Botanical features of Whakanewha Regional Park Waiheke Island Mike Wilcox Andy Spence & Peter White Summary The main vegetation types of Whakanewha Regional Park (247 ha) Waiheke Island are coastal forest dominated by taraire { tarairi) regenerating Leptospermum B\\6 Kunzea scrub wetlands and mangroves and coastal beaches and shell banks. To date 445 species of higher have been recorded comprising 265 native species (59%) and 180 introduced species (41%). History of Waihekes vegetation kauri forests of the western end of the island had Waiheke Island covers an area of 9320 ha in the disappeared. Hauraki Gulf 20 km from Auckland. There is surprisingly little in the way of published accounts of In 1826 the European onslaught against kauri began the botany of Waiheke since the paper by Kirk (1878) when the barque St Patrick with the assistance of which gives an idea of the original forest patterns. local Maori (Ngati Paoa) loaded kauri spars at Man O There is not a great deal of native bush left now on War Bay. Up until the 1850s Maori willingly cut and Waiheke following centuries of Maori occupation and dragged out kauri logs and Europeans carted them cutting of the forests for timber and firewood and away. Soil erosion so evident today in western parts clearing of the land for farming (White 2000; Chappie of the island was begun by Maori with their cultivation Ebbett & Kitson 2001). Most of the remaining bush practices and massive earthworks for pa sites but was remnants were surveyed and reported on by greatly accelerated by the European with their Fitzgibbon & Slaven (1988). extensive forest clearance. Since the European arrival many of the wetland areas on the southern side of the Kauri { australis) tanekaha {Phyllocladusislan d have increased considerably due to siltation trichomanoides) and hard beech { truncata)after bare ground was exposed after the trees holding were evidently present on upper valley walls ridges the soil together were felled. By about 1880 the hills and spurs; taraire {Beilschmiedia tarairi) tawa {B.ha d been stripped bare for sheep farming with only tawa) and kohekohe {Dysoxylum spectabile occurredth e small remnants of forests restricted mainly to in sheltered coastal and inland valleys with some rimu gullies the forests having been consumed {) present also. Pohutukawa consecutively by the needs of sailing ship technology () and occasional karo housing construction and the fires of Auckland. (Pittosporum crassifolium) occurred on coastal slopes and cliffs and the margins of forests by the sea. On During this early settler period kauri was transported less exposed coastal slopes kohekohe {Vitex to Sydney and Valparaiso Chile and sent to Auckland lucens) and karaka {Corynocarpus laevigata)fo r house and furniture timber for the growing accompanied pohutukawa. In poorly drained areas settlement there. It was also used for the building of pukatea {Laurelia novae zelandiae) kahikatea Waihekes early homes and farm buildings. Small {Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) and taraire were dominantpocket. s of kauri were still being cut out as late as Flax {Phormium tenax and various sedges occurred 1908. Puriri was used for house foundations fence mainly in marshy places or on the borders of forests posts and battens. Tanekaha bark was stripped for use (Kirk 1878; Fitzgibbon et al 1988). On the coast the in the tanning trade and the wood used as walking forests would have given way to saltmarsh and sticks and fishing rods. Kauri gum was used in the mangrove forest in tidal inlets and topingao spinifex manufacture of paint and polishes as kindling and communities on mobile sand dunes. According to Kirk polished for gifts. Pohutukawa was used for the knees hard beech was common at sea level. of vessels and for framing (Monin 1992). The early Maori occupants of the island lived largely off native fauna such as shellfish moa fur seals and Manuka and kanuka was extensively cut down for the abundant fisheries of the Hauraki Gulf. Later on firewood and was the chief source of Aucklands they developed more extensive gardening practices firewood. Kanuka was also used for fencing. Mamangi burning forests for clearance and soil enrichment. This { arborea) was quite numerous in several slash and burn type of agriculture occurred mainly in localities but was usually left standing as it gives off an the western parts of the island on areas of flat land unpleasant smell when burnt though it was while in the east reliance was more on kaimoana occasionally used for inlays due to its peculiar yellow seafood gathering. By the time of the European arrival colour (Kirk 1878). The unsuitability of this species as kanuka {) manuka {Leptospermumfirewoo d may account for its dominance in various scoparium) forest predominated in western Waiheke forest remnants in western Waiheke today. The steady and climax forest including impressive stands of kauri decline in sheep farming on the island after 1945 has was limited to the area from Awaawaroa eastwards to seen some areas slowly revert to kanuka/manuka the Orapiu/Man O War Bay coast. Only tiny remnants regenerating forest and shrublands and has allowed of climax forest remained west of this point and the

34 forest remnants to revive. Much of the regenerating islets off Waiheke. forest has sprung up since then. The Auckland Botanical Society held an excursion to Whakanewha Regional Park the park on 17 November 2001 and were joined by Whakanewha Regional Park is contained within the several Waiheke residents. Inner Gulf Islands Ecological District which lies within Locals: Andy Spence Don Chappie Rainelia Wylde the Auckland Ecological Region. It was purchased for Graham Hooper Jaymz Hooper. recreation and conservation development in 1993 and Bot Soci Mike Wilcox Maureen Young Lisa added to the estate of some 22 parks administered by Clapperton Brian Cumber Doug Shaw Fawzi Karem the Auckland Regional Council. Located on the western Morag McDonald Pam Carmont Pat side of the island next to Rocky Bay and accessed via Harry Gordons Road the park covers some 247 hectares Beecham Carol McSweeney Steve Cook Shelley (Figure l).The history of the area is well documented Heiss Dunlop Alistair McArthur Fran Hinz Alison (Anon. 1996) and as has aptly been put by Monin Wesley Juliet Richmond Shirley Smith Annette (1992) "... at Whakanewha the spirit of countless Lindsay Sandra Jones Leslie Haines Sarah Flynn Maori generations pervades the calm of an Allan Flynn Robin Gee. undisturbed tidal beach ". Our route was along the Tarata Track to the Cascades The main vegetation types are coastal forest and then down to the beach via the Nikau Track followed by exploration of the coastal wetlands. regenerating scrub wetlands and coastal beaches and Further visits were made by the authors in December shell banks. Clunie (1992a 1992b 1992c) Cutting & 2001 January 2002 (2) February 2002 and April Green (1992) and Gardner (1995) have previously 2002. reported on the vegetation and flora. Other publications on the Waiheke flora relevant to Coastal forest and scrub Whakanewha are the account of mosses by Jessica The dominant canopy trees in the remnant native bush Beever (1995) and Mike Lees (1999) paper on some at Whakanewha are taraire and tawa frequently accompanied by rewarewa {Knightia excelsa) kohekohe puriri and karaka. Typically the canopy height is c. 16 rn. There are also occasional northern rata {Metrosideros robusta) pohutu­ kawa {M. excelsa) mangeao {Litsea calicaris) matai {Prum­ nopitys taxifolia) rimu common kowhai {Sophora microphylla) and coastal kowhai {S. chathamica). On the slopes downhill from Rocky Bay is a line of seven large puriri trees known as The Cathedral" said to have been planted by Maori residents in ancient times. One giant karaka tree is 22 rn tall and 90 cm diameter. Kauri is scarce but the few biggish trees recorded (we have counted only four) appear to be very vigorous.

