Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Land at Chapel

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

LAND AT CHAPEL STREET ROCKLAND ST PETER NORFOLK

APRIL 2014

Planning ● Heritage

Specialist & Independent Advisors to the Property Industry

Planning Authority: Breckland District Council

Site centred at: TL99029739

Author: Suzanne Gailey BA (Hons) MA MIFA

Approved by: Paul Chadwick BA (Hons) FSA MIFA

Report Status: Final

Issue Date: April 2014

CgMs Ref: 17097

No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent.

Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however, CgMs Limited cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report.

CONTENTS

Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction and Scope of Study

2.0 Planning Background and Development Plan Framework

3.0 Geology and Topography

4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background, including Assessment of Significance

5.0 Site Conditions, the Proposed Development and Impact on Heritage Assets

6.0 Summary and Conclusions

Sources Consulted

APPENDIX 1: HER Location Plan (Norfolk HER 2014)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location Fig. 2 1797 Faden’s map Fig. 3 1826 Bryant’s map Fig. 4 1838 Rockland St Peter Tithe Map Fig. 5 1883 Ordnance Survey Fig. 6 1906 Ordnance Survey Fig. 7 1979 Ordnance Survey Fig. 8 Site as Existing Fig. 9 Aerial Photograph of the study site (GoogleEarth 2006)

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1 South facing photograph along access into the site taken from Chapel Street Plate 2 East facing photograph looking along northern boundary of development site

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Plate 3 South facing photograph looking along western boundary of study site Plate 4 North-east facing photograph taken from south western corner of study site Plate 5 West facing photograph looking along southern boundary of study site

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report considers the archaeological implications of a proposal to develop on land at Chapel Street, Rockland St Peter.

The available archaeological, historic, and topographic information indicates that there are no designated or non-designated heritage assets on the study site.

The site has the potential for as yet to be discovered archaeological assets of a local significance and therefore falls within the scope of Policy BE17.

In these circumstances, it can be anticipated that the planning authority’s archaeological advisor will require an archaeological evaluation of the site.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

1.1 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been prepared by Suzanne Gailey of CgMs Consulting on behalf of Bowbridge Land Ltd.

1.2 The assessment considers land at Chapel Street, Rockland St Peter, Norfolk. The site, also referred to as the study site, is 0.76ha in extent and is bounded to the north by Chapel Street and houses fronting onto Chapel Street, to the east by houses fronting onto Chapel Street and to the west and south by agricultural land. The site is centred at National Grid Reference TL99029739 (Fig 1).

1.3 In accordance with government policy, National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), this assessment draws together the available archaeological, historic, topographic and land-use information in order to clarify the archaeological potential of the site.

1.4 Additionally, in accordance with the ‘Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessments’ (Institute for Archaeologists 1999, revised 2012), the assessment includes an examination of published and unpublished material and charts historic land-use through a map regression exercise. A site inspection was undertaken in April 2014.

1.5 As a result, the assessment enables relevant parties to assess the significance of archaeological assets on and close to the site, assess the potential for hitherto undiscovered archaeological assets and thus enable potential impacts on assets to be identified along with the need for design, civil engineering or archaeological solutions.

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2.0 PLANNING BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK

2.1 In March 2012, the government published the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), this was supplemented by Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) in March 2014.

2.1.1 Section 12 of the NPPF, entitled Conserving and enhancing the historic environment provides guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the conservation and investigation of heritage assets. Overall, the objectives of Section 12 of the NPPF can be summarised as seeking the: x Delivery of sustainable development x Understanding the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits brought by the conservation of the historic environment x Conservation of England's heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, and x Recognition that heritage makes to our knowledge and understanding of the past.

2.1.2 Section 12 of the NPPF recognises that intelligently managed change may sometimes be necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. Paragraph 128 states that planning decisions should be based on the significance of the heritage asset and that level of detail supplied by an applicant should be proportionate to the importance of the asset and should be no more than sufficient to review the potential impact of the proposal upon the significance of that asset.

2.1.3 Heritage Assets are defined in Annex 2 of the NPPF as: a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. They include designated heritage assets (as defined in the NPPF) and assets identified by the local planning authority during the process of decision-making or through the plan-making process.

2.1.4 Annex 2 also defines Archaeological Interest as a heritage asset which holds or potentially could hold evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.

2.1.5 A Designated Heritage Asset comprises a: World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area.

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2.1.6 Significance is defined as: The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.

2.1.7 In short, government policy provides a framework which: x Protects nationally important designated Heritage Assets (which include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields or Conservation Areas) x