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Downloaded At Manuscript version: Author’s Accepted Manuscript The version presented in WRAP is the author’s accepted manuscript and may differ from the published version or Version of Record. Persistent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/134820 How to cite: Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it. Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Publisher’s statement: Please refer to the repository item page, publisher’s statement section, for further information. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected]. warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Draft version March 16, 2020 Typeset using LATEX manuscript style in AASTeX62 A remnant planetary core in the hot Neptunian desert 1, 2, ∗ 3 4 5 1 David J. Armstrong, Theo´ A. Lopez, Vardan Adibekyan, Richard A. Booth, 1, 2 6 3 7, 8 2 Edward M. Bryant, Karen A. Collins, Magali Deleuil, Alexandre Emsenhuber, 9 1, 2 10 11 3 Chelsea X. Huang, George W. King, Jorge Lillo-box, Jack J. Lissauer, 9 3 12 3 12, 13 4 Elisabeth Matthews, Olivier Mousis, Louise D. Nielsen, Hugh Osborn, Jon Otegi, 4, 14 4 15, 16 1, 2, ∗ 5 Nuno C. Santos, Sergio´ G. Sousa, Keivan G. Stassun, Dimitri Veras, 17 18 19 1, 2 6 Carl Ziegler, Jack S. Acton, Jose M. Almenara, David R. Anderson, 20 4 1, 2 18 7 David Barrado, Susana C.C. Barros, Daniel Bayliss, Claudia Belardi, 12 21 1, 2, 22 1, 2 8 Francois Bouchy, Cesar´ Briceno,~ Matteo Brogi, David J. A. Brown, 18 18 23 24 9 Matthew R. Burleigh, Sarah L. Casewell, Alexander Chaushev, David R. Ciardi, 25 26 1, 2 9 10 Kevin I. Collins, Knicole D. Colon´ , Benjamin F. Cooke, Ian J. M. Crossfield, 27, 28 4 4 13 11 Rodrigo F. D´ıaz, Elisa Delgado Mena, Olivier D. S. Demangeon, Caroline Dorn, 12 29 9 30, 4 12 Xavier Dumusque, Philipp Eigmuller¨ , Michael Fausnaugh, Pedro Figueira, 31 2 1, 2 32 13 Tianjun Gan, Siddharth Gandhi, Samuel Gill, Erica J. Gonzales, 18 9 13 4, 14 14 Michael R. Goad, Maximilian N. Gunther¨ , Ravit Helled, Saeed Hojjatpanah, 33 1, 2 34, 35 11 15 Steve B. Howell, James Jackman, James S. Jenkins, Jon M. Jenkins, 36 1, 2, y 37 38 16 Eric L. N. Jensen, Grant M. Kennedy, David W. Latham, Nicholas Law, 12, 39 13 38 40 17 Monika Lendl, Michael Lozovsky, Andrew W. Mann, Maximiliano Moyano, 1, 2 1, 2, z 8 1, 2 18 James McCormac, Farzana Meru, Christoph Mordasini, Ares Osborn, 1, 2 41 18 9 42 19 Don Pollacco, Didier Queloz, Liam Raynard, George R. Ricker, Pamela Rowden, 3 43 9, 44, 45 9 20 Alexandre Santerne, Joshua E. Schlieder, S. Seager, Lizhou Sha, 46 18 11 12 21 Thiam-Guan Tan, Rosanna H. Tilbrook, Eric Ting, Stephane´ Udry, 9 47 1, 2 1, 2 22 Roland Vanderspek, Christopher A. Watson, Richard G. West, Paul A. Wilson, 48 1, 2 9 34 23 Joshua N. Winn, Peter Wheatley, Jesus Noel Villasenor, Jose I. Vines, and 44 24 Zhuchang Zhan 1 25 Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK 2 26 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK 3 27 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France 4 28 Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ci^encias do Espa¸co,Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, 29 Portugal 5 30 Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK 6 31 Center for Astrophysics j Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 2 7 32 Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA 8 33 Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 9 34 Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of 35 Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 10 36 Depto. de Astrof´ısica, Centro de Astrobiolog´ıa(CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, 28692 Villanueva de la Ca~nada 37 (Madrid), Spain 11 38 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA 12 39 Observatoire Astronomique de l'Universit´ede Gen´eve,51 Chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland 13 40 Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland 14 41 Departamento de F´ısica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ci^encias,Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 42 4169-007 Porto, Portugal 15 43 Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 6301 Stevenson Center Ln., Nashville, TN 37235, USA 16 44 Fisk University, Department of Physics, 1000 18th Ave. N., Nashville, TN 37208, USA 17 45 Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario 46 M5S 3H4, Canada 18 47 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 19 48 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France 20 49 Depto. de Astrof´ısica, Centro de Astrobiolog´ıa(CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus 28692 Villanueva de la Ca~nada 50 (Madrid), Spain 21 51 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile 22 52 INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025, Pino Torinese, Italy 23 53 Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, TU Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany 24 54 Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, 770 S. Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA 25 55 George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030 USA 26 56 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory (Code 667), Greenbelt, MD 57 20771, USA 27 58 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 28 59 CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Astronom´ıay F´ısica del Espacio (IAFE). Buenos Aires, 60 Argentina. 29 61 Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany 30 62 European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile 3 31 63 Department of Astronomy and Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 32 x 64 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA 33 65 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 34 66 Departamento de Astronom´ıa,Universidad de Chile, Camino el Observatorio 1515, Casilla 36-D, Las Condes, 67 Santiago, Chile 35 68 Centro de Astrof´ısica y Tecnolog´ıasAfines (CATA), Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile 36 69 Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore PA 19081, USA 37 70 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 38 71 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, 72 USA 39 73 Space Research Institute, Austraian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria 40 74 Instituto de Astronom´ıa,Universidad Cat´olica del Norte, Angamos 0610, 1270709, Antofagasta, Chile. 41 75 Cavendish Laboratory J J Thomson Avenue Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK 42 76 School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK 43 77 Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 78 20771, USA 44 79 Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 80 02139, USA 45 81 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 46 82 Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope, Perth, Western Australia 47 83 Astrophysics Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK 48 84 Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 85 ABSTRACT 86 The interiors of giant planets remain poorly understood. Even for the planets in the 87 Solar System, difficulties in observation lead to major uncertainties in the properties 88 of planetary cores. Exoplanets which have undergone rare evolutionary pathways pro- 89 vide a new route to understanding planetary interiors. Planets found in and near the 90 typically barren hot Neptunian desert(1;2) have proven particularly valuable in this 91 regard, including HD149026b(3), thought to have an unusually massive core, and re- 4 92 cent discoveries such as LTT9779b(4) and NGTS-4b(5), where photoevaporation has 93 removed a substantial part of the outer atmosphere. Here we report TOI-849b, the 94 remnant core of a giant planet, with a radius smaller than Neptune but an anomalously +2:7 +0:7 −3 95 high mass Mp =39.1−2:6 M⊕ and density of 5.2−0:8 g cm similar to the Earth. The 96 planet parameters place it in the Neptunian desert, and interior structure models sug- 97 gest that any gaseous envelope of pure hydrogen and helium consists of no more than +0:8 98 3:9−0:9% of the total planetary mass.
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