghamii. Metrosideros perforata is no1 becoming epiphytic.

Successional Trends Quadrat 2 shows a much more advanced stage of succession that: Quadrat 1. The canopy species. Leptospermum ericoides, is being replaced by Agathis aus trails and Nothofagus truncata but in Quadrat'. there appears to be no species characteristic of a later successional staged to replace Leptospermum ericoides. The difference in the species composition of these two quadrat! relates firstly to clearance history, which determines the degree of sit* disturbance and the proximity of the site to seed sources of recolonising species, and secondly to altitude, which determines the climatic conditions present at each site. At an altitude of approximately 600 ft, Quadrat 2 receives more rain and low cloud cover than Quadrat 1 (approximately 200 ft altitude). There is consequently higher humidity and this is reflected in the more hygrophytic species present in the ground cover and epiphytic vegetation, e.g. Hymenophyllum dilatatum, H. revolutum and the epiphytic orchids. While both quadrats are classed as Leptospermum forest by Hamilton and Atkinson (1961, vegetation map), Quadrat 2 may well come under Hamilton's earlier description of 'Transition Forest' (Hamilton and Atkinson 1961) where scattered mature Agathis australis and Nothofagus truncata emerge from an undulating Leptospermum ericoides canopy. In Quadrat 2, the relatively small number (Table 2 cf. Table 1) and diameters (Fig. 2) of L. ericoides, compared with Quadrat 1, indicates that this species has aided succession of a partially destroyed forest cover. The large Nothofagus truncata (dbh, 53.8 cm) is certainly a remnant of the previous forest cover and some of the Agathis australis were probably small rickers when the forest was destroyed by logging. Quadrat 1, however, is part of a broad succession from bare ground following clearing and burning. This is indicated by the larger diameters of Leptospermum ericoides (Fig. 2), and dominant species, and the lack of emergent species. Succession through the L. ericoides phase in Quadrat 1 is very slow and it is impossible to predict the future forest cover on this dry ridge site. There are some young Podocarpus ferrugineus saplings nearby but no close seed source of any of the more typical later successional species. In contrast, Quadrat 2 is well advanced toward kauri-beech forest and there is seed input from this type of forest only a short distance away.

16 Fig. 2. Mean diameter of poles and saplings for Quadrat 1 and poles for Quadrat 2.

CONCLUSIONS

It is clear that the vegetation succession in Quadrat 2 is well advanced toward kauri-beech forest. Several new species have been added to the species list for this quadrat and there is an increase in the diversity of the epiphytic and ground cover vegetation. Agathis australis is now the dominant species overall and other species such as Nothofagus truncata and Knightia excelsa are becoming more prominent. Quadrat 1, however, shows no discernible successional trends and is losing species and total numbers of individuals. While the Leptospermum ericoides canopy is being reduced there is nothing in the sub-canopy layers to replace it. Regeneration towards a more advanced successional stage in this quadrat will take a long time because of the dry site and the distance to the nearest seed source.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Bruce Hayward for his help in finding these quadrats. Also, thanks to Dr John Ogden for critically reading the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Allan, H.H. 1961: "Flora of New Zealand". Vol 1. Wellington. Government Printer. 1 085 p.