The subcanopy and understorey includes mamangi Wharangi {Melicope ternata) mahoe {Melicytus ramiflorus) hange­ hange {Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium) mapou {Myrsine australis) tarata {Pittosporum eugenioides) nikau {Rhopalostylis sapida) kawakawa {Macropiper excelsum) and lancewood {Pseudopanax crassifolium). The Figure 1: Map of Whakanewha Regional Park Waiheke Island dominant tree are silver {Cyathea dealbata) and mamaku

35 On shaded damp banks around the Cascades stream and waterfall or as epiphytes conditions are suitable for filmy ferns and Trichomanes elongatum T. endlicherianum T. venosum Hymenophyllum flexuosum H. sanguinolentum H. demissum and H. flabellatum were recorded. Hymenophyllum rarum has been found in the swamp forest area of the lower Cascades stream.

Outstanding features seen during the excursion were fine examples of five finger {Pseudopanax arboreus) epiphytic on silver tree ferns several exceptionally large trees of lancewood {Pseudo­ panax crassifolius) natural nursery patches of dense regenerating seedlings of Fig.2: Coastal forest dominated by taraire {Beilschmiedia tarairi Wharangi examples of the (C. medullaris) whilst wheki {Dicksonia squarrosa) rare fern Lastreopsis velutina occurs much more locally on moister sites. Coprosma a population of kiekie {Freycinetia baueriana subsp. rhamnoides is a common twiggy shrub. Uncommon banksii) which is generally uncommon on Waiheke small trees are kaikomako {Pennantia corym-bosa) and and regenerating kaikomako {Pennantia corymbosa). milk tree {Streblus heterophyllus). The shrubby The ground flora in the coastal forest is often quite epiphyte Pittosporum cornifolium is sometimes seen sparse but beside the tracks could be found some fine perching high up in puriri trees. flowering patches of hooded orchid {Pterostylis An interesting mixed pole hardwood forest occupies about one hectare in the upper part of the park. It is evidently a successional stage after manuka and now comprises c. 10 20 OOO stems/ha of mainly mamangi and mapou 4 10 cm in diameter and with a canopy height of c. 8 m. Seedlings and saplings of kohekohe and other tree species are sprinkled through the stand indicating the likely composition of the eventual high forest. There are abundant interspersed seral stands of kanuka and manuka the kanuka commonly being 8 9 m in height with regenerating mahoe rangiora {Brachyglottis repanda) mapou kawakawa mamangi and abundant silver tree fern beneath. These stands are generally festooned beneath with climbing asparagus Fig.3: Open kanuka {Kunzea ericoides) forest with understorey of {Asparagus scandens). silver fern {Cyathea dealbata)

36 banksii) Acianthus sinclairii frequent Gahnia lacera Shell banks and beach Oplismenus hirtellus subsp imbecilus Uncinia The sandy beach at Whakanewha is backed by shell uncinata Carex breviculmis Carex spinirostris banks which have been colonised to various degrees Diane/Ia nigra (in flower) Veronica plebeia by plants. On the sand itself there are a few patches of Hydrocotyle dissecta Ranunculus reflexus Lobelia spinifex {Spinifex sericeus) and some planted pingao anceps Hypericum humifusum H. japonicum {Desmoschoenus spiraiis).There is also a fine clump of Dichondra repens Centella uniflora Euchiton planted Cortaderia splendens at the main picnic area gymnocephalus and numerous ferns including The freshest shell banks have only a sparse Asplenium lamprophyllum A. gracillimum Pteris vegetation with plants such as native ice saxatilis P. macilenta and Doodia australis. The {Disphyma australe) beach celery {Apium Australian sedge {Carex longebrachiata) is frequent prostratum) sea rocket {Cakile edentula) knob sedge beside the bush tracks. It has persisted from the time {Isolepis nodosa) salt marsh tussock {Austrostipa it was a prominent pasture weed when the land was stipoides) shore bind weed {Calystegia soldanella) farmed. Nikau seedlings are abundant throughout. beach orache {Atriplex prostrata) Haloragis erecta and Senecio lautus. Muehlenbeckia complexa is an Damp places within scrub or forest support a community abundant scrambler in coastal sites throughout of prostrate plants commonly Callitriche muelleri Whakanewha. Damper areas have abundant bachelors Ranunculus amphitrlchus Juncus articulatus Isolepis button {Cotula coronopifolia) glasswort {Sarcocornia reticularis and Schoenus maschalinus True "gumland" quinqueflora) Selliera radicans Samolus repens and conditions are not present in Whakanewha but certain Isolepis cernua. areas of shallower more impoverished clay soils have some typical gumland species such as Lepidosperma The older more stable shell banks and beach have australe Baumea tenax Lindsaea linearis and become colonised by numerous plants mostly Gonocarpus incanus introduced prominent among which are buffalo grass {Stenotaphrum secundatum) Gladiolus undulatus wild The pa site above the beach is noteworthy for large onion {Allium vineale) rough clover (Trifolium old trees of puriri ngaio {Myoporum laetum) scabrum) lesser suckling clover {T. micranthum) kohekohe tawa taraire matai kowhai an impressive smooth tare (Vicia tetrasperma) hairy birdsfoot trefoil hinau {Elaeocarpus dentatus) and populations of {Lotus suaveolens) hawkbit {Leontodon taraxacoides) native passion vine {Passiflora tetrandra). A prominent Avena barbata Poa pratensis Lagurus ovatus Bromus weed there is herb Robert {Geranium robertianum). diandrus Briza maxima Anagallis arvensis Anagallis Moth plant {Araujia serie/fera) still persists despite arvensis var. coerulea Arctotheca calendula Beta strenuous efforts by the local park workers to vulgaris Cichorium intybus Geranium molle Geranium eliminate it. purpureum Linum bienne Medicago nigra Melilotus

Fig.4: Shellbank and lagoon behind the beach with clumps of glasswort {Sarcocornia quinqueflora) and tussocks of coastal needle grass {Austrostipa stipoides)

