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The Sexual and Vegetative Propagation of Sugar Maple and Its Threat from Norway Maple

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The Sexual and Vegetative Propagation of Sugar Maple and Its Threat from Norway Maple The Sexual and Vegetative Propagation of Sugar Maple and its Threat from Norway Maple by Anne-Marie Roussy A thesis Presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in School of Environmental Science Guelph, Ontario, Canada ©Anne-Marie Roussy, April 2014 ABSTRACT The Sexual and Vegetative Propagation of Sugar Maple and its Threat from Norway Maple Anne-Marie Roussy Advisor: University of Guelph, 2014 Professor Peter Kevan My study has three main components. The first is to study the pollination mechanism of Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) in the town of Mono, Dufferin County, Southern Ontario. The second is to develop a technique to obtain clonal material from A. saccharum. These two steps will provide better seeds and seedlings for future afforestation by using genetic material from mature trees (aged 80+ years) which have already undergone mass selection in the wild. The third component of this study is to suggest legislative ways to reduce the threat of the biological pollutant which is the invasive Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple), before it out-competes current and future populations of A. saccharum throughout N. America. My study findings point to A. saccharum’s being exclusively a wind pollinated species in southern Ontario, despite previous literature reporting it to be insect pollinated. No evidence of biotic pollination was observed throughout seven years of observations. Clonal propagation of A. saccharum used a simple, low-cost, air-layering technique over a four- year period at four locations throughout Ontario and eastern Canada. In Ontario, air-layering was not as successful, possibly because of varying climatic conditions or elevated pollution levels. Rooting at maritime locations was however successful every year. These results suggest that air- layering propagation holds promise for future afforestation of A. saccharum under adequate conditions. The invasive species, A. platanoides was found to be a serious threat to the long term survival of A. saccharum. Amendment of the current federal Plant Protection Act 1990, c.22 or the Ontario Weed Control Act 1990, cW.5 could curb the extent of A. platanoides in Canada. The findings from the three components of my thesis will contribute towards the health and longevity of A. saccharum populations in S. Ontario and N. America by providing insight into its pollination biology, effective propagation mechanisms, and protection from an invasive species. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my daughter, Zöe-Laurel Shuster. We’ve been through thick and thin together. I am now finally done, just as you are about to start your voyage of university education. I wish you the best in your travels. Don’t forget the world is your oyster. Make the most of it. Love Mom iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for support under the Industrial Postgraduate Scholarships Program. The Canadian Tree Fund of the Ontario Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture, Forest Care Ltd. and The Ontario Maple Syrup Producers Association (OMSPA) also provided financial support. Several other organizations (Simcoe Chapter of OMSPA, Escarpment Biosphere Reserve (Toronto), Gramat Investments Ltd. (Toronto), Orangeville Chapter of Canadian Federation of University Women, Anne and David Patterson (Toronto) and the Soh Family (Erin) provided support by way of funds and access to facilities. To my various clients and loggers who had to deal with my Ph.D timelines both in the field work part and in the writing part. Most importantly I thank my Ph.D co-advisors Dr. Peter Kevan and Dr. Adam Dale and my committee member Dr. Vernon Thomas. Without their unending patience and advice I would not have gotten to this point. Thank you Peter for teaching me the value of using the right word at the right time. Adam, for your never ending attempts in trying to improve the clarity of my writing, thank you. Vernon, thank you so much for the interesting discussions on what is important in policy and some of its intricacies, I did enjoy our discussions. I would also thank the following property owners for letting me use the trees on their properties for the diverse experiments. Foremost would be Ann Kendrew and her late husband Ed of Mono, Ontario, who after doing my experiments would offer me tea or a good drink and unending support. Their trees were used for both pollination and air-layering experiments. Other landowners who gave me permission to work on their trees were Carol, George and Carl Hayes and Arnold Mackenzie and his wife of Shigawake, Quebec. Also for the initial trials in 2006 were Eric Tremblay and Donald Kerr of New Carlisle, Québec. And in New Brunswick, Cathy and Rudy Zinn, who were the owners of Quaco Inn. Thank you all, without these landowners who have guarded and protected the older sugar maple trees on their properties, my work could not have been done. To the staff at the library and English services. First is Margaret Hundleby, who when I was ready to give up, worked with me to organize my thoughts and basically re-write the thesis. To Michelle Edwards who simplified the statistics for me. To the various geographic information system (GIS) staff, who taught me all about GIS, what an amazing tool and fun to do. Of those staff I would like to specifically thank Diane Boyd, Theresa and Quinn. To my friends and family who have given me amazing support, what can I say? First my family members in the Gaspésie area who provided me with room and board and even free labour. Merci Marjolaine, Tante Anita, Oncle Roland, Christian, Isabelle et Céline. To Julie and Shalindra who gave me free board and room on my travels and great cheer. v To Carolyn McGee, Anita Bentley and family who sent me funny emails to cheer me on. To my friends here closer to home in Ontario, Janice Eales, Cheryl Jerome, and Victoria MacPhail, Tom Woodcock and Sarah Bates for helping me proofread various parts of my thesis at different times and especially for listening to my moaning and groaning during the writing process. I owe you all some free dinners or maple syrup if you prefer, or both. See you all at next spring season for free maple syrup at the sugar shack. To my long lost cousin Linda Roussy, who did like Margaret Hundleby, helped me organize my thoughts, without you I would have not been able to finish this thesis, thank you a million times. I owe you lots of weeding in your garden. Pour mes parents, Christine Jubinville et Adrien Roussy, merci, pour tout votre support morale, et de me dire de ne pas abandonner. Finally to Peter Jennings my Ph.D (post hole digger). Thank you for coming into my life, even though I warned you that I was too busy with being a single mom, business owner and in the midst of doing a Ph.D. Thanks for supporting mentally me and holding the ladder while I was doing the air-layers throughout the past few years. Glad you are sticking it out. I am looking forward to spending more time with you. Want to go backpacking the Appalachian Trail together? vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ II DEDICATION........................................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. XV LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ XII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THESIS AND LITERATURE REVIEW ......................... XV 1.1. INTRODUCTION TO THESIS .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. TAXONOMY ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2. ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2.2.1. Geographic extent ................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2.2. Climate ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3.3. Soil type ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3. ECOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.4. GENETICS ......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.4.1. Genetic diversity ...................................................................................................................
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