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The Secret History of Paranoia, Borders and Terrorism in Postwar American Literature and Film by Sean D

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The Secret History of Paranoia, Borders and Terrorism in Postwar American Literature and Film by Sean D A Shadow Underneath: The Secret History of Paranoia, Borders and Terrorism in Postwar American Literature and Film Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Cobb, Sean Daren Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 06:20:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195525 1 A Shadow Underneath: The Secret History of Paranoia, Borders and Terrorism in Postwar American Literature and Film by Sean D. Cobb _____________________ Copyright © Sean D. Cobb 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2008 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Sean D. Cobb entitled A Shadow Underneath: The Secret History of Paranoia, Borders and Terrorism in American Postwar Literature and Film and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of PhD _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/30/07 Prof. Susan White _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/30/07 Prof. Charles Bertsch _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/30/07 Prof. Carlos Gallego Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 11/30/07 Dissertation Director: Prof. Susan White 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Sean D. Cobb 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………5 Introduction: Divisions: Paranoia, Space, Difference………………………….………….7 Chapter One: Dialectics at the Border: Globalization and Paranoia in Anthony Mann’s Border Incident ………………………………………………………………………..…28 Chapter Two: “All This Shit Was Also the Border:” Postmodern Borders in Paco Ignacio Taibo’s Detective Fiction……………………………………………………………...…60 Chapter Three: Border Conspiracy: The Ideological Reproduction of the Border……....93 Chapter Four: Breaking the Border: The Terror of the Personal in the Works of Don DeLillo………………………………………………………………………………….128 Works Cited…………………………..………………………………………………...162 5 ABSTRACT This project explores the contested status of the concept of paranoia by tracing its historical re-articulations through American literature and film. Focusing on two specific themes – borders and terrorism – the dissertation reveals how U.S. fears of collapsing borders and terrorist violence provide precise historical examples of how paranoia reinforces national, social, and individual difference. By recovering paranoia's lost meanings and situating its disputed definitional territory, the dissertation repositions paranoia within a historical framework reconsidering literature and films’ impact shaping the term, aiming to prove, ultimately, that paranoia has a broader, more nuanced history than Freud's hegemonic definition as "repressed homosexuality" and "projection." The introduction discusses the first English definition of “paranoia” in 1811 – “alienation of mind” and “defect in judgment” – by comparing this definition to other early psychological taxonomies of paranoia and arguing that “paranoia” is a border concept. The first chapter analyzes U.S. postwar nationalism, border paranoia and fears of collapsing nation-state sovereignty in Anthony Mann’s 1949 film Border Incident , a semi-documentary film noir focusing on illegal bracero smuggling in Imperial Valley, California. The second chapter analyzes Paco Ignacio Taibo’s border detective fiction, specifically Frontera Dreams , Leonardo’s Bicycle and Life Itself , as an allegory for postmodern identity. The third chapter analyzes the novel and film Flashpoint , a story about two border patrol agents who find a buried skeleton at the border that they discover later is J.F.K.’s assassin, arguing that the J.F.K. conspiracy substitutes for and, ultimately, replaces the actual conspiracy of border corruption and the illegal exploitation of immigrant workers. The fourth and final chapter situates Don DeLillo’s fiction within 6 the fall of Cold War nation states and borders, charting the rise of terrorism as a permanent “state of exception” and as the dark side of globalization, modernization and secular society. 7 INTRODUCTION Divisions: Paranoia, Space, Difference Could not this (active) movement of (the production of) difference without be called simply, and without neographism, differentiation? Such a word, among other confusions, would have left open the possibility of an organic, original, and homogeneous unity that eventually would come to be divided, to receive difference as an event – Jacques Derrida The is a rebel in me – the Shadow-Beast. It is part of me that refuses to take orders from outside authorities. It refuses to take orders from my conscious will, it threatens the sovereignty of my rulership. It is that part of me that hates restraints of any kind, even those self-imposed. At the least hint of limitations on my time or space by others, it kicks out with both feet. Bolts – Gloria Anzaldúa It remains for the future to decide whether there is more delusion in my theory than I should like to admit, or whether there is more truth in Schreber’s delusion than other people are as yet prepared to believe – Sigmund Freud This project began through a confluence of planned and accidental events. At first I was curios simply about the history of paranoia prior to Freud. I knew Freud’s analysis of the Judge Schreber case and Freud’s definition of paranoia as “repressed homosexuality” and “projection,” but I knew nothing about paranoia before Freud. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first English definition of paranoia was in John Barrow’s 1749 Dictionarium Medicum Universale as “delirium,” followed by Dr. Robert Hooper’s definition of paranoia in Lexicon-medicum as “alienation of the mind” and “defect of judgment” in 1811. These definitions did not illuminate my understanding of the concept or seem particularly insightful, but instead pointed to paranoia’s genealogy as a concept and its fascinating history prior to Freud. While I may have been tempted to write the history of paranoia before Freud, I quickly realized it would impossible to achieve in a dissertation. When September 11 th 8 occurred, the U.S./Mexico border became the site for the twin concerns about immigration and terrorism and the border seems the perfect example of paranoia’s historical manifestations and particularities, part of my original discovery of the first uses of the term “paranoia.” Rather than chart the entirety of paranoia’s prehistory, I felt examining the discourses of paranoia as they pertain to borders and terrorism would achieve both purposes: proving that paranoia is a flexible and malleable concept with a distinct history, not the monolithic concept Freud popularized. Secondly, I feel paranoia shares formal features with the border and terrorism. Conjoining borders and terrorism through paranoia is an ideological move that works to contain the threat of a menacing and contaminating outside world. This project argues that paranoia is a border concept because the Greek root of the word itself is fraught with divisions, fusing the words “para,” as “besides” “around” or “outside,” and “noia” or “nous,” as mind. “Para” as “outside” implies a boundary and a limit, a province outside the mind, outside reason, physically beyond the pull of the sanity’s orbit. “Around” works he same as “outside,” with reason and sanity centralized, and delusion and alienation banished to the outer recesses. However, “para” as “besides” implies a “next to” or an “adjoining,” an indistinct and blurry border between self and other, expanding and contracting capriciously at the body’s limits and the horizon of the other. The fusion of words that creates “paranoia” does not erase the fissures persisting in the word and the concept. Haunted by this internal differentiation, “paranoia” reveals the limits of psychological and epistemological certainty, of the province of the mind, of what the mind can and cannot know, and of the boundaries of conviction. 9 Paranoia is often a problem of boundary confusion, of the limits of self, and of the differentiation of self from other, subject from object, and individual from group. Daniel Paul Schreber’s Memoirs of My Nervous Illness is claimed to be the “most written
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