Introduction to Un Peacekeeping

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4 STUDY guide UNITED NATIONS SEcURITY COUNCIL

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SECRETARIAT WELCOMING LETTER...... 8 USG FOR UNITED NATIONS WELCOMING LETTER...... 9 DAIS WELCOMING LETTER...... 10 tOPIC A: REFORMING UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS...... 12 historical context and introduction to un peacekeeping...... 13 current situation...... 15 timeline of significant events...... 19 qarmas...... 20

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21...... closing remarks 22...... topic b: the militarization of the artic 23...... Historical context 25...... current situation 27...... previous actions 28...... timeline of significant events 29...... bloc positions 30...... qarmas 30...... references

7 Secretariat welcoming letter

Dear Delegates,

It is with honor and pride that the Secretariat wishes to welcome you to Universidad de Los Andes’ MUN’s eighth edition, MONUA 2019. My name is Juan Camilo Romero, an Economics and History Major here at Universidad de Los Andes. It is with gratitude that I invite you to enjoy this committee in the best way possible and profit the most from its possibilities. Along with Santiago Paz, Economics and Law major from the same institution, we would like to make you feel the same passion we feel for international relations, economic and political situations and intellectual debates that surround not only our reality, but that have shaped the world as we know it.

MONUA 2019’s goal is to, with this edition’s academic structure and preparation, make of their committees the most educational and memorable experience for every delegate. From newbies to the most experienced, each delegate will have the possibility to motivate his or herself to be better for his own profit and to fight their fears. Each participant this year is not only called to profit and enjoy all the amenities provided by the conference, along with the opportunities to get to enlarge their own world but is also called to break the boundaries of their own capacities.

The academic team that has prepared all this experience, from dais members to us as the secretariat, is extremely proud of the result you will see soon enough. You will find new realities, challenges and an infinity of possibilities to mold the world at your will whilst being conscious of the other in order to set the path towards being a better person and a better member of society.

Delegates, by making part of a committee in MONUA 2019, you assert your character and your capacities. You also confirm having a commitment to yourselves and your surroundings. You confirm having a commitment of being leaders that, just as our alma mater’s motto states, go beyond the duty. We expect this dream to motivate you just as much it has motivated us from the beginning and from here on until memory permits it.

Face impossibles, face your mind and face the odds. Welcome.

Juan Camilo Romero Santiago Paz Secretary-General MONUA 2019 Undersecretary-General MONUA2019 8 Dear participants,

It is great pleasure to welcome you to the best latinamerican model, the Eighth Version of Universidad de Los Andes’ Model United Nations conference, MONUA 2019. My name is Juan Pablo Carbonell Muñoz, Law and Economics student. I am 20 years old and I’m currently on my sixth semester here at Universidad de Los Andes. For this edition, I have the immense pleasure of participat- ing as Undersecretary General for United Nations Committees. This position gave me the possibility of building, along with 10 marvelous and prepared people, an experience characterized by innovation and excelency.

Concerning the MONUA experience, I can say that it represents one of the most special experiences one can have in the MUN world. Excellency and innovation seem to be the categories under which any secretariat would classify their conference. However, MONUA, takes the next step from words to action. As a matter of fact, this conference builds on the delegates and collaborates on their personal development. Within it, the main motivation for the organizing team is the delegate’s intersubjective experience, in which all available assets and support are given in order for him/ her to learn and enjoy the experience in the most convenient way possible. Being that so, you shall find in MONUA 2019 integral dy- namics to make of your experience a field of opportunity at your disposal.

It is worth noting that this USG won’t be an exception to that rule and that is why we will provide the most complete and ideal dy- namics for international institutional development. Along with it, and thanks to our innovative functional interconnection methods, we shall bring the most realistic experience in terms of global governance. This will yield a competitive, yet incredibly educational, experience for your academic as well as your personal lives. We are looking forward to making part of your process and to share with you in this challenge called MONUA.

usg for united nations welcoming letter

9 dais welcoming letter

Hello delegates! My name is Isabella Mejía, I am an 8th semester Law student from Universidad de los Andes and I will be pleased to be your Dais in this version of MONUA. My experience in MUN goes back to my early years in middle school, when I fell in love with the game at only 11 years old. Since then, I have delegated in over 30 Model UNs around Colombia and the world, including HNMUN 2017, 2018 and 2019. Currently, I am the Head Delegate of Uniandes HNMUN delegation, a project I’m deeply passionate about and proud of. I believe these experiences are the ones that have shaped my personality and improved my abilities, not to mention the amount of friends I owe them.

Aside from this, my interests are pretty simple: fashion, traveling and food. I see myself as someone who is willing to experience new things every day. Whenever it comes to meeting new people, trying a new restaurant or listening to new music, I’m the first one in. In my spare-time I enjoy spending time with my friends, watching netflix and diving in some poetry. Nonetheless, I tend to be a lot more serious when it comes to committee sessions, reason why I appreciate and also expect a complete preparation from each one of you. Preparation that will lead to an exciting committee flow with tons of negotiation.

Furthermore, in a more academic level, I consider myself a feminist and very much appreciate topics of international law and international cooperation. Also, I find very interesting the tackling of issues that infringe sovereignty and the solutions that come with them. This goes with the fact that I really enjoy the proposal of complete, well-executed and plausible solutions, always accompanied by the ability of the delegate to sell them and persuade the audience. I love surprises, so don’t be shy when proposing creative, out-of-the-box proposals, since I will strongly appreciate a twist in my day. This being said, I very much look forward to meeting all of you and enjoying the experience MONUA has in store for us!

If you have any questions, do not hesitate on writing to our emails: [email protected], [email protected]

10 Dear delegates, I am so honored and excited to welcome you as your Dais at the United Nations Security Council, during the 2019 MONUA conference! My name is Santiago Serrano, I am an 8th semester Industrial Engineer student with a minor in both journalism and entrepreneurship. The committee topics of A) Reforming UN Peacekeeping Operations and B) Militarization of the Arctic are both incredibly relevant and important subjects to discuss. I am so looking forward to meeting you all and hearing you imagine creative and innovative solutions to these issues.