37 indicus Osteospermum barberiae Polycarpon Within the forest are some sedge swamps the tetraphyllum Ranunculus scleratus Senecio dominant species being Carex lessoniana C geminata bipinnatisectus Senecio lautus Silene gallica SonchusCarex virgata and Baumea tenax. asper Trifolium repens and Verbascum creticum. Damp open sites have native rushes Juncus There is a small bush clad rocky island in the sarophorus J. australis and 1 edgariae. Wind grass Poukaraka wetland on which is growing a thriving {Lachnagrostis filiformis) is common in places on population of the locally rare shrub Pomaderris rugosa. stabilised shell banks while sand wind grass (L Elsewhere on Waiheke this species is known from the billardieri) can be found occasionally on the sandy eastern coastal margin of Te Matuku Bay and it has beach. recently been discovered on Rotoroa Island and a small unnamed islet between Rotoroa and Ponui Wetlands Islands. On the island at Whakanewha some 23 plants Sheltered coastal estuaries are fringed by mangroves were recorded on 31 December 2001 all healthy and {Avicennia marina var. australasica) and associated salvigoroust . The island also has numerous small trees of marshes with shore ribbonwood {Plagianthus Wharangi and coastal kowhai and a good deal of divaricatum shore rush {Juncus kraussi/ var. gorse though it is seemingly not posing a threat to the australiensis) Juncus pallidus) Baumea juncea SamolusPomaderris rugosa. repens Selliera radicans Lilaeopsis novaezelandiae and Apium prostratum subsp prostratum var. filiforme Two swamp species Hydrocotyle pterocarpa and Triglochin striata Parapholis strigosa and PolypogonRanunculus urvilleanus recorded by Gardner (1995) are monspeliensis. The introduced Carex divisa asconsidere d to be uncommon in the Tamaki Ecological elsewhere in Auckland has heavily invaded the margins District of the salt marshes. Growing also on the fringe is Coastal cliffs clustered dock {Rumex conglomeratus) with reddish Pohutukawa trees cling to the greywacke cliffs which fruiting heads and the more robust curled dock (/?.. also support colonies of Poa anceps and extensive crispus). Swamp bindweed {Calystegia sepium) aboundpatches s of Peperomia urvilleana which is also locally in wet areas. Where streams open out into the narrow plentiful at the base of trees above the Cascades lagoons behind the shell banks are beds of Stream. Boneseed {Chrysanthemoides monolifer) is a Bolboschoenus medianus together with Apodasmia cliff face colonist together with Rytidosperma similis and with Cyperus ustulatus prominent on drier penicillatum Aira caryophyllea Dichelachne crinita land at the back. Sea aster {Aster subulatus) is abundant Senecio hispidulus and Verbascum creticum. in places. Further upstream from the coast in the extensive 6 Rarity of certain native species at Whakanewha hectare Poukaraka Wetland also known as the Rocky A noteworthy feature of the Whakanewha flora is that Bay Wetland with increasingly freshwater conditions are a number of native species there which otherwise are prominent beds of raupo {Typha orientalis) adjoining fairly common around Auckland were encountered by extensive stands of freshwater club rush {Bolboschoenusu s in just single colonies or occurrences and this was fluviatilis) and flax {Phormium tenax). There is swamp after comprehensive traverses over the whole park. millet (Isachne globosa) bulrush {SchoenoplectusThes e locally rare species include Blechnum fraseri tabemaemontani) Eleocharis acuta Isolepis proliferaEpilobium rotundifolium Gleichenia microphylla Apodasmia similis Baumea juncea B. rubiginosa JuncusHymenophyllum rarum Hypolepis distans (not known effusus Carex virgata C secta C solandri where the elsewhere on Waiheke Island) and Laurelia novae­ forest joins the wetlands and occasionally C maorica zelandiae. and patches of Paspalum vaginatum where the water isWeed s brackish. Herbaceous dicot water plants in the It has to be said that weeds are something of a freshwater upper reaches of the wetland include feature at Whakanewha. The worst of them is climbing Polygonum salicifolium Ludwigia palustris Rorippa asparagus which is all too common in the kanuka nasturtium aquaticum Myosotis laxa and Callitriche stands and open bush areas and has a strong grip. stagnalis. About a dozen clumps of toetoe {CortaderiaCarex divisa is common through the salt marsh fulvida) occur scattered about in a sea of freshwater fringes; Carex longebrachiata occurs abundantly club rush. We were unable to reach these plants and the throughout the park all along the track margins; possibility remains that it is C splendens. tobacco weed {Solanum mauritianum) honeysuckle On the floodplain of the Cascade Stream as it nears its {Lonicera japonica) and moth plant {Araujia serie/fera) outlet into the Poukaraka Wetland the ferns Diplazium rapidly invade disturbed bush sites; and infestations of australe and Deparia peterseniiare commonly found. In Smilax {Asparagus asparagoides) are particularly bad in this area a lone pukatea {Laurelia novae zelandiae) the shell bank area where gorse and buffalo grass also abound. stands tall above thickets of grey willow {Salix cinerea) and tobacco weed {Solanum mauritianum).

38 Waiheke native species not recorded at Coriaria arborea Cyathea smithii Drymoanthus Whakanewha adversus Earina autumnalis Grammitis billardierei Several native plants occurring elsewhere on Waiheke Hebe macrocarpa Hymenophyllum dilatatum Lindsaea Island but not yet recorded in Whakanewha are: trichomanoides Nestegis montana Nothofagus Aristotelia serrata Arthropteris tenella Blechnum truncata Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Pteris discolor Calystegia tuguriorum Cardiomanes comans Schizaea dichotoma Streblus banksii reniforme Coprosma propinqua pumilio Syzygium maire and Weinmannia silvicola.

Senecio lautus on shellbank Whakanewa Regional Park Waiheke Island 13 Oct 2001.