17 Bellingham, N.O. & Percy, C.A. 1954: Permanent vegetation quadrats in Leptospermum communities of Little Barrier Island. Tane 6:110-115 Brownsey, P.J. 1977: A taxonomic revision of the New Zealand species of Asplenium. New Zealand Journal of Botany 15 (1): 39-86. Brownsey, P.J. 1979: Asplenium lucidum Forst. f., an illegitimate name for the New Zealand shining spleenwort. New Zealand Journal of Botany 17 (2): 217-218. Edgar, E. 1973: Names in Pseudopanax C. Koch (Araliaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 11:171-172. English, D.A. & Brock, J.L. 1964: A further examination of the permanent quadrats on Little Barrier Island. Tane 10:79-83. Hamilton, W.M. & Atkinson, I.A.E. 1961: Vegetation in "Little Barrier Island (Hauturu)" W.M. Hamilton (Ed.) New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Research Bulletin 137:87-121. Healy, A.J. & Edgar, E. 1980: Flora of New Zealand. Vol III. Wellington. Government Printer. 220 p. Johnson, L.A.S. 1958: Nestegis. In Degener Flora Hawaiiensis or New Illustrated Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Fam. 300. Johnson, L.A.S. & Briggs, B.G. 1975: On the Proteaceae - the evolution and classification of a southern family. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 70:83-182. Moore, L.B.& Edgar, E. 1970: Flora of New Zealand. Vol II. Wellington. Government Printer. 354 p. Parris, B.S. 1971: Fourth re-examination of the permanent vegetation quadrats on Little Barrier Island. Tane 17:159-168. Parris, B.S. & Keen, L.R. 1968: A further examination of the permanent quadrats on Little Barrier Island. Tane 14:83-92 Percy, C.A. 1958: Examination of the permanent quadrats on Little Barrier Island. Tane 8: 106-109. Philipson, W.R. 1965: The New Zealand genera of the Araliaceae. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3:333-341. Roemer, J.J. & Schultes, J.A. 1817: Systema Vegetabilium 2. 7 Vols. p. 481-487.

Appendix I. Diameter at breast height (D.B.H.) for all saplings and poles recorded in Quadrat 1.

Square no. Species D.B.H. (cm)

1 Coprosma spathulata 2.8 3 Leptospermum ericoides 19.3; 16.1 4 Myrsine australis 2.9 4 Coprosma arborea 5.3 5 Pittosporum umbellatum 6.2 5 Coprosma arborea 7.6 6 Pittosporum umbellatum 3.6 7 Myrsine australis 3.5 8 Leptospermum ericoides 16.3 + 15.2 8 Pittosporum umbellatum 4.5 8 Myrsine australis 2.7; 3.2 8 Coprosma arborea 5.5 9 Leptospermum ericoides 26.7 9 Pittosporum umbellatum 5.6; 9.2 10 Pittosporum umbellatum 3.7; 3.6 10 Coprosma arborea 4.5 12 Myrsine australis 4.8 12 Coprosma arborea 6.3

18 13 Coprosma arborea 4.0 13 Coprosma spathulata 2.8 14 Myrsine australis 4.8 16 Myrsine australis 4.5 17 Coprosma arborea 3.5; 7 2 18 Leptospermum ericoides 29.4 18 Coprosma arborea 7.4 19 Myrsine australis 3.2 20 Coprosma arborea 6.7 21 Leptospermum ericoides 10.4 21 Coprosma arborea 4.8; 7 8 23 Coprosma arborea 6.7 24 Leptospermum ericoides 22.0 24 Coprosma arborea 4.2; 6 7 25 Coprosma arborea 4.5; 6 9

Appendix II. Diameter at breast height (D.B.H.) for all poles recorded in Quadrat 2.

Square no. Species D.B.H. (cm)

3 Agathis australis 44.6 4 Leptospermum ericoides 16.0 10 Agathis australis 23.0; 10. 12 Coprosma arborea 11.0 12 Leptospermum ericoides 11.6 17 Leptospermum ericoides 21.0 19 Leptospermum ericoides 12.9 20 Leptospermum ericoides 13.0; 15. 21 Leptospermum ericoides 16.5 25 Agathis australis 16.2 27 Agathis australis 11.0 27 Leptospermum ericoides 15.0 27 Nestegis lanceolata 10.1 28 Leptospermum ericoides 16.2 29 Agathis australis 36.0 32 Leptospermum ericoides 18.5 42 Leptospermum ericoides 13.1 45 Nothofagus truncata 53.8 47 Leptospermum ericoides 12.8 51 Nothofagus truncata 14.4

19 20