First to tell you a bit about myself: two of my favorite things are travelling and food. In the past, I have been so fortunate to be a part of many national and international volunteer programs, being one of the activities I enjoy the most due to its social value. I have, also, done several backpacking trips both in Colombia and outside that have nourished a more liberal spirit. In my free time, I like to read about politics, national and international news, listen to almost any type of music and hang out with my friends. I also enjoy getting to know different cultures, cuisines, and people from different countries.

I started doing Models of United Nations in 2017, third year of college. I had different priorities but as soon as I did my first MUN, I completely fell in love with this type of competitions. This year I will be attending Harvard National Model United Nations and I’m currently a delegate at Uniandes HNMUN. Just like you are right now, I was in your same position last year, debating in Monua’s United Nations Security Council, so I understand what you might be feeling in regards this year’s competition. Discipline, research, authenticity and resourcefulness will make this conference a remarkable experience to you all.

Additionally, this year’s UNSC you will be discussing one of my favorite topics when it comes to foreign policies and international debates, which makes me very happy to be a part of it. I really enjoy discussing topics related to: humanitarian and social issues, macroeconomic interests, terrorism, war and democracy. What I look the most on these types of committees is for you to bring innovative and inclusive but real solutions. Take into account what already exists and try to find why it isn’t working and start from there. I believe the best delegates are the ones who take the role seriously, try to always give the best speeches possible. You will need to believe in yourself first if you want anyone to do so. Negotiation is key at all times and is crucial for the development of this year’s committee. I hope you enjoy reading the following Study Guide, and I cannot wait to meet you and to hear about your ideas this coming March!

11 TOPIC A: Reforming un peacekeeping oparations

The UN Charter, on article 24, confers “on the ern needs. To achieve this, delegates must Security Council (UNSC) primary responsibili- understand thoroughly how UNPKOs work ty for the maintenance of international peace as well as the current state of affairs, in order and security”. Although individual interests of to fully develop well-structured and creative the P5 and the obstructive nature of the veto solutions to address the issue at hand. Specif- power have made it difficult for the UNSC to ically, we are expecting the committee to put comply with this mandate, there has been forward plausible strategies that will guide one effective tool that has proven to be suc- the future of UN Peacekeeping, adapting the cessful over the years: UN Peacekeeping op- operations to new scenes. Taking this into ac- erations (UNPKO). This was a creation of the count, the most successful delegates will be Security Council during the Cold War and it is those who propose unique ideas and reach not contained in the UN Charter. Rather, UN consensus in the debate, showing clear lead- peacekeeping has been an evolving concept ership and creativity. throughout the years, where different bodies The following pages of this study guide will of the United Nations have intervened in its outline the history of UN peacekeeping, how reform and adjustment to the present times. it works and the problems it currently faces. The objective of MONUA 2019’s Security Although we will try our best to give you the Council sessions will be to revise the current most complete background information as situation of UNPKO and to find ways to im- we can, there are large amounts of material prove, correct and adjust the latter to mod- on the topic worth researching. Therefore, we

12 strongly recommend to not only limit your of tasks while dealing with inter-state or in- investigation to what is hereby said, but to tra-state conflicts. These duties included expand your knowledge to all possible re- “helping to build sustainable institutions of sources. governance, human rights monitoring, se- HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND curity sector reform, and the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of for- INTRODUCTION TO UN PEACEKEEPING mer combatants” (íbid). It was because of It was 1948 when the Security Council author- the various purposes of the operations that ized the deployment of UN military observers UN Peacekeeping became interdisciplinary to the Middle East, with the purpose of moni- during this phase. Even though the military toring the armistice agreement between Isra- personnel remained at the center of UNPKO, el and its Arab neighbors (UN Peacekeeping, peacekeeping forces now included adminis- n.d.). This deployment marked the creation trators, economists, police officers, legal ex- of the UN Peacekeepers –popularly known as perts, de-miners, electoral observers, human the Blue Helmets– whose initial purpose was rights monitors, civil affairs and governance to reinforce, guarantee and monitor cease- specialists, etc (ibid). fires while stability returned to the zones af- Following this transition, UN Peace- fected and political actors arrived to a solu- keeping Forces grew exponentially, deploy- tion. At the time, UN peacekeepers were ing numerous missions in short periods of unarmed observers with “monitoring, report- time. Suddenly, the Security Council view it- ing, and confidence-building roles” (íbid). self deploying forces that could not achieve The first armed peacekeeping oper- the robust mandate they were given, con- ation took place in 1956 with the deploy- ducting missions without having the neces- ment of the UN Emergency Force (UNEF I) to sary resources and starting peacekeeping address the Suez Crisis. In this opportunity, operations in areas where there was still no peacekeeping forces were granted a man- peace to keep. This led to the lack of safety date that went beyond the sole monitoring and death of many peacekeepers, followed of a peace process: they also had to super- by the withdrawal of UN Peacekeeping mis- vise the withdrawal of troops from the Egyp- sions from various conflicts such as UNO- tian territory and serve as a buffer between SOM II in Somalia. While these problems the Egyptian and Israeli forces (UN Peace- will be further developed in the next pages, keeping - Department of Public Information, it is relevant to notice that these are issues 2003). that –along with others– continue to exist in At the time, UNPKO worked effectively UN Peacekeeping. Due to this, the once-ac- since they managed to contain conflicts and claimed initiative of the UNSC now stands monitor the ceasing of hostilities. Because with a stained reputation and questionable of this, they received the Nobel Peace Prize efficacy. in 1988, as UN peacekeeping forces were said to have “made important contributions towards the realization of one of the funda- mental tenets of the United Nations” (UN Peacekeeping, n.d.). After the Cold War ended, UN Peace- keeping took a shift in its way of acting. In- deed, UNPKO evolved from traditional military operations to “multidimensional” ones, with the goal of laying out the foundations for sustainable peace in a more thorough, contemporary way. In this sense, Peacekeep- ers were now asked to fulfill various types 13 Introduction to UN Peacekeeping: How does it work?