Disphyma australe subsp australe on shellbank Whakanewa Regional Park Waiheke Island 13 Oct 2001. 39 Species list Legend: adventive pl. planted. Fern allies Maori name Common name Lycopodium deuterodensum puakarimu club moss Scientific name Lycopodium varium (= hanging clubmoss iwituna Ferns Huperzia varia) tassel fern African club moss Adiantum cunninghamii Puhinui common maidenhair ] Selaginella kraussiana Selaginella Adiantum diaphanum small maidenhair Tmesipteris elongata a fork fern Adiantum fulvum hairy maidenhair Tmesipteris lanceolata a fork fern Adiantum hispidulum rosy maidenhair Tmesipteris tannensis a fork fern Adiantum raddianum Adiantum viridescens a maidenhair fern Conifers Anarthropteris lanceolata whare ngarara lance fern kauri mouku mouki Asplenium bulbiferum subsp. hen and chickens mauku Dacrycarpus dacrydioides kahikatea white pine fern bulbiferum manamana Dacrydium cupressinum rimu red pine Asplenium bulbiferum subsp. hen and chickens Libocedrus plumosa kawaka pl. j mouku gracillimum fern Phyllocladus trichomanoides tanekaha celery pine totara subsp. makawe o hanging spleenwort j Podocarpus totara raukatauri drooping flaccidum Prumnopitys ferruginea miro brown pine raukatauri spleenwort Prumnopitys taxifolia matai black pine Asplenium lamprophyllum huruhuruwhenua Dicot trees and shrubs Asplenium oblongi folium parenako shining spleenwort paretao Alectryon excelsus titoki Asplenium polyodon petako sickle spleenwort macrophylla toropapa native honeysuckle blechnum chambersii rereti nini lance fern Alseuosmia quercifolia Avicennia marina var. [Blechnum filiforme panako thread fern manawa mangrove [Blechnum fluviatile kiwakiwa creek fern australasica Blechnum fraseri maukurangi miniature tree fern. Beilschmiedia tarairi taraire Blechnum membranaceum tawa rangiora [Blechnum novae zelandiae kiokio & swamp Brachyglottis repanda (incl. B. minus) kiokio Carmichaelia australis maukoro native broom [Cyathea dealbata ponga silver tree fern Carpodetus serratus putaputaweta marble mamaku korau Coprosma arborea mamangi tree coprosma Cyathea medullaris black tree fern jpitau Coprosma areolata thin leaved coprosma j Deparia petersenii Coprosma grandifolia kanono rough or harsh tree karamu shiny karamu Dicksonia squarrosa Wheki tirawa Coprosma lucida fern Coprosma macrocarpa Diplazium australe Coprosma propinqua x robusta Doodia australis Pukupuku rasp fern or macrocarpa Gleichenia microphylla umbrella fern twiggy coprosma Histiopteris incisa Coprosma robusta karamu Hymenophyllum demissum filmy fern Coprosma robusta x Hymenophyllum flabellatum filmy fern C. rhamnoides Hymenophyllum flexuosum filmy fern Coprosma spathulata Hymenophyllum rarum filmy fern Corynocarpus laevigatus karaka Hymenophyllum piripiri filmy fern Cotoneaster glaucophyllus cotoneaster sanguinolentum Dodonaea viscosa akeake Hypolepis distans Dysoxylum spectabile kohekohe Lastreopsis glabella smooth shield fern Elaeagnus x reflexa elaeagnus Lastreopsis hispida tuakura hairy fern Elaeocarpus dentatus hinau Lastreopsis microsora Entelea arborescens whau cork wood Lastreopsis velutina velvet fern Eriobotrya japonica loquat Lindsaea linearis Eucalyptus botryoides bangalay (pl.) articulatum mangemange bushmans mattress Sydney blue gum Eucalyptus saligna Marattia salicina para king fern (pl.) (Pl ) j kowaowao kotukutuku tree fuchsia Microsorum pustu/atum hounds tongue Fuchsia excorticata Paraharaha [Geniostoma rupestre var. hangehange Maori privet Microsorum scandens mokimoki fragrant fern ligustrifolium hard scented lace or Paesia scaberula matata [Griselinia lucida puka ring fern •Hebe stricta koromiko pakauroharoha gully fern feather Pneumatopteris pennigera porokaiwhiri piupiu fern [Hedycarya arborea pigeonwood Polystichum richardii Pikopiko common shield fern [Hoheria populnea houhere lacebark rahurahu rarauhe bracken Austral [Knightia excelsa rewarewa NZ honeysuckle Pteridium esculentum rarahu bracken Kunzea ericoides kanuka sweet brake sweet Pteris macilenta titipo Laurelia novae zelandiae pukatea fern manuka tea tree Pteris saxatilis a brake fern Leucopogon fasciculatus mingimingi Pteris tremula turawera shaking brake Leucopogon fraseri patotara dwarf heath Pyrrosia eleagnifolia ngarara wehi leather leaf fern Himalayan Leycesteria formosa Trichomanes elongatum bristle fern honeysuckle (= Crepidomanes Trichomanes endlicherianum bristle fern [Ligustrum lucidum tree privet endlicherianum) Ligustrum sinense Chinese privet [Litsea calicaris mangeao Lophostemon confertus brush box (pl.) Lycium ferocissimum boxthorn (Koi Is.)

