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Cerambycid Pests in Forests and Urban Trees

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Cerambycid Pests in Forests and Urban Trees 11 Cerambycid Pests in Forests and Urban Trees Robert A. Haack USDA Forest Service Lansing, Michigan CONTENTS 11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 352 11.2 Cerambycinae ............................................................................................................................... 354 11.2.1 Anelaphus parallelus (Newman) .................................................................................. 354 11.2.2 Callichroma velutinum (Fabricius) ............................................................................... 355 11.2.3 Callidiellum rupenne (Motschulsky) .......................................................................... 355 11.2.4 Chlorophorus carinatus Aurivillius ............................................................................. 357 11.2.5 Citriphaga mixta Lea .................................................................................................... 357 11.2.6 Cordylomera spinicornis (Fabricius) ............................................................................ 357 11.2.7 Diotimana undulata (Pascoe) ....................................................................................... 358 11.2.8 Eburia quadrigeminata (Say) ........................................................................................ 359 11.2.9 Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) ................................................................................. 360 11.2.10 Glycobius speciosus (Say) ..............................................................................................361 11.2.11 Hesthesis cingulata (Kirby) .......................................................................................... 362 11.2.12 Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newman ........................................................................... 362 11.2.13 Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) ................................................................................................. 363 11.2.14 Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) ..................................................................................... 364 11.2.15 Neoclosterus boppei Quentin & Villiers ....................................................................... 365 11.2.16 Neoclytus acuminatus (Fabricius) ................................................................................. 366 11.2.17 Neoclytus rufus (Olivier) ............................................................................................... 367 11.2.18 Neoplocaederus viridipennis (Hope) ............................................................................ 368 11.2.19 Oemida gahani (Distant) ............................................................................................... 368 11.2.20 Phoracantha recurva Newman ..................................................................................... 369 11.2.21 Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius) ..........................................................................371 11.2.22 Phymatodes testaceus (L.) ............................................................................................ 372 11.2.23 Semanotus bifasciatus (Motschulsky) .......................................................................... 373 11.2.24 Stromatium barbatum F. ............................................................................................... 374 11.2.25 Strongylurus decoratus (McKeown) ............................................................................. 375 11.2.26 Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann) ........................................................................... 375 11.2.27 Xylotrechus altaicus Gebler .......................................................................................... 376 11.2.28 Xystrocera festiva Thomson .......................................................................................... 377 11.3 Lamiinae ...................................................................................................................................... 378 11.3.1 Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) .................................................................... 378 11.3.2 Apriona swainsoni (Hope) ............................................................................................. 380 11.3.3 Aristobia horridula Hope .............................................................................................. 381 11.3.4 Goes tigrinus (DeGeer) ................................................................................................. 381 11.3.5 Monochamus alternatus Hope ...................................................................................... 382 11.3.6 Monochamus sutor (L.) ................................................................................................. 384 351 352 Cerambycidae of the World 11.3.7 Monochamus titillator (F.) ............................................................................................. 385 11.3.8 Plectrodera scalator (Fabricius) .................................................................................... 386 11.3.9 Saperda calcarata Say ................................................................................................... 387 11.3.10 Saperda carcharias (L.) ................................................................................................ 388 11.4 Parandrinae .................................................................................................................................. 389 11.4.1 Neandra brunnea (Fabricius) ........................................................................................ 389 11.5 Prioninae ...................................................................................................................................... 390 11.5.1 Mallodon downesii Hope ............................................................................................... 390 11.5.2 Paroplites australis (Erichson) ...................................................................................... 391 11.6 Spondylidinae ............................................................................................................................... 392 11.6.1 Tetropium castaneum (L.) ............................................................................................. 392 11.6.2 Tetropium fuscum (F.) ................................................................................................... 393 11.7 Summary and Future Outlook ..................................................................................................... 394 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. 397 References .............................................................................................................................................. 397 11.1 Introduction There are more than 36,000 species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) recognized worldwide (see Chapter 1), and they are found on all continents except Antarctica (Linsley 1959, 1961). Nearly all cerambycids are phytophagous, feeding primarily on woody plants, although some species do feed on herbaceous plants (see Chapter 3). Cerambycids develop in nearly all parts of woody plants, especially in roots, trunks, and branches, but occasionally also in seeds, pods, cones, and leaves. In addition, cerambycid larvae develop in nearly all major tissues in woody plants, including outer bark, inner bark, cambium, sapwood, heart- wood, and pith (see Chapter 3). Cerambycids utilize a wide diversity of woody plants as larval hosts, but certain plant families serve as hosts to many cerambycid species, while others are rarely used. For example, the number of cer- ambycid species that utilize various plant families as larval hosts is listed in Table 11.1 for four dis- tinct world regions in the Northern Hemisphere where there is good knowledge of the larval hosts for most cerambycids: Montana, Fennoscandia, Israel, and Korea. (Fennoscandia refers to the countries of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and a small part of neighboring Russia.) The sources used to obtain the host data are listed in the footnotes for Table 11.1. Overall, 44 plant families were identied as larval hosts for the cerambycids of Montana, 23 for Fennoscandia and Denmark, 45 for Israel, and 44 for Korea (Table 11.1). Among the top 10 plant families in each of these world regions were ve plant families that all regions had in common (Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Ulmaceae), and an additional three families that were common to at least three of the four world regions (Betulaceae, Fabaceae, and Juglandaceae). Many of the species in these plant families are common trees that dominate the temperate forests in the Northern Hemisphere (Daubenmire 1978). Cerambycids infest trees in a wide variety of host conditions (Haack and Slansky 1987; Mattson and Haack 1987; Hanks 1999). Some cerambycids infest living trees that vary in condition from healthy to stressed, including many species of Anoplophora, Enaphalodes, Goes, Lamia, Megacyllene, Oberea, Oncideres, Plectrodera, and Saperda. By contrast, many species of Arhopalus, Ergates, Parandra, and Rhagium commonly infest dead trees (Craighead 1923; Linsley 1959; Bílý and Mehl 1989; Solomon 1995). In addition, some dead-wood infesting species prefer moist wood (Mallodon and Rhagium), while others prefer dry wood (Chlorophorus, Hylotrupes,
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