Source: UN Peacekeeping

Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis, just like the police, civilian personnel, equipment, funds, and training (United Nations, n.d.). Whenever there is a conflict that is coming to its end, the parties involved may ask the UNSC for the deployment of a peacekeeping mission that supervises the points agreed upon the peace treaty or ceasefire. Once the UNSC approves the creation of a mission, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) starts the selection process of the leadership team and the troops. While this happens, two main actions are taking place at the UN. First, the size and strength of the peacekeeping forces is determined by the host country. Second, the countries involved in the conflict, alongside the Security Council, agree upon the Rules of Engagement, which set the mandate and scope of the mission. When this procedure is completed, the Peacekeeping forces are deployed to the host country. Once the mission starts, peacekeeping forces are bound to follow the mandate posed by the UNSC and the involved parties. Although the true role of UNPKO is peacekeeping and not peacebuilding, the mandate may include other tasks that are more involved with the latter. The mandate included said tasks, since UN Peacekeepers are meant to pave the way for sustainable peace, which demands action on behalf of blue helmets in different spheres of the conflict. However, these duties are subsidiary and operate in critical situations and not as the core of the mission (De Coning et al, 2008, p. 3). This is how it is important to differentiate between peacekeeping, peacebuilding and peace enforcement. The first term, which refers to the real purpose of UNPKO, takes place when there is already peace to be maintained. The last two, on the contrary, may occur when the conflict is still in course. What differentiates peacebuilding from peace enforcement is the consensual nature in dispute resolution. While peacebuilding works with the will of the parties, peace enforcement works with the use of force.

14 CURRENT SITUATION

The Evolution of Warfare the strategy’s implementation over its proposed eighteen-month timeline. Specifically, “the While peacekeeping has not really evolved in strategy seeks to identify the key policy issues its strategy since its creation in the XXth century, for technology and innovation; support field warfare has been a concept that has developed operations; develop new capacities to research, different structures and ways of presenting itself. develop, and test potentially innovative Firstly, new technologies have been introduced solutions; empower “business owners” (i.e., UN in warfare, such as new weaponry, aircrafts, offices with core responsibilities); and “create drones and submarines (Chow, 2019). These a means to monitor implementation” (Dorn, technologies, although similar to those that have 2016). Additional actions include the Partnership been used since WWII, can now be managed for Technology in Peacekeeping, created by The through the use of computer networks with an DFS and the DPKO, and UN Security Council incredible level of precision. In this sense, war Resolution 1706 on 31 August 2006, which stops being a fight of man against man, and mandated the use of aerial surveillance “to has become a fight of man against machine, monitor transborder activities of armed groups as the danger before posed on the attacking along the Sudanese borders with Chad and the combatant is now removed. Furthermore, the Central African Republic in particular through precision given to the attack by technology regular ground and aerial reconnaissance makes it fast, lethal, and nearly impossible to activities”, resulting in the first use of drones in a defend from. On the other hand of the issue, UNPKO (Karlsrud, 2012). UN peacekeepers, perceived as they are, as Secondly, war has expanded to the point static observers of war, can only make use of where it is not limited to the area in which it is force to defend themselves (Goulding, 1993, fought. It now includes different actors, such p.455). Accompanying this factor is the fact that as the internet, social networks, and unarmed peacekeeping operations have hardly evolved participants that help in the recruiting of soldiers, in their technology, remaining with the same the sharing of information and the transferring gadgets for defense. As a result, the safety of of money and technology. All these factors, peacekeepers is threatened and their ability to as they present themselves outside of war defend themselves is doubtful. territory, are not controlled or observed by UN As said before, this issue has not been peacekeepers. Consequently, wars expand –or addressed in past peacekeeping reforms even start– without the peacekeepers noticing and UN peacekeepers remain with similar or having power over such movements. This, strategies as the ones developed in the late 50s. just as the previous issue, affects peacekeepers’ Nevertheless, a series of institutions and nations safety and their ability to correctly oversee the such as the United States have recommended conflict and complete their mandate, which is a range of useful technologies for UN supposedly given at a moment of peace. peacekeepers to implement on their missions. Moreover, the Department on Peacekeeping Operations has made efforts in the updating of technologies. With the help of the Department of Field Support (DFS), the DPKO adopted a Technology and Innovation Strategy in 2015. The strategy sought to implement the panel of expert’s recommendations and “achieve a cultural shift towards innovation.” A Technology and Innovation Working Group is coordinating

15 This phenomenon has not been addressed Safety of UN Peacekeepers in past reforms. Current peacekeeping operations such as the United Nations– As previously mentioned, the safety of African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) peacekeepers has become an issue since the and the United Nations Mission in South early years of peacekeeping and has continued Sudan (UNMISS), have created Facebook and to grow given the new circumstances twitter profiles to share information and news concerning warfare. In addition to these new about the operations on an attempt to involve challenges, security of peacekeepers seems technology in the process. Moreover, the UN threatened by robust mandates, limited has established Early Warning Centres (EWCs) resources and inefficient support from both across eastern DRC, intended to “function the UN and host governments. An example as a hub for situational awareness in the of this was MINUSMA, the United Nations Company Operating Base (COB) to optimize Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization operational capacities for [the] protection of Mission in Mali. In this mission, deployed civilians”. Also, the UN is collaborating with in 2013 and presently active, the Security the main telecommunication operators, and Council endowed the UNPKO with a very the EWCs have established Community Alert wide mandate that was later amended in Networks that can provide protection alerts 2014, where the prime duties of the forces (Karlsrud, 2012). were “ensuring security, stabilization and protection of civilians; supporting national