40 broad leaved Macropiper excelsum kawakawa Conyza albida Melicope ternata Wharangi fleabane Melicytus micranthus Conyza bilbaoana Canadian fleabane Melicytus ramiflorus mahoe whiteywood Cotula coronopifolia bachelors button Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa Crepis capillaris hawksbeard Metrosideros robusta rata northern rata Erechtites valerianifolia Brazilian fireweed Mida salicifolia Euchiton gymnocephalus creeping cudweed Myoporum laetum ngaio Gamochaeta americana cudweed [Myrsine australis mapou Gamochaeta spicata purple cudweed Nestegis cunninghamii maire black maire Gamochaeta simpficicaulis tall cudweed \Nestegis lanceolata maire white maire Helminthotheca echioides oxtongue •Olearia furfuracea akepiro tanguru Hypochoeris radicata catsear \Olearia rani heketara Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce Paraserianthes lophantha brush wattle Lapsana communis nipplewort Pennantia corymbosa kaikomako Leontodon taraxacoides hawkbit [Pittosporum cornifolium •Osteospermum barberiae African daisy smooth Australian Pittosporum crassifolium karo Senecio bipinnatisectus fireweed \Pittosporum eugenioides tarata lemonwood Senecio diaschides fireweed Pittosporum tenuifolium kohuhu Senecio esteri hairy Australian Plagianthus divaricatus makaka swamp ribbonwood fireweed Polygala myrtifolia sweet pea shrub Senecio glomeratus Pomaderris phylicifolia var. tauhinu Senecio hispidulus ericifolia Senecio minimus gravel groundsel Pomaderris rugosa Senecio lautus shore groundsel tawapou Pl. Silybum marianum variegated thistle Prunus persica peach prickly sow thistle puahou whau Sonchus asper Pseudopanax arboreus five finger puha whaupaku Sonchus oleraceus sow thistle Pseudopanax crassifolius horoeka lancewood Pseudopanax crassifolius x P. horoeka lancewood hybrid Other dicot herbs lessonii Acaena anserinifolia bidibidi [Pseudopanax lessonii houpara Alcea rosea hollyhock \Rosa rubiginosa sweet brier Anagallis arvensis scarlet pimpernel \Rubus fruticosus agg. blackberry Anagallis arvensis var. blue pimpernel Salix cinerea grey willow coerulea Peking corkscrew Salix matsudana Tortuosa Apium prostratum tutae koau large leaved native willow celery (erect) Schefflera digitata pate sevenfinger Apium prostratum subsp. small leaved native ! Solanum aviculare poroporo prostratum var. filiforme celery (creeping) j Solanum linnaeanum apple of Sodom Atriplex prostrata beach orache tobacco weed woolly Solanum mauritianum [Beta vulgaris wild silver beet nightshade Cakile edentula sea rocket Sophora chathamica coastal kowhai Callitriche muelleri starwort \Sophora microphylla kowhai Callitriche stagnalis starwort Streblus heterophyllus turepo small leaved milk tree Centaurium erythraea centaury \Ulex europaeus gorse Centella uniflora pennywort Vitex lucens puriri Daucus carota wild carrot Dichondra repens Mercury Bay weed Dicot lianes Disphyma australe subsp. Araujia sendifera moth plant native Ice plant australe [Calystegia sepium pohue swamp bindweed Duchesnea indica Indian strawberry Calystegia soldanella nihinihi shore bindweed Epilobium ciliatum tall willow herb Clematis paniculata puawananga native clematis Epilobium rotundifolium Japanese lonicera japonica honeysuckle Erodium moschatum musky storksbill Metrosideros diffusa white climbing rata Euphorbia peplus milk weed Metrosideros fulgens akatawhiwhi orange rata vine Galium aparine cleavers Metrosideros perforata aka small white rata vine i Galium palustre marsh bedstraw Muehlenbeckia complexa pohuehue Geranium homeanum cranesbill Parsonsia heterophylla kaihua NZ jasmine Geranium molle dovesfoot cranesbill ! Passiflora mollissima banana passionfruit Geranium purpureum Passiflora tetrandra kohia NZ passionfruit Geranium retrorsum cranesbill [Rubus australis tataramoa swamp lawyer Geranium robertianum herb Robert [Rubus cissoides tataramoa bush lawyer Gonocarpus incanus Haloragis erecta toatoa Composite herbs Hydrocotyle dissecta Ageratina adenophora Mexican devil weed Hydrocotyle pterocarpa Ageratina riparia mist flower Hypericum androsaemum tutsan Arctotheca calendula cape weed Hypericum humifusum trailing St Johns wort; Aster subulatus sea aster Hypericum japonicum Bellis perennis daisy Lilaeopsis novae zelandiae Chrysanthemoides monolifera Linum bienne pale flax boneseed Linum trigynum yellow flax Cichorium intybus chicory Lobelia anceps punakuru shore lobelia Cirsium vulgare Scotch thistle Lotus pedunculatus lotus major birdsfoot trefoil Lotus suaveolens hairy birdsfoot trefoil; Ludwigia palustris Freycinetia baueriana subsp.banksiikiekie Lycopersicon esculentum tomato Lythrum hyssopifb/ia hyssop loosestrife Geitonoplesium cymosum (eradicated) Medicago nigra bur medick Ripogonum scandens kareao supplejack Melilotus indicus King Island melilot Mentha x piperita peppermint Orchids Mentha pulegium pennyroyal Acianthus sinclairii pixie cap Modiola caroliniana creeping mallow Corybas cheesemanii spider orchid Myosotis arvensis field forget me not Corybas macranthus spider orchid Myosotis laxa water forget me not j Earina mucronata peka a waka bamboo orchid Oenanthe pimpinelloides parsley dropwort Microtis unifolia onion orchid Orobanche minor broomrape Pterostylis banksii tutu kiwi elfs hood orchid Oxalis exilis Thelymitra longifolia sun orchid Oxalis rubens coastal oxalis Thelymitra paudflora sun orchid

Parentucellia viscosa tarweed yellow Winikabartsia (= Dendrobium)cunninghamii lad/s slipper orchid Parochetus communis shamrock pea Peperomia urvilleana Sedges Physalis peruviana Cape gooseberry Baumea juncea Phytolacca octandra inkweed Baumea rubiginosa Plantago australis swamp plantain Baumea tenax Plantago lanceolata narrow leaved plantaiBofboschoenusn fluviatilis kukuraho freshwater club rush! Bolboschoenus medianus marsh club rush Plantago major broad leaved plantain Carex breviculmis Polycarpon tetraphyllum allseed Carex divisa salt marsh carex polygonum salicifolium tiitanawai swamp willow weed j Carex dissita carex bush sedge Prunella vulgaris selfheal Carex divulsa grey sedge Ranunculus amphitrichus waorlki buttercup Carex geminata toetoe rautahi cutty grass Ranunculus reflexus R. hirtus hairy buttercup Carex inversa creeping lawn sedge \ maruru Carex flagellifera tussock sedge Ranunculus scleratus celery leaved buttercuCarexp lambertiana Ranunculus urvilleanus buttercup Carex lessoniana cutty grass Raphanus raphanistrum wild radish Carex longebrachiata Australian sedge Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum Carex maorica watercress Carex secta purei niggerhead Rumex acetosella sheeps sorrel Carex solandri Rumex conglomeratus clustered dock Carex spinirostris Rumex crispus curled dock Carex virgata sea primrose shore Cyperus brevifolius Samolus repens maakoako pimpernel Cyperus eragrostis green umbrella sedge; Sarcocornia quinqueflora glasswort Cyperus ustulatus toetoe upoko giantangatt umbrella a sedgej (Salicornia australis) golden sand sedge Saliera radicans Selliera Desmoschoenus spiralis pingao Sherardia arvensis field madder Eleocharis acuta sharp spike sedge Silene gallica catchfly Gahnia lacera coastal cutty grass Solanum americanum Gahnia pauciflora cutty grass Solanum nigrum black nightshade Gahnia setifolia mapere cutty grass Spergularia rubra sand spurrey Gahnia xanthocarpa tupari maunga cutty grass Stellaria media common stitchwort Isolepis cernua slender clubrush Stellaria parviflora native stitchwort Isolepis nodosa knobby clubrush Isolepis prolifera Torilis arvensis spreading hedge parsley Isolepis reticularis Trifolium mieranthum lesser suckling clover Isolepis sepulcralis Trifolium pratense red clover Lepidosperma australe square rush Trifolium repens white clover Morelotia affinis Trifolium scabrum rough clover Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani bulrush Verbascum creticum Cretan mullein Verbena bonariensis purple top Schoenus maschalinus Weronica persica scrambling speedwell Uncinia banksii watau slender hook sedge j Veronica plebeia forest veronica slender harsh hook j Unciniadistans Vida sativa common vetch sedge Vitica tetrasperma smooth tare Uncinia uncinata kamu hook sedge Vinca major periwinkle Uncinia zotovii hook sedge Wahlenbergia violacea native hare bell Rushes Monocot trees and shrubs Juncus articulatus jointed rush kouka cabbage tree Juncus australis Cordyline banksii ngahere forest cabbage tree Juncus bufonius toad rush Rhopalostylis sapida nikau Juncus distegus Juncus edgariae (formerly wiwI gregiflorus) Monocot lianes Asparagus asparagoides Smilax Juncus effusus soft rush Asparagus scandens climbing asparagus Juncus kraussii var.australiensis Wiwi sea rush Juncus microcephalus 42 Juncus pallidus Lolium rigidum annual ryegrass Juncus planifolius Microlaena avenacea bush rice grass Juncus prismatocarpus Microlaena stipoides patiti meadow rice grass Juncus sarophorus Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. slender panic grass Juncus tenuis track rush imbecilus Parapholis strigosa slender barb grass brasses Paspalum dilatatum paspalum Agrostis capillaris browntop Paspalum vaginaturn saltwater paspalum Agrostis stolonifera creeping bent Pennisetum clandestinum kikuyu grass Aira caryophyllea silvery hair grass Phalaris aquatica phalaris Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal Phleum pratense timothy grass Arrhenatherum elatius tall oat grass Poa anceps Austrostipa stipoides coastal needle grass Poa annua annual poa Avena barbata bearded oat Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Axonopus fissifo/ius carpet grass Polypogon monspeliensis annual beard grass friza maxima large quaking grass Rytidosperma penicillatum danthonia Briza minor shivery grass Rytidosperma racemosum danthonia fromus diandrus ripgut brome Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue knot root bristle Bromus hordeaceus soft brome Setaria gracilis Bromus lithobius Chilean brome grass Bromus wildenowii prairie grass Spinifex sericeus kowhangatara silvery sand grass foriaderia fulvida toetoe swamp toetoe Sporobolus africanus ratstail Cortaderia jubata purple pampas grass Stenotaphrum secundatum buffalo grass Cortaderia selloana pampas grass Vulpia bromoides hair grass Cortaderia splendens toetoe coastal toetoe (pl.) Critesion murinum barley grass Other monocot herbs Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass Agapanthus praecox agapathus Dactylis glomerata cocksfoot Allium vineale wild onion Apodasmia similis (formerly Deyeuxia avenoides oioi coastal jointed rush Dichelachne crinita long hair plume grass Leptocarpus simplex} Digitaria sanguinalis summer grass Astelia solandri kowharawhara perching lity Ehrharta erecta veld grass Collospermum hastatum kahakaha perching lily Eragrostis brownii bay grass Dianella nigra turutu NZ blueberry Gastridium ventricosum nit grass Gladiolus undulatus wild gladiolus Holcus lanatus Yorkshire fog Hedychium gardnerianum Kahili ginger sachne globosa swamp millet Phormium tenax harakeke NZ flax Lachnagrostis billardierei sand dune wind grass Triglochin striata arrow grass Tradescantia fluminensis wandering jew Lachnagrostis filiformis New Zealand wind grass Typha orientalis raupo bulrush Lagurus ovatus hares tail grass Watsonia bulbillifera Watsonia Lolium multiflorum Italian ryegrass Zantedeschia aethiopica arum lily Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass

Records of lower plants

Mosses (incorporating records from Peter floor mainly on exposed tree roots in Leucobryum candidum"milk moss". Beveridge 24 26 March 2002) dark taraire forest. Dark green colour. Occasional patches on the ground in Achrophyllum dentatum Fissidens curvatus var. curvatus forest and scrub. Calomnion complanatum Fissidens leptocladus Macrocoma tenue Camptochaete angustata Fissidens linearis var. angustifolius Macromitrium gracile Camptochaete arbuscula Fissidens taxifoilus Form green tufted Orthorrhynchium elegans Camptochaete pulvinata carpets on earth banks beside tracks. Papillaria crocea Campylopodium medium Fissidens tenellus var. australiensis Philonotis tenuis Campylopus clavatus Colonies in scrubland. Fissidens tenellus var. tenellus Ptychomnion aciculare Abundant colonies on Campylopus introflexusThi s moss occurs in Hypnodendron arcuatum Beside streams in the ground in manuka and kanuka patches on bare shallow soil in manuka shady forest forming extensive colonies. areas. scrub. Hypnum chrysogaster Racopilum convolutaceum On damp rocks Catharomnion ciliatum Hypnum cupressiforme above Cascades. Cryphaea chlorophyflosa Hypopterygium rotulatum A small umbrella Rhaphidorrhynchium amoenum Cyathophorum bulbosum moss growing in conspicuous clumps on Rhynchostegium tenuifolium Dicranoloma menziesii the forest floor. Ume green colour. Thamnobryum pandum Damp shady stream Ditrichim difficile Leptostomum macrocarpon pincushio n banks Distichophyllum pulchellum moss. Forms large clumps on the stems Thuidium furfurosum Common in grassy open Echinodium hispidum Growing in large of nikau palms Cascade stream where it areas on the edge of tracks. colonies near streams on the forest enters the Poukaraka Wetland. Thuidium sparsum Wijkia extenuata Zygodon minutus Liverworts Aneura alterniloba Forming thick green rather shapeless thalli on damp banks. Archilejeunea o/ivaceaTaralre tree bark. Heteroscyphus coalitus Commonly forming mats on damp ground beside tracks in the taraire forest. Heteroscyphus furcistipulus Commonly forming mats on damp ground beside tracks in the taraire forest. Lepidolaena clavigera Epiphytic with lichens on taraire bark.

43 Lepidolaena taytorii Epiphytic in soft light green mats on trunks of taraire. Pallavicinia xiphoides in tufts at edge of stream delta of Cascade Stream. Plagiochila gregaria Toothed . Male and female plants look different. Male has reduced branches. On damp rocks at Cascades. Porella elegantula A beautiful quite large liverwort endemic to New Zealand. Generally epiphytic. It can occur in flat clumps several cm across. Individual stems are up to 10 cm long pinnate. Olive green brown. On damp banks near the Cascades and on dead branches in the Cascades Stream delta. Radula marginata On bank along the Tarata Track. Riccardia crassa Damp stream bank in delta of the Cascade Stream. Schistochila balfouriana Clothing dark shady stream bank in bush along the Tarata Track. Symphyogyna Hymenophyllum Damp shady places on stream banks. Symphyogyna tenuinervis Forms patches in damp shaded places near stream banks usually with the moss Hypnodendron arcuatum. Trichocolea mollissima On ground in scrubland commonly with the moss Thuidium furfurosum.

Lichens Peltigera dolichorhiza Blackish crusts on damp ground. We have not yet studied the lichen flora in any detail but have Pseudocyphellaria sp. On a fallen taraire. noted the following: Ramalina celastri Fruticose. Common on shore ribbonwood twigs. Chrysothrix candelaris A yellow powdery paint like lichen common Sticta latifrons Foliose. On dead branches and the bark of trees. on kanuka trunks. Teloschistes chrysophthalmus Fruticose. Golden or orange yellow. Cladina confusa reindeer lichen. It occurs on the ground in open Commonly epiphytic on mangroves and shore ribbonwood. scrubland. Usnea sp. Fruticose. Epiphytic on trees. Cladonia ramulosa Clay margins of Central track. Xanthoria parietina Yellow crusts on twigs of trees near the sea. Parmotrema chinense Colonlser of bark.

