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Dissertation Jungwon KANG GETTING ENGAGED IN DEVELOPMENT: GENDER AND PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS OF THE ANTAMINA MINING COMPANY IN SAN MARCOS, PERU, 2006-2008 By JUNGWON KANG A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Jungwon Kang 2 To my father and mother 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people contributed to the completion of this dissertation. To all of them, I am deeply grateful. I am especially grateful to many people and institutions in Peru because without their support the research for this dissertation would not have been possible. The staff in the Ancash Association provided me valuable information when I first arrived in Huaraz. I especially thank Gabriela Antunez and Alejandro Camino who were always ready to interchange ideas and provided me important insights. In San Marcos, I am indebted to numerous people and institutions. Blanca and Juvenal offered me a place to stay throughout my fieldwork. They also made me feel as part of the family, being always concerned about my well being. Nancy and Carlos were always kind and friendly, welcoming me to their lives and families. Auristela taught me so much and showed me great patience despite all my questions. I am particularly indebted to the people in Carhuayoc and Huaripampa who opened doors for me and embraced me with support and care. I owe special thanks to Miguel, Wich, Juana, Pilar, Rucila, Julio, Norma, Agripino, Carlos Guerra. Many institutions in San Marcos also provided important assistances and support for this project. The staffs of IDMA, FOCADER, IDESI, ACUDIP, PRODESA, Macrogestion, the employees of CMA, and the officers of the Municipality of San Marcos were exceptionally helpful. They provided me valuable information and welcomed me to their work sites. I am especially grateful to the staff of IDMA and FOCADER who provided me insightful thoughts and who became a reliable companion in many stages of this project. In Lima, Jeanine Anderson at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Ludwig Huber at the Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP), and Juan Carlos Guerrero previously at the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) gave their thoughtful comments on my research questions, and showed interest in the importance of this study. My special thanks to 4 Young-mi Lee at PUCP, who always stimulated me with her integrity and warm hearts. I will forever be in debt to the people whom I met in Peru during my fieldwork. At the University of Florida, I am grateful for the useful comments and advice of my doctoral committee. My advisor, John H. Moore, dedicated much time in reading the draft of this dissertation and provided me helpful and insightful comments. I thank him for having continually encouraged and supported me since the initial stage of my doctoral training. Charles H. Wood gave me advice and support when I most needed it. He showed utmost confidence in my abilities which nourished and inspired me to stay on the right track. He also informed and guided me to elaborate the research hypotheses and methods of this project. Anthony R. Oliver- Smith introduced me to the field of development-induced displacement in South America, and eventually to Andean studies. He inspired me in diverse manners, which include a graduate seminar, research projects, and stimulating discussion inside and outside the classroom. Peter F. Collings always gave me support and useful advice since he joined my dissertation committee. His positive attitudes encouraged me to stay confident in my progresses. Colleagues and researchers in the United States and South Korea have also supported me throughout this project in many ways. I especially thank Luz Martin del Campo and Zoe del Campo who made me feel at home in Gainesville. They gave me so much more than I could ever have expected, and they will forever be one of my best friends. I am grateful to Neila Soares da Silva, Jennifer Fiers, Sonia Duin, Kathy Chin-hsin Liu, Asmeret Mehari, Sung-won Jin, Jae-hoon Lee for the amusing and liberating talks. In South Korea, Suk-kyun Woo showed interest in the importance of this study and pointed me in many valuable directions. I extend my gratitude to Kwang-ok Kim, Kyung-soo Cheon, Jae-sung Kwak, Sung-hyong Rhee who gave me support and useful advice during different stages of my graduate training. 5 Most importantly, I owe boundless debt to my family. This dissertation would not have been completed without my family. They showed me unwavering encouragement and faith in me. To my mother, Myeng-rim Yoon, my father, Joon-yong Kang, my sisters, Nam-won Kang and Jeong-a Kang, thank you for showing and teaching me the meaning of love. I also thank all my family including my nephew, Tae-joon Park, and my nieces, Ji-ho Nam and Je-ih Park, who were wondering what their aunt was doing far away from home and who used to amaze me with candid and innocent questions. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................10 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: GENDER, DEVELOPMENT AND THE CORPORATE MINING INDUSTRY ............................................................................................................................17 Analytic Concepts: Development, the Corporate Mining Industry and Gender ....................18 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................20 Anthropological Debates on Development .....................................................................20 Critical Analysis of Planned Development and Participation .........................................24 Anthropology of Corporate Mining .................................................................................26 Anthropology of the Andes .............................................................................................28 Research Design and Methods................................................................................................33 Fieldwork .........................................................................................................................33 Methods ...........................................................................................................................38 Dissertation Overview ............................................................................................................40 2 LARGE MINING INDUSTRY AND THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ...............................................................................................................................48 Peruvian Mining History and Its Contested Realities .............................................................50 Mining and Peasant Miners in the 20th Century ..............................................................50 Mining Industry, Regional Development and Resistance ...............................................53 The Large Mining Industry in Peru: 1900s-1990s ..................................................................55 The Cerro de Pasco, 1900s-1950s ...................................................................................55 The Southern Peru Copper Corporation and the Marcona Mining Company, 1950s- 1970s ............................................................................................................................56 Mining Multinational Corporations and the Mining Boom of the 1990s ........................60 CMA and Community Development Projects in San Marcos ................................................68 History of Mining in San Marcos ....................................................................................68 Privatization of the Antamina Deposit and the Establishment of CMA .........................71 Arrival of CMA in San Marcos and the Development Promises: 1996-1998 .................73 Community Development Projects in San Marcos before the Mining Canon: 1999- 2006..............................................................................................................................77 7 Community Development Projects in San Marcos after the Mining Canon: 2007- 2008..............................................................................................................................87 Definition and Regulations of the Mining Canon ....................................................87 Community Development Projects in San Marcos after the Transfer of the Mining Canon in 2007-2008. ................................................................................90 3 RURAL-URBAN DIVIDE AND GENDER RELATIONS IN SAN MARCOS ..................97 Geography and History .........................................................................................................100 Rural-Urban Divide in San Marcos ......................................................................................104
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