16 political dialogue and reconciliation; and assisting the reestablishment of State authority, the rebuilding of the security sector, and the promotion and protection of human rights” (Vermeij, 2015). Although it was common at the time to see mandates of this sort, MINUSMA had a particularity: it was a mission deployed at a time where armed forces in Mali were still active and the security situation was very fragile. Because of this, the mission operated under robust rules of engagement, and allowed to make use of “all necessary means to address threats Source: UN News Centre to the implementation of its mandate, which would include protection of civilians under Misconduct of Peacekeepers imminent threat of physical violence and protection of United Nations personnel from Child rape, sexual abuse and transactional residual threats, within its capabilities and sex have been reported in the recent past its areas of deployment” (United Nations - in peacekeeping operations. The UN has MINUSMA, n.d.). Given said mandate, and reportedly failed to respond to these situations given the powers granted to the mission, by not taking action of accountability and it was only expected for it to have a strong repair to the victims. This conduct stains capacity in personnel and equipment. the image of peacekeeping operations, Nevertheless, the result was opposite to undermining its ability to complete their that expected: troop-contributing countries tasks. Moreover, these allegations diminish (TCCs) were reluctant to deploy their forces the trust civilians have on peacekeepers, to Mali given the high security risks (Vermeij, further harming operations. The Areas with 2015). Correspondingly, MINUSMA never the largest number of accusations are Central had enough capacity to tackle the turbulent African Republic, Haiti, South Sudan, Liberia situation in the host country. and Democratic Republic of Congo. The consequence was MINUSMA standing as Although peacekeeping reforms in the past the deadliest UN mission in history. Indeed, did not focus greatly upon the conduct the mission’s peacekeepers received direct of UN personnel, efforts have been made attacks on a daily basis, now summing up to to work on the issue of sexual abuse and 177 fatalities in its years of activity. In addition exploitation. In 2003, UN Secretary General, to the lack of capacity and personnel, Kofi Annan, adopted a zero-tolerance policy response form the Malian government or the for sexual abuse. Additionally, at the end of United Nations was rather inopportune. This 2007, the UN general assembly adopted a was a result of the precarious infrastructure, resolution that outlines a comprehensive which made it hard to transport supplies and strategy to assist victims of sexual abuse by equipment throughout the country. UN personnel (A/RES/62/214). Furthermore, MINUSMA is just an example of the the 2013 “Bridging the civilian gap in peace outcomes and risks posed by an operation. operation”, which constitutes a project by the Similar consequences continue to present DFS, DPKO, and the Department of Political themselves in UNPKO, and it is for the Security Affairs, aims to increase female participation, Council to establish concrete solutions to this which it is seen as a possible solution to the issue that only constitutes impairment to the issue. forces and de-incentivises TCCs.

17 18 TIMELINE OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

1948 - Creation of UN Peacekeeping with the deployment of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO).

1956 - Deployment of UN Emergency Force I (UNEF I) as the first armed PKO.

1988 - UN Peacekeeping Forces receive Nobel Peace Prize.

1992 - Establishment of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO).

1992 - UN Secretary General issues “An Agenda for Peace”, a report on preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping.

1995 - Withdrawal of UNOSOM II from Somalia.

2000 - Kofi Annan issued the Brahimi Report.

2003 - Kofi Annan appoints High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, in order to evaluate UN’s ability to address the new challenges posed by the international community and recommend policy and institutional changes to better deal with them.

2005 - Zeid Report on a strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in UNPKO.

2006 - “Peace Operations 2010” Reform Strategy Report.

2006 - Kofi Annan’s Zero Tolerance Policy for UN sex abuse.

2007 - Establishment of the Department of Field Support (DFS) by the General Assembly to increase effectiveness of operations, ensure safety of peacekeepers and improve accountability of personnel.

2007 - Launch of the UNSG comprehensive report on strengthening the capacity of the UN to manage and sustain peace operations.

2008 - Publication of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, Principles and Guidelines, also known as the Capstone Doctrine.

2008 - Promulgation of UN-wide strategy for assistance to the victims of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN personnel (Resolution A/RES/62/214).

2010 - New Horizon Initiative issued by the DPKO and the DFS.

2015 - “Technology and Innovation Strategy” adopted by the DPKO alongside the DFS.

2017 - UNSG issues “Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers” (Santos Cruz Report).

2018 - Secretary General António Guterres launches “Action for Peacekeeping” (A4P) initiative.

2019 - UN Peace and Security Reform. 19 qarmaS

1. How can the international community build upon past action to reinforce what we know as UN Peacekeeping?

2. How can UN peacekeeping adapt to new forms of warfare?

3. What measures can the UNSC take to guarantee the safety of peacekeepers without limiting their availability?

4. How can UN peacekeepers be held accountable for their misconduct?

5. How can misconduct be prevented?

6. Should, and if so, how can the role and mandate of peacekeepers be adjusted to the actual scenario?

7. How will new measures and reforms be funded and sustainable in practice?

20 CLOSING REMARKS

It is clear that there is much to be done towards the issues hereby presented. Nevertheless, it is to notice that actions have been taken by the United Nations in this respect, and which were not all addressed in the past pages. We strongly suggest you to revise and dig into past solutions proposed or implemented, in order for the debate to be innovative and act on what has already been suggested as a ground for further initiatives. Remember, it is quite more valuable to use what has already been done and improve it, instead of starting all over.

Furthermore, as you may highlight form the guide, there are no clear bloc positions in this topic. As a result, the debate will not focus on contradictory positions but in finding the most adequate solutions to the issue. As a result, we expect you to bring innovation, creativity and teamwork into each session with the advances you develop.

21 TOPIC B: THE MILITARIZATION OF THE ARTIC

Source: UN News Centre roaming around. The truth is that despite the extreme weather conditions, people have The Arctic is the northernmost area on found ways to adapt and live in the Arctic. It Earth covering almost 14.5 million square is believed that more than 4 million people kilometers (5.5 million square miles). When are current residents of the Arctic, including asked to think about how the Arctic would indigenous groups (as well as explorers, look, many would imagine a white landscape, adventurers and researchers that have joined covered in ice with maybe a polar bear in the past years). The Arctic Circle runs at 66º

22 33’ 39’’ north of the Equator and the following wise solutions regarding this problematic seven countries are located within the Circle: taking into account each of your country’s United States of America (Alaska), Canada, foreign policies. Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Historical context

The Arctic’s ice is melting at a rapid scale One of the earliest ventures into the Arctic due to climate change and its effects on the occurred more than a thousand years ago. environment. In fact, the Arctic Sea has lost As an example, Iceland was discovered about 1 million square miles since 1970. This in the year 870 and Greenland in 983 by is why the region has become more accessible Norwegian Vikings. Later on, it became an for commercial purposes such as: fishing, usual destination for explores trying to find fresh water, minerals, coal, iron, copper, oil, a route that would connect the Pacific and gas and shipping. Nations have also begun Atlantic ocean. Afterwards, the 18th and to make territorial claims within the Arctic 19th centuries were more successful years Circle to fight for their political and economic in terms of understatement and mapping of interests. With all the latter combined, it has the Arctic. Further on, in the 20th century, the become a militarization process both in land Russians, British and Canadians did a bunch territories as well as in maritime areas. It more of expeditions leading to huge amounts presents the perfect occasion for countries of research, navigation and shipping. By the to increase their military troops and missions year 1909, the entire Arctic was discovered in this part of the globe in order to achieve and navigable. their goals. Until now, the hope for a political agreement or a diplomatic resolution regarding these conflicts has been almost null. International and regional peace and stability remain at stake and compromised by the use of any military intervention.