Eumycota (True Fungi) Upland Track and a small kauri stand Cyclomyces tabacinus. Bracket fungus with Studies of fungi have not before been above Cascades Stream. bands of brown turning black with age. reported for Waiheke Island. During the Ca/vatia cyathiformis lilac puffball. On rotting wood throughout the Park. course of preparing this article the authors Campground. Cyptotrama asprata Orange yellow cup with made a start on identifying the many and Calvatia gigantea giant puffball. Recorded shaggy spine like surface white gills diverse forms of fungi to be found at growing in deep mulch on Poukaraka shaggy yellow stem 20 30mm Whakanewha. Rats in 2000. diameter and height. One seen on a Camarophyllus apricosus An orange wax twig in ground litter edge of Tarata Agaricus arvensis horse or snowball gill. A colony above the Cascades Track. mushroom. On Poukaraka Rats. Stream. A yellow unidentified wax gill Didymium squamulosum. A small spherical Agaricus campestris var. field mushroom. also seen. fruiting body with or with out a stalk Found in grassland on Poukaraka Rats Clavaria sulcata fairy clubs or flame fungus. 0.3 to 1 mm diam. When stalked to 1.5 in autumn. Bright salmon pink clubs irregular in mm high. Grey in colour. Agrocybe parasitica tawaka poplar shape up to 70mm height growing from Entoloma ? procerum Several in Cascades mushroom. A partial veil covers the the ground. Found in mapou mamangi area. gills of the young mushroom when forest above the Tarata Track Favolaschia calocera orange pore fungus. A young and breaks away as the cup broadleaf forest above Tarata Track small but conspicuous tropical species expands to its full extent leaving a and Cascades Stream and on the edge forming colonies on the dead and dark brown pendulous ring. On the of the Upland Track (Omiha Reserve) rotting wood of a wide range of native dead wood of tawa above the Tarata at the entrance to the Park. and exotic species throughout the Park Track and at the base of a mangaeo Conchomyces bursaeformis White flat thin including the dead wood on living trees above the Cathedral Track. kidney shaped fungus attached laterally and leaves in ground litter. Amanita nothofagi Edge of Cathedral Track. to dead branches in broadleaf forests in Ganoderma aff. applanatum Hoof or shelf­ Aseroe rubra flower fungus. Member of the the Park. like bracket. Scattered throughout the stinkhorn family. Upright white stem Cookeina colensoi cup fungus. Small (10 Park. pink to reddish coloured arms 15mm dia 5 10mm height) shallow Ganoderma australe perennial bracket spreading horizontally at the top. cup shaped fungi deep pink when fungus artist's conk. Shelf like bracket Growing from the ground in the young becoming lighter pink with age scattered throughout the Park. Some mamangi forest at the top of the attached to wood by short pleated large old brackets bottom of Cascades Central Track and Poukaraka Rats. stem. On rotting wood in broadleaf Stream and on pa site. Auricularia polytricha hakeka ear fungus forest above the Cathedral Track and Hericium coralloides pekepeke kiore wood ears. Light to dark brown Cascades Stream. fungus icicles. Much branched white leathery ear shaped fruiting bodies. Coprinus micaceus mica or glistening ink coral like fungus growing on dead Abundant on rotting wood throughout cap. A cluster found on a dead taraire wood. At base of Cascades Stream and the Park. in the south eastern corner of the Park fallen in ground litter above the Tarata Beauveria bassiana sugar icing fungus a and one above the Cathedral Track. Track. species that parasitises insects killing Coprinus plicatilis Japanese umbrella. Hypholoma fasciculare sulphur tuft. A them by feeding on their internal Mushroom to 50mm high cap folded group on the bank of the Cascades organs. On cicadas in broadleaf forest like a fan. Growing from the ground in Stream. above the Cathedral Track and bank of kanuka forest above Tarata Track. Ileodictyon Cibarium white basket or lattice the Cascades Stream. Crepidotus sp. A small white species with fungus. Found on the edges of tracks Biscogniauxia Capnodes var. rumpens brown gills when old and brown spore. in autumn particularly in clay. (=Hypoxylon nummularium). A Found on nikau fronds in the Cascades Isaria {Cordyceps} sinclairii vegetable charcoal black crust or sheet on wood Stream. cicada fungus a species that black in section having the appearance Crinipellis procera horsehair. Stiff hair like parasitises cicada larvae growing from of charred wood. Common on dead stem with tiny brown cap. Found the ground beside the Upland Track. hardwood branches. growing on twigs and taraire leaves off Junghuhnia (= Flaviporus) brownii A flat Bovista sp. A type of puffball. Found in the Tarata Track and Cathedral Track. sheet with bright yellow pore surface a open grassland/herbfield bottom of Crucibulum laeve birdsnest fungus. Small distinctive species not commonly Central Track and the firebreak below cream coloured cup shaped fungus found. Growing on the underside of a Bella Vista Rd. with egg like pore bodies inside the rotting kanuka log at the bottom of the Calocera cornea Yellow fingers growing cup. In mixed forest above Cathedral Upland Track. from dead logs at the bottom of the Track and plantings outside the Park Lycoperdon sp. common puffball. Scattered office. throughout the Park.

44 Macrolepiota clelandii parasol mushroom. mushroom. On fallen tree above the branched fans. A colony growing from Margins of the northern wetland. Cascades Stream. Other Pleurotus soil among moss on a shady damp Macrolepiota rachodes shaggy parasol species seen but not identified. bank of the Cascades Stream mushroom. On office planting mound. Podoscypha petalodes wine glass fungus. Stereum complicatum. Small rosettes Notholepiota areolata. A white pouch Cap thin with different coloured bands attached in the centre with a ruffled fungus. Stream bank of the upper of brown and ruffled margins formed margin. On fallen tree above Cascades reaches of the Cascades Stream. into a wine glass shape stem short. On Stream. Ottilia delicatula A small orange cup buried wood edge of Cathedral Track. Stereum fasciatum Bracket fungus in fungus. On fallen trees in broadleaf Psathyrella sp. A pair in ground litter above shades of yellow and orange. A forest above Cathedral Track and bank the Tarata Track. collection on a dead log at base of of Cascades Stream. Pycnoporus coccineus An orange bracket. Cascades Stream. Oudemansiella australis This mushroom is On dead manuka at the south eastern Trametes versicolor rainbow bracket white all over and often its white comer of the Park. Conspicuous bracket in many shades of spores can be seen coating the wood Rosellinia sp. Tiny black sphere topped by a brown on dead wood scattered underneath. In broadleaf forest above nipple like bump. A colony on dead throughout the Park. Tarata Track. wood in broadleaf forest above Tylopilus formosus Edge of Cathedral Paurocotylis pila Small bright red potato Cathedral Track. Track. like fungus without a stem growing Russula acrolamellata a yellow brown Weraroa virescens blue pouch fungus from the ground along tracks in the russula. Common in kanuka forests. Edge of the Upper Cascades Track. Park. Russula griseoviridis a green russula. Cap Xeromphalina tenuipes Cap orange brown Phellinus robustus A woody cinnamon grey green with persistent filmy stem yellow brown gills pale cream no brown hoof shaped bracket turning patches. A group of four in kanuka ring. On fallen hardwood trees south black at the lower part of the fruiting forest in the south eastern corner. eastern corner and bottom of Upland body. Two seen attached to fallen Russula macrocystidiata purple russula. In Track. manuka wood at the south eastern kanuka forest at the top of the Central Xylaria hypoxylon candlesnuff or stags horn corner of the park. Track and in the south eastern corner. fungus. 20 25mm high branched Physarum lateritium. A small spherical Scutellinia badioberbis an eyelash cup finger like stalks white tips grading to fruiting body 0.3 to 0.7 mm diam with fungus. A colony on a fallen tree above black at the base. Colonies found no stalk. Orange to red in colour Cascades Stream. scattered throughout the Park on dead Pleurotus djamor { P. opuntiae) oyster Stereopsis hiscens Small white erect tree stumps.

