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2003 Annual Report

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2003 Annual Report MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION Annual Report to Congress 2003 Marine Mammal Commission 4340 East-West Highway, Room 905 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 30 April 2004 Marine Mammal Commission John E. Reynolds, III, Ph.D. Vera Alexander, Ph.D. Paul K. Dayton, Ph.D. Chairman University of Alaska Scripps Institution of Mote Marine Laboratory Fairbanks, Alaska Oceanography Sarasota, Florida La Jolla, California Committee of Scientifi c Advisors on Members of the Staff Marine Mammals David Cottingham Lloyd F. Lowry, Chairman Executive Director Fairbanks, Alaska Timothy J. Ragen, Ph.D. Daryl J. Boness, Ph.D. Scientific Program Director Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. David W. Laist Policy and Program Analyst Frances M.D. Gulland, Vet. M.B., Ph.D. The Marine Mammal Center Michael L. Gosliner, Esq. Sausalito, California General Counsel Suzanne Montgomery John A. Hildebrand, Ph.D. Special Assistant to the Executive Director Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California Jeannie K. Drevenak Permit Offi cer Steven K. Katona, Ph.D. College of the Atlantic Tara M. Cox, Ph.D. Bar Harbor, Maine Assistant Scientific Program Director Andrew J. Read, Ph.D. Erin Vos Duke University Marine Laboratory Sound Project Manager Beaufort, North Carolina Shelli N. Miller Ian Stirling, Ph.D. Administrative Offi cer Canadian Wildlife Service Darel E. Jordan Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Staff Assistant Barbara L. Taylor, Ph.D. Alyssa Campbell National Marine Fisheries Service Staff Assistant La Jolla, California Commission Offi ces Douglas Wartzok, Ph.D. Florida International University 4340 East-West Highway, Room 905 Miami, Florida Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Phone: 301-504-0087 Roswell L. Schaeffer, Sr. Fax: 301-504-0099 Special Advisor on Native Affairs E-mail: [email protected] Kotzebue, Alaska Website: http://www.mmc.gov Front cover: Copperplate engraving of the common dolphin from Die Saugthiere (The Mammals) by Johann Schreber, published in Erlangen, Germany, between 1775 and 1787. Contents List of Tables . iii List of Figures . .iv I. Introduction . .1 New Inititatives in Fiscal Year 2003 . 1 New Initiatives for Fiscal Year 2004 . .2 II. Reauthorization of the Marine Mammal Protection Act . 3 Background . .3 Activities in 2003 . 4 Amendments Enacted in 2003 . 11 III. Species of Special Concern . .13 North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) . .13 Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in the Eastern North Pacific . .22 Cook Inlet Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus leucas) . 26 Bottlenose Dolphins in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (Tursiops truncatus) . 32 Beaked and Bottlenose Whales (Family Ziphiidae) . .38 Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi) . .41 Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) . .46 Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) . 51 IV. Marine Mammal/Fisheries Interactions . .61 Implementation of the Incidental Take Regime for Commercial Fisheries . 61 Stock Assessments . 61 The Incidental Take Regime . .63 The Tuna-Dolphin Issue . 68 V. International Aspects of Marine Mammal Protection and Conservation . .76 International Whaling Commission . 76 The Arctic Council . 77 Polar Bear Agreements . .77 Dolphin Captures in the Solomon Islands . 80 Endangered Marine Mammals in International and Foreign Waters . 82 VI. Marine Mammal Mortality Events . .87 Unusual Mortality Events in 2003 . 87 Working Group on Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Events . 90 Prescott Grant Program . .90 Pilot Whale Release in the Florida Keys . 91 Harbor Porpoises in Puget Sound . .92 VII. Effects of Sound on Marine Mammals . 94 Military Sonar . .95 Seismic Surveying . 96 SURTASS LFA Sonar . .97 Other Litigation . .102 i Marine Mammal Commission Sound Policy Dialogue . 104 VIII. Research and Studies Program . 106 Workshops and Planning Meetings . .106 Commission-Sponsored Research and Study Projects . .107 Future Directions in Marine Mammal Research . .110 IX. Permits and Authorizations to Take Marine Mammals . 112 Permit Application Review . .112 General Authorizations . 114 Small-Take Authorizations . 114 Polar Bear Trophy Imports . 127 Interactions with Marine Mammals in the Wild . .128 Appendix A. Summary of Marine Mammal Commission Recommendations in 2003 and Responses to Those Recommendations. .131 Appendix B. Statements of the Marine Mammal Commission . 156 ii List of Tables Table 1. Marine mammals listed as endangered (E) or threatened (T) under the Endangered Species Act or depleted (D) under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as of 31 December 2003 . 14 Table 2. Population status of killer whale stocks in the eastern North Pacific Ocean . .22 Table 3. Reported take of Cook Inlet beluga whales, 1993–2003 . .29 Table 4. Estimated abundance of bottlenose dolphin stocks . .33 Table 5. Family Ziphiidae (the ziphiids), beaked,.
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