The first time the United Nations acknowledged the importance of legislations towards world seas and oceans regarding its governance and responsibilities was in november 1994 by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS). The rapid The Arctic became an important zone at Militarization of the Arctic is a topic that will the end of World War II especially in the have to be discussed in the United Nations Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea due to Security Council to guarantee international the confrontation between Nazi Germany peace and security. This committee will have and the Soviet Union. Before the war, from a to address this issue and its effects in the military perspective, areas above the Arctic most complete way possible. The following Circle were left mostly untouched. In 1947, background guide will give you the base for two years after World War II ended, The further research needed to discuss this topic Cold War began as an international tension while in committee. Just a few topics in the between United States and the Soviet Union. world includes in a direct and indirect way, The Arctic was featured as the shortest so many aspects (military, territorial, politics, distance between the two biggest antagonist economic and environmental) regarding superpowers. In 1949, the Soviet detonation different countries such as the Militarization of of the atomic bomb led to immediate fear of the Arctic. Delegates are highly encouraged a nuclear attack in the Arctic. to bring inclusive, innovative and content 23 It is fair to remember that Russia’s eastern example, the construction of the Trans-Alaska tip is only 55 miles away from the state of Pipeline System was a threat for Alaska’s Alaska (US). By this time, all the neighboring wildlife and lands since it was planned to countries of the Arctic (Canada, Denmark cover from Prudhoe (Alaska’s North Slope) to through Greenland and Norway) were allies the port of Valdez on Prince William Sound. of the US, while Sweden kept its neutrality. Since its construction, the pipeline has been Militarization started to become a reality. a disaster. In 1989, Exxon Valdez oil split Many military projects were developed within between 11 and 32 million gallons of oil to this zone, of the likes of Operation Iceworm, the Prince William Sound. Not being enough, whose aim was to construct a nuclear missile it still operates after the 25 years of lifespan. launch site beneath the Greenland ice sheet. In March of 2006, the pipeline in North Slope Delegates are encouraged to research other cracked once again spilling over 267,000 types of military and nuclear projects created gallons of oil. in these years such as the Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and the Distant Early Warning System (DEW) to have a complete perspective and understanding of today’s military interventions.

Due to its strategic location the Arctic has suffered from extractions of natural resources since the mid-1990s. The Arctic has a significant amount of oil, gas reserves and minerals such as: gold, copper, iron, tin, manganese and diamonds. Studies show that the Arctic Circle has 30% of the world’s undiscovered gas, 10% of the world’s known petroleum reserves and 20% of its liquefied natural gas. It is important to notice that these resources are not distributed equally between the countries. North America has approximately 36% of the resources composed mainly of oil deposits and 64% are located near Eurasian and composed mainly by natural gas. With the Arctic being a region full of economic power resources, many countries have tried to fulfill their own economic interests.

It is also important to take into account the environmental concern that has been going on in the world since the mid-1950s. By 1958, scientists started to measure the Earth’s carbon dioxide emissions and discovered the huge amount of damage that the world was Source: Encyclopedia Britannica Source: Energy Information producing. In the case of the Arctic, and as an

24 Following many efforts of settling disputes around 1,000 each. Russia has by far the regarding territorial claims in the Arctic, largest naval presence, with 19 warships and some lands have now clear owners but there 34 submarines. Canada’s presence is up to are still some that remain controversial. 21 warships and 4 submarines, while Norway Since the Vikings discovered Iceland and mans 11 warships and 6 submarines. Greenland, two of the biggest lands in the arctic, in the year 1000 approximately, many territorial claims and dispute have been around. Due to the many conflicts regarding sovereignty in the Arctic, the emergence of the Sector Principale was necessary. It was a period between 1925 and 2005 in which a territorial dictum, that used meridians to determine borders in unclaimed territories, became effective. Using this Principle, many nations extended their maritime boundaries into the Arctic and the Antarctic through longitudinal coordinates. After 80 years, the Sector Principle had several issues regarding Source: World Policy the way in which countries where claiming for land. The Principle was favoring countries In recent years, the militarization of the Arctic such as Russia and Canada due to their has appeared to be increasing over the past land extension leaving behind countries few years. In 2011, Canada promised a deep such as US (Alaska), Denmark, Norway and water naval facility at Nanisivik, which is an many more. It created internacional conflits entrance disputed in the Northwest Passage. and frictions within countries and in 2005 it Also, under the administration of Stephen was considered increasingly unsustainable. Harper, Canada stated that they would build Territorial paranoia was again a topic within armed ice-breakers, several patrol ships and Arctic countries. several vessels. The US Coast Guard has also deployed sophisticated ships, aircrafts Current Situation and other maritime assets. In 2007, Russian scientists planted a Russian Flag under the As previously mentioned, one of the most north pole, before they had also restored consequential outcomes of the Arctic military bases and outputs from the Soviet territorial, economical and trade passages era. In 2015, Russia started a military patrol competition has been the increasing and has lately joined with China to explore militarization of the Arctic. The Arctic is for the oil under the sea. already home to a significantly amount of military missions and personnel. As of now, The main reason why the Arctic is being the States of Russia, the United States and explored recently and has been shifting Norway have the largest presence in the many nations’ interests is due to the effects region. United States and Norway have of global warming and climate change, the 20,000 personnel stationed at the Arctic Arctic’s ice has been melting and shrinking each, Finland has 13,500, Russia has 10,000, at a rapid scale making it navigable and Canada has 5,000 and Sweden and Denmark accessible. There are many causes that may