Hypopterygium rotulatum a small umbrella moss growing in conspicuous clumps on the forest floor. Whakanewha regional Park Waiheke Island. 9 January 2002.

Myxomycetes (Slime Moulds) Myxomycetes are generally cosmopolitan in distribution and the particular species found in an area depend on available moisture and habitat (Ing 1999). Specimens were collected on 10 April 2002 and later identification by Clive Shirley. Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa Sporocarps effused up to 10 cm long white finger like to 4 mm high sparsely branched. A colony on decaying wood above Tarata Track. Hemitnchia calyculata Stalked sporangia found in small groups 1 3 mm high 0.5 1 mm diam. yellow to ochraceous. On decaying wood bank of the Cascades Stream. Hemitrichia Serpula Sporocarp to 15 mm long much branched and netted to 0.6 mm wide yellow. Capillitium elastic coiled yellow tubes. On nikau petiole Cascades Stream. Lycogala epidendrum Sporocarp aethalia clustered cushion shaped 4 7 mm diam. dark grey. On decaying wood Cascades Stream.

45 Hemitrichia Serpula Sporocarp to 15 mm long much branched and netted to 0.6 mm wide yellow. Capillitium elastic coiled yellow tubes. On nikau petiole Cascades Stream. Lycogala epidendrum Sporocarp aethalia clustered cushion shaped 4 7 mm diam. dark grey. On decaying wood Cascades Stream. Perichaena depressa Sessile sporangia flattened closely packed to adjacent sporangia becoming angular at point of contact. 1 1.5 mm across dark brown to black. Capillitium yellow released from edge of sporangia. On nikau petiole Cascades Stream. Physarum bogoriense Forms elongate plasmodiocarps in small groups dull yellow to brown 0.3 0.6 mm wide. Splitting along a line of dehiscence to revel inner iridescent layer and spore mass with white lime crystals. On nikau petiole Cascades Stream. Physarum globuliferum Stalked sporangia accruing in large numbers common spherical 0.4 0.7 mm diam 0.8 1.5 mm tall. White to pale grey with white stalk. On nikau petiole Cascades Stream. Physarum nutan. Stalked sporangia accruing also in large numbers common nodding lens shaped 0.4 0.7 mm diam. to 1.5 mm tall white or pale grey with a dark stalk twice the diam of the sporangium. On nikau petiole Cascades Stream. Physarum sp. (unidentified) On decaying wood Cascades Stream. Physarum sp. (unidentified) On nikau petiole Cascades Stream. Stemonitis sp. (unidentified) In leaf litter and soil Cascades Stream.

References Auckland Regional Council and Department of Conservation Anon. 1996: Whakanewha Regional Park. Background Information. Auckland Conservancy. 7 pp. (unpublished). Auckland Regional Council Parks Service. 52 pp. Day D. 1989: Waiheke Pioneers. Waiheke Historical Society. Beever J. 1995: Mosses of Waiheke Island Hauraki Gulf Northern Gardner R. 0.1995: Survey of Three Wetlands in Whakanewha New Zealand. Tane 35:113 120. Regional Park. Report to Regional Parks Auckland Regional Chappie Don; Ebbett Rachel; Kitson Ivan 2001: Greening our Gulf Council. 10 pp. (unpublished). Islands. A manual for native revegetation with special reference Fitzgibbon T. D.; Slaven D. C. 1988: Sites of ecological to Waiheke. D. Chappie Hekerua Bay Waiheke Island. 52 p. significance Waiheke Island. Department of Conservation Clunie N. NI. U. 1992a: The Whakanewha Block Waiheke Island: Northern Region Tech. Report Series No. 2.133 p. The Vegetation and Potential Impacts of Developments. Report Ing B. 1999: The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland Richmond for Auckland City Council. Clunie & Associates. 10 pp. Publishing. (unpublished). Kirk T. 1878: Notes on the botany of Waiheke Rangitoto and Clunie N. M. U. 1992b: Estuarine Wetlands Bordering the Beach at other islands in the Hauraki Gulf. Transactions and Proceedings Half Moon Bay Waiheke Island. Report for Auckland City of the New Zealand Institute 11:444 454. Council. Clunie & Associates. 6 pp. (unpublished). Lee M. 1999: Biota of seven islets off Waiheke Islands Inner Hauraki Clunie N. M. U. 1992c. Kanuka Stands on the Whakanewha Block Gulf. Tane 37:99 136. Waiheke Island. Report for Auckland City Council. Clunie & Monin P. 1992: Waiheke Island a history. The Dunmore Press Associates. 9 pp. (unpublished). Palmerston North. 229 p. Cutting Marjorie; Green Chris 1992: Ecological Assessment of the White P. 2000: Onetangi Reserve Management Plan. Hauraki Whakanewha Block Waiheke Island Without Prejudice. Islands Branch Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of NZ.

Acknowledgements The authors have compiled the species list from their own field work aided by earlier reports on the Whakanewha Park by Nigel Clunie and Rhys Gardner the draft species list (Anon. 1996) compiled by Brenda Greene Tom Stein Colin Ogle and Andy Spence and by additions recorded by the Botanical Society group in November 2001. Peter Beveridge is kindly thanked for his contribution to the moss records John Braggins for his help in identifying liverworts Peter Johnston and Peter Buchanan of Landcare Research for their identification of some fungi specimens and Clive Shirley for identification of slime moulds.

Coastal fringe of flax {Phormium tenax) and nikau palm (Rhopalostylis sapida). Whakanewa Regional Park Waiheke Island. 5 Jan 2002.

46