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@ > (Asaccus Granularis Torki 2010) ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ – ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1390 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ و رﻓﺘﺎر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار (Asaccus granularis Torki 2010) • رﻳﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺪا: ﮔﺮوه زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ دورود • ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﻬﺪي ﻧﺼﻴﺮي: ﮔﺮوه زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ دورود ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ 1390 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر 1390 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل داردداارر ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﻲ Asaccus granularis ﮔﻮﻧﮔﻮﻧﻪﻪ ﮔﮔﻮﻮﻧﻧﻪﻪ اي از ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺧﻴﺮا در ﻏﺮب ﻓﻼت اﻳﺮان ﻛﺸﻒ ﺷﺪﺷﺷﺪﺪﺷﺪهه هه اﻧﺪااﻧﻧﺪﺪ . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺪﻛﻲ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨ ﺘﻠﻒ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻣﻣﺜﺜﻠﻠﻣﺜﻠﻲﻲﻲﻲ و رﻓﺘﺎرييي اﻳﻦااﻳﻳﻦﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪهﺷﺷﺪﺪهه اﺳﺖ . ﻣﺤﻞ زﻳﺴﺖ اﻳﻦااﻳﻳﻦﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﭘﻠﺪﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ووو اﻳﻦااﻳﻳﻦﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ روي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آآآ ﻣﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺪﺪﻳﻳﻦﻦ ﺷﺮح ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ : ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎده ﻣﺤﺪودوودد ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ دوره ﺧﺎص ﻧﺒﻮده و ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﺗﻮان در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺼﻮﻮﻮ ل ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺑﺑﺑﻮدﻮﻮددﻮد،،،، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺷﺐ زي اﺳﺖ ووو ﻃﻮل زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﺧﻮاﺑﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎٌﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎٌ زﻳﺎدي دارددداارردد ... ﺗﻌﺪاد 141414 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ووو ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮل دوره ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺮون آﻣﺪن از آنآآننآن،،،، درددرر ﺣﺪود ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎه و ﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ... ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي::: ﺟﻜ ﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ، رﻓﺘﺎر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، ﭘﻠﺪﺧﺘﺮ، اﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﻲ Asaccus ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از 16 و 17 ). ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 2006 در اﻳﺮان ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺳﺎل 2008 در ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺪه 5 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه ا ﺳﺖ (8، 14 و 18 ). ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ رو ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ (1، 2 و 3) ، اﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻓﻴﻠﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺰوﻧﻲ ﮔﺬاﺷﺖ و در ﺳﺎل 2011 اﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻪ ده ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ( 17). Ptyodactylus ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده اي ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان دو ﺳﺎل ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻛﺸﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Asaccus granularis ﻛﺎﺷﻒ Phyllodactytlidae ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ 5( ). از اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده در ﻓﻼت آن اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را Asaccus nasrullahi ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮد . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ A. nasrullahi ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ دﻫﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ اﻳﺮان ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (15، ﺻﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔ ﺮدﻳﺪ (7). اﻳ ﻦ 55 * ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟ ﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل : [email protected] ﻫﻮﻳﺪا و ﻧﺼﻴﺮي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ و رﻓﺘﺎرﺷ ﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺸﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ .A ﻣﻮاد و روﺷﻬﺎﻬﻬﺎﺎ nasrullahi ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ( 18 ) ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ در ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻬﻲ رﺟﻮع داده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻮه ﻛﻪ در ﺟﻨﻮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن واﻗﻊ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار در ﺳﺎﻟ ﻬﺎي ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ رﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻬﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ʹ50، °29 ﻋﺮض ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻼٌ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ʹ53 °59 ﻃﻮل ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع از 1100 ﺗﺎ 1800 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﻮد (12 و 15). دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر ﺗﺎ اواﺳﻂ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ از ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻬﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و ﺳﺎل 1390 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ رﻓﺘﺎري ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻫﻤﻜﺎراﻧﺶ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺸﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻬﻲ ﺑﻮد (15). ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 30 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد 14 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎي ﻓﻼت اﻳﺮان، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ اﻧﺪﻛﻲ زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ دورود ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع در ﻣﻮرد ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل داد ه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ( ﺷﻜﻞ )1 . ﻫﺪف از اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮلدار، ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و اﺧﻴﺮا ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در اﺳﺎرت ﺑﻮد . ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻛﺸﻒ ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺎدق اﺳﺖ (12). زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ و در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻃﻮل دوره ﺑﻴﺮون آﻣﺪن ﻧﻮزادان از ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ و رﻓﺘﺎر اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﺪادي ﻧ ﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎده ﻛﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺧﻮد داراي ﺗﺨﻢ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ را ﺻﻴﺪ و ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﻧﺘﻘﺎل داد ه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺷﻜﻞ 1 : ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ در دو ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ و ر ﻓﺘﺎر ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﺮح ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﺷﻜﻤﺸﺎن ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ د ر ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . اﻳﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ : در ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎدر دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در داﺧﻞ ﺷﻜﻢ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ : در ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺨﻢ رﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ . از دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﺷﻜﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎده ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل دوره ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﻧﺘﻘﺎل داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﻴﺰ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع را ﺗﺎﻳﻴ ﺪ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ . زﻳﺮا ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸ ﮕﺎﻫﻲ روي ﻫﺸﺖ ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎده ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻨﺪ . اﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻃﻮل دوره ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ در ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار ﺑﻴﻦ 45 ﺗﺎ 57 ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎده ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻃﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺎه ﺑﺼﻮرت روز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ( ﺷﻜﻞ .)2 ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎي ﺧﻮد را درون ﺷﻜﺎف ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬارﻧﺪ . ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎده داراي ﺗﺨﻢ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪن ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﭼﺴﺒﻨ ﺎك ﺑﻮده ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎدهاي ﻛﻪ داراي ﺗﺨﻢ رﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ را ﺟﺪا ﻧﻤﻮد . 56 ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ – ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1390 ﺷﻜﻞ 2 : ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ در ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ رﻓﺘﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺐ زي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ).1( وﻟﻲ درﺑﺎرهي ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎ ﺻﺪق ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ زﻳﺮا ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻃﻮل ﺳﻮﺳﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ي ﻏﻴﺮﺟﻜﻮ ﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﺒﺎر و ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﻢ را ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻓ ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺷﺒﻬﺎي ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﺷﺒﻬﺎي ﺑﻬﺎر اﺳﺖ . ﻣ ﻲ ﮔﺬارﻧﺪ (1 و 19). دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺧﺰﻧﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺳﺎل ﭼ ﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻴﺸ ﺘﺮ و دﻗﻴ ﻖ ﺗﺮ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد در ﺣﺎل اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺎر ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﺬاري ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ (9 و 11). ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اواﻳﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪون ﺣﻀﻮر ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺮي در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎده اواﺳﻂ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ در ﻃﺒ ﻴﻌﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و در اواﺧﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ را ﺑﺎرور ﻛﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اواﺳﻂ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ. دﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ذﺧﻴﺮه اﺳﭙﺮم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﭼﺮا ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺳﻮﺳﻤﺎرﻫﺎ داراي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ذﺧﻴﺮه اﺳﭙﺮم ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون ﺣﻀﻮر ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺮ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ از اﺳﭙﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎروري ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ 4( ، 6 و ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ آﻧﻜﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ در ﺑﺎره ي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨ ﺲ ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎي 19). ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ در اﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ، در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻧ ﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗ ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻴﺎن ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ Asaccus granularis ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار از اواﻳﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر ﺷﺮو ع ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻏﺮب ﻓﻼت اﻳﺮان داده ﺷﻮد . ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ در اﻳﻦ زﻣﺎ ن از ﺧﻮاب زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻣﻨﺎﺑ ﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﻪ اﻛﺜﺮا ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺑﻴﺮون آ ﻣﺪه و در اواﺧﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاب زﻣﺴ ﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮو ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮاﻧﻴﻮﻻرﻳﺲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﺳ ﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (8، 12، 14، 15، ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﮔﺰارﺷﺎت داده ﺷﺪه ﻃﻮل دوره زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﺧﻮاﺑﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي 16، 17 و 18). ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮاﻧﻴﻮﻻرﻳﺲ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﺪان ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮل در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﺮ و اﻧﺪام ﺟﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Asaccus tangestanensis ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (10 و 14 ). اﻣﺎ در ﻣﻮرد ﺷﺮوع زﻣ ﺴﺘﺎن ﺧﻮاﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻜﻮي A. zagrosicus , A. elisae ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ 1( و 17 ). ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگ ا ﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ، ﮔ ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻤﻲ دﻳﺮﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاب ﮔﺮاﻧﻴﻮﻻرﻳﺲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Asaccus andersoni ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮل زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮو ﻣﻲ رود (13). ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد (16). ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮاﻧﻴﻮﻻرﻳﺲ ﺑ ﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺼﻮل زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮل در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺳﺮ و ﮔﺮدن از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Asaccus ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸ ﺘﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ nasrullahi و A. griseonotus ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد (15 و 18). ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ و ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ زاﮔﺮﺳﻲ (13و 17 ) ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ A. granularis ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ داﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮ ل ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ از و ﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫ ﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸ ﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻫﺎي kurdistanensis Asaccus و A. kermanshahensis اﻧﺪرﺳﻮﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ( 16). (اﻳﻦ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﻦ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ دارﻧﺪ ) ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (8 و 17). ﺗﺸﻜﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻴﺎن ﻧﻤﻮد ﺑﺪﻳﻨﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ از ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﺟﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ را ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻜﻮي ﺑﺮگ اﻧﮕﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاﻧﻮل دار ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻜﻮﻫﺎ ي ﻳﺎري ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد.
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  • Download (Pdf, 318
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