25 explain the militarization of the Arctic, but this an inclusive solution. The problems begins committee will only focus on the following when each country gets 200 nautical miles off three: the extraction of living and non-living their coast (Exclusive Economic Zones), when resources, political issues such as territorial the lines were drawn, still a part of the Arctic claims and the competition towards the trade ocean was left without an owner. Countries passages. began to fight for that part claiming on their continental shelf. The dilemma persists due As stated before, the Arctic is full of resources to the continental shelves of arctic countries that have not been yet exploited such as overlap each other making it impossible to hydrocarbons and mineral resources. For decide the owner of those lands. In order instance, the Arctic is rich in coal, diamonds, for nations to decide who will be the owner uranium, phosphate, nickel and platinum of those territories, they sent submarines to which makes it a promising place for mining. gather data in the zone to get an approval Mining in the Arctic is controversial due two from the United Nations’ Commission on the reasons: environmental impacts and long- Limits of the Continental Shelf, still there is not term unsustainability. In the first place, mining a concrete answer from the Commission. It is includes deforestation to build up the mines, also important to bear in mind that countries also it produces toxic and radioactive elements, are fighting for the sea zones and not for and it creates dangerous accumulation of land, because resources are in the maritime heavy metals. As for sustainability, the fact areas. And last but not least, delegates should that mined resources are nonrenewable take into account the situation in Svalbard to makes it an issue in the long-term. After research how territorial claims are doing right all of the resources from a mine had been now. Up until today the UNCLOS are the ones removed, the mine keeps damaging the in charge of the situation of the Arctic seas. environment due to toxic waste. In the case of oil and gas projects everything becomes more complex. Due to its high amount of hydrocarbons, several nations are in their way to exploit those resources to achieve both their economic interest and also to compete against countries that hold today the most exports of oil in the world. Furthermore, it shows a nation’s power to be able to gain access to these hydrocarbons. Delegates shall bear in mind how this type of economy is controversial to environmental movements, taking into consideration the enormous risks of drills and leaks.

As for territorial claims, political issues are also in the way. Many international disputes Source: Business Insider both in the terrestrial and marine territories have come into the international debate surrounding the Arctic. Understanding the core of these disputes is key in order to find

26 Last but not least, the Arctic is full of important Arctic. In terms of environmental issues, the trade passages. Arctic routes are valuable United Nations Environmental Programme shortcuts for global trade which are highly and the Paris Agreement in 2016, have also strategic economically as well as politically taken action on this matter. External and and militarily. For example, the Northern Sea multilateral actions have also impact the Route can save up to 18 days, 540 tons of Arctic itself, including the Svalbard Treaty. fuel and significant amount of money. Up until this date, the Arctic Council is the only The most important international agreement intergovernmental forum for international regarding the use of the world’s oceans is the cooperation on Arctic’s development and United Nations Convention on the Law of the exploration. Its members are: USA, Denmark, Seas (UNCLOS), which is as of now, the only Russia, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Finland treaty of international legislation that governs and Canada. But not only are these countries and specify the rights and responsibilities of interested in those routes. Other countries States towards the world’s seas and oceans. have significant interests due to their It was created after the UNCLOS III, signed in national security concerns, environmental 1982 but it became effective only until 1994. and conservation research and for the There are other organizations that play an natural resources that the Arctic holds. important role in the implementation of the Governance of those routes are still at stake. Convention such as: International Maritime Even though the Arctic shipping is regulated Organization, International Whaling by the International Maritime Organization Commission and the International Seabed (IMO) framework, it is not enough to satisfy Authority (ISA). nations’ interests. Without a clear territorial settled dispute, different countries from all In order to discuss the Arctic ocean, around the world will keep to fight for the climate change, protection of the marine governance of those trades. environment, maritime safety and division of emergency responsibilities, regarding Previous actions these newfound shipping routes, a meeting took place in Ilulissat, Greenland at the Arctic A lot has been done to address most of these Ocean Conference. During this political issues. The UN itself has discussed this topic meeting, nations announced on May 28, many times in different scenarios. It would 2008, the creation of the Ilulissat Declaration. be exhaustive to touch upon all international One of the main goals of the Declaration actions dealing with the Militarization of the was the stoppage of “new comprehensive Arctic since it is a very broad topic, but the international legal regime to govern the most important are highlighted below. Arctic Ocean” (UNCLOS, 2016).

In September 19th 1996, United Nations created the Arctic Council, on the most important organizations regarding the Arctic, after signing the Ottawa Declaration. In 2011, the council created the first binding treaty called the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement to coordinate the search and rescue coverage and responsibilities in the

27 timeline of significant events

1994 - November. The United Nations Convention of the Sea (UNCLOS) established the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of 200 nautical miles beyond a country’s baseline.

1996 - September. The Arctic Council was established under the Ottawa Declaration. Its member states include Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation and United States.

2004 - January. Researchers discovered oil deposits just 200 miles from the North Pole.

2004 - November. In order to keep track the climate in the Arctic and its effects, the Arctic Council released the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.

2007 - July. Russia planted a Russian flag on the seabed of the Arctic Ocean, to reaffirm its claim on the Lomonosov Ridge.

2008 - May. The Ilulissat Declaration was signed.

28 Bloc Positions take into account their current political and economical alliances within the committee. Within our committee, several blocs can The relation that Least Developed Countries be formed, based upon similar ideals and (LDC) have with developed countries is motivations for solving this complicated crucial for the development of this year’s problem. While there is an universal committee. You will also need to take into recognition that peaceful transition of the consideration your current priorities, whether region is necessary, there will be divisions, is environmental, extractive economy, based upon criteria of proximity to the Arctic, territorial conflicts or military concerns. income, history, culture and government types. Delegates are encouraged to Whichever the case may be, delegates should acknowledge their coincidences, but to also conduct a research on your environmental to take into account their main differences in policies and take them into account when order to find a solution that will benefit their discussing any topic within this committee. own foreign policies and interests. As with all negotiations, it is not possible to come to a sustainable agreement without It is important to understand the position compromise. Delegates should recognize that countries near the Arctic Circle have. Not the real-world differences that exist in terms only do they have similarities regarding their of ideology between countries on this topic history, climate and cultural backgrounds, and consider the best set of solutions for but also many differences regarding the way themselves that exist within this context. We to handle politics, economic interests and deeply recommend doing full research based military interventions in the region and in the on the subtopic presented in this guide and world. Delegates are highly recommended its problematic. to focus on what your corresponding country has done in order to get full control of the Arctic, in terms of individual interests.

Secondly, this year’s committee will be attended by a notorious amount of highly developed countries. It is very important for delegates to focus on the economic aspects of countries regarding the use of different types of resources and hydrocarbons. Some of the countries may be allies while others may be enemies, and that should be taken into account. When reading about history, you may see how some countries, to achieve their goals, have partnered up with others to fulfill their interests. The Arctic is not any different when it comes to fights for territorial claim, and most importantly when it comes down to access to key resources.

Lastly, developing countries will need to

29 qarmas

1. How can the International Community reinforce current agreements and treaties to guarantee international peace and security?

2. In what ways can the environment play an important role when it comes to the decrease of the Militarization of the Arctic?

3. When it comes to the extraction of resources, how can nations satisfy their economic purposes while at the same time agreeing on the distribution of said resources?

4. What is the best way to divide territorial (maritime and land) areas of the Arctic? And who would be the owner of those lands?

5. What measures need to be taken in regards to the trade passages, in order to guarantee security and governance without a clearly settled territorial dispute?

6. How can further militarization of the Arctic be prevented?

7. How can the United Nations Security Council balance the interests of permanent and non-permanent members of the Council, while at the same time avoid any type of international friction? REFERENCES “A breakthrough in Arctic trade routes | Global Trade Magazine.” 8 Aug. 2018, http://www. globaltrademag.com/global-logistics/a-breakthrough-in-arctic-trade-routes. Retrieved 6 Jan. 2019.

“Arctic Council.” https://arctic-council.org/index.php/en/. Retrieved 6 Jan. 2019.

“Axworthy: Canada bypasses key players in Arctic meeting | The Star.” 29 Mar. 2010, https:// www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/03/29/axworthy_canada_bypasses_key_players_in_ arctic_meeting.html. Retrieved 10 Jan. 2019. “CLCS - HOME PAGE - the United Nations.” 17 Jul. 2018, http://www.un.org/Depts/los/ clcs_new/clcs_home.htm. Retrieved 5 Jan. 2019.

“Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes ....” https://www.tand- fonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769. Retrieved 10 Jan. 2019.

30 REFERENCES “Ilulissat Declaration - oceanlaw.org.” 28 May. 2008, http://www.oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/ Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf. Retrieved 10 Jan. 2019.

“United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.” http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_ agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Retrieved 5 Jan. 2019.

“United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - UN.org.” http://www.un.org/Depts/los/con- vention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Retrieved 10 Jan. 2019.

(2009, May 29). Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic. - NCBI. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478178

(2014, August 22). What’s Melting Arctic Ice? NASA Investigates Clouds - Live Science. Retrieved January 2, 2019, from https://www.livescience.com/47508-arctic-sea-ice-melt.html

(2014, June 3). The Competition For Arctic Resources - Business Insider. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.businessinsider.com/the-competition-for-arctic-resources-2014-6

(2016, April 12). Arctic Circle - New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 31, 2019, from http:// www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Arctic_Circle

(2016, August 15). Rival Claims to a Changing Arctic - The Maritime Executive. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/rival-claims-to-the-changing-arctic

(2016, August 4). Mysterious, ice-buried Cold War military base may be unearthed by .... Retrieved January 3, 2019, from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/mysterious-ice-buried-cold- war-military-base-may-be-unearthed-climate-change (2016, November 22). Rising militarization in Arctic will bring nothing but war - Asia Times. Re- trieved January 2, 2019, from http://www.atimes.com/rising-militarization-arctic-will-bring-nothing-war/

(2016, November 22). Rising militarization in Arctic will bring nothing but war - Asia Times. Re- trieved January 4, 2019, from http://www.atimes.com/rising-militarization-arctic-will-bring-nothing-war/

(2017, August 29). Arctic mining: Minerals race could be the geopolitical ... - News.com.au. Re- trieved January 4, 2019, from https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/conservation/ arctic-ambitions-could-the-opening-up-of-the-arctic-become-the-next-south-china-sea/news-sto- ry/c6aa32b7a02bc594ce2eb49301784c46

(2017, March 9). Effects of Mining on the Environment and Wildlife. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.pegasusfoundation.org/effects-of-mining-environment-wildlife/

referencES 31 REFERENCES (2018, October 25). Environmental risk of mining | Request PDF - ResearchGate. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301296870_Environmental_risk_of_min- daising welcoming letter

arctic militarization - World Policy Institute. Retrieved January 4, 2019, from https://worldpolicy. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Summer15_16-17_MapRoom.pdf

arctic militarization - World Policy Institute. Retrieved January 4, 2019, from https://worldpolicy. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Summer15_16-17_MapRoom.pdf Hello delegates! My name is Isabella Mejía, I am an 8th semester Arctic People | NationalLaw student Snow fromand IceUniversidad Data Center. de losRetrieved Andes andJanuary I will 31, be 2019,pleased from https://nsidc. org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/arctic-people.htmlto be your Dais in this version of MONUA. My experience in MUN goes back to my early years in middle school, when I fell in love Arctic World. Retrievedwith the January game at2, only2019, 11 from years http://www.arcticworld.net/ old. Since then, I have delegated in over 30 Model UNs around Colombia and the world, including BBC NEWS (2006,HNMUN December 2017, 5). 2018 ‘Zero and tolerance’ 2019. Currently, for UN sex I am abuse. the Head Retrieved Delegate January 10, 2019, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6208774.stmof Uniandes HNMUN delegation, a project I’m deeply passionate about and proud of. I believe these experiences are the ones that Budzic, Philip. 2009.have Arctic shaped Oil andmy personalityNatural Gas andPotential. improved U.S Energy my abilities, Information not to administration Office of Integratedmention Analysis the amountand Forecasting of friends OilI owe and them.Gas Division

Chow, D. (2013, NovemberAside from 19). this, 7 my Technologies interests are That pretty Transformed simple: fashion, Warfare traveling - Live Science. Retrieved January 10, 2019,and from food. https://www.livescience.com/41321-military-war-technologies.html I see myself as someone who is willing to experience Denmark - Margaretnew I thingsand the every Kalmar day. Union Whenever | Britannica.com. it comes to meeting Retrieved new January people, 3, 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/Margaret-I-and-the-Kalmar-Uniontrying a new restaurant or listening to new music, I’m the first one in. In my spare-time I enjoy spending time with my friends, Goulding, M. (1993).watching The evolution netflix and of United diving Nationsin some peacekeeping. poetry. Nonetheless, International I tend affairs, 69(3), 451-464. to be a lot more serious when it comes to committee sessions, reason why I appreciate and also expect a complete preparation Hatto, R. (2013). Fromfrom peacekeepingeach one of you. to peacebuilding: Preparation that the will evolution lead to of an the exciting role of the United Na- tions in peace operations.committee International flow with tons Review of negotiation. of the Red Cross, 95(891-892), 495-515.

History of the EnvironmentalFurthermore, Movement in a more - American academic Archive level, ofI Publicconsider .... Retrievedmyself a January 3, 2019, from http://americanarchive.org/exhibits/climate-change/historyfeminist and very much appreciate topics of international law and international cooperation. Also, I find very interesting the Impacts of tailingstackling dam failures of issues on biodiversity that infringe and sovereignty ... - GRID-Arendal. and the Retrieved solutions January 5, 2019, from http://www.grida.no/resources/11431that come with them. This goes with the fact that I really enjoy the proposal of complete, well-executed and plausible solutions, Karlsrud, J. (2012)always (PDF) accompanied Peacekeeping by 4.0 the Harnessing ability of thethe Potential delegate of to Big sell Data, them Social 24 Aug. 2015, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281204629_Peacekeeping_40_Harnessing_the_and persuade the audience. I love surprises, so don’t be shy Potential_of_Big_Data_Social_Media_and_Cyber-technology.when proposing creative, out-of-the-box proposals, Accessed since 10 Jan. I will 2019. strongly appreciate a twist in my day. This being said, I very much Location map of thelook Arctic forward region to meeting showing all geographic of you and regions enjoying referred the experience .... Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-map-of-the-Arctic-region-showing-geoMONUA has in store for us! - graphic-regions-referred-to-in-this-paper_fig7_271841534 If you have any questions, do not hesitate on writing to our emails: [email protected], [email protected]

32 REFERENCES Map of Trans-Alaska Pipeline (TAPS). Source: Energy Information .... Retrieved January 3, 2019, from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Trans-Alaska-Pipeline-TAPS-Source-Energy-InDear delegates, I am so honored and excited to welcome you as - formation-Administration-2006_fig2_263144085your Dais at the United Nations Security Council, during the 2019 MONUA conference! My name is Santiago Serrano, I am an 8th Mikkelsen, Aslaugsemester & Oluf Industrial Langhelle. Engineer Arctic Oil student and Gas: with Sustainability a minor in both at Risk? journalism (Oxon: Routledge, 2008) 309. and entrepreneurship. The committee topics of A) Reforming UN Peacekeeping Operations and B) Militarization of the Arctic are both MINUSMA. Unitedincredibly Nations relevant Stabilization and important Mission insubjects Mali. http://www. to discuss. un.org/en/peacekeeping/I am so looking missions/minusma/background.shtmlforward to meeting you all and hearing you imagine creative and innovative solutions to these issues. Polar Discovery :: Arctic, the Frozen Ocean :: Timeline. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from http://po- lardiscovery.whoi.edu/arctic/timeline.htmlFirst to tell you a bit about myself: two of my favorite things are Sector principletravelling - Oxford and Reference. food. In Retrieved the past, JanuaryI have been 3, 2019, so fortunate from http://www.oxfordreference. to be a part com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100451591of many national and international volunteer programs, being one of the activities I enjoy the most due to its social value. I have, also, done UNCLOS - Tableseveral of Contents backpacking - the United trips ....both Retrieved in Colombia January and 31, outside2019, from that http://www.un.org/ have Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htmnourished a more liberal spirit. In my free time, I like to read about politics, national and international news, listen to almost any type UN General Assembly.of music (n.d.). and hang A/RES/62/214 out with my - E friends.- undocs.. I also Retrieved enjoy gettingJanuary to10, know 2019, from https://undocs.org/A/RES/62/214different cultures, cuisines, and people from different countries.

United NationsI (n.d.).started Partnership doing Models for Technologyof United Nations in Peacekeeping. in 2017, third Retrieved year of college. January 10, 2019, from http://www.un.org/en/fieldsupport/events/UNPTP/symposium.htmlI had different priorities but as soon as I did my first MUN, I completely fell in love with this type of competitions. This year I will be attending United to ReformHarvard - UN (n.d.).National Peace Model and UnitedSecurity Nations Reform. and Retrieved I’m currently January a delegate 10, 2019, from https:// reform.un.org/content/peace-and-security-reformat Uniandes HNMUN. Just like you are right now, I was in your same position last year, debating in Monua’s United Nations Security Council, UN Peacekeepingso I(n.d.). understand Historical what Timeline you might of UN bePeacekeeping feeling in regards| United Nationsthis year’s Peacekeeping. Retrieved Januarycompetition. 10, 2019, Discipline,from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/historical-timeline-of-un-peace research, authenticity and resourcefulness - keeping will make this conference a remarkable experience to you all.

UN PeacekeepingAdditionally, (n.d.). Our this history year’s | UnitedUNSC you Nations will be Peacekeeping. discussing one Retrieved of my favorite January 10, 2019, from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-historytopics when it comes to foreign policies and international debates, which makes me very happy to be a part of it. I really enjoy discussing Vermeij, L. (2015)topics MINUSMA: related Challengesto: humanitarian on the andGround social - bibsys issues, brage. macroeconomic Retrieved January 11, 2019, from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/302495/NUPI_PB_Vermeij.interests, terrorism, war and democracy. What I look the most on these pdf?sequence=3types of committees is for you to bring innovative and inclusive but real solutions. Take into account what already exists and try to find World War 2 | Waleswhy it -isn’t ITV News.working Retrieved and start January from there. 3, 2019, I believe from https://www.itv.com/news/wales/the best delegates topic/world-war-2/are the ones who take the role seriously, try to always give the best speeches possible. You will need to believe in yourself first if you want anyone to do so. Negotiation is key at all times and is crucial for the development of this year’s committee. I hope you enjoy reading the following Study Guide, and I cannot wait to meet you and to hear about your ideas this coming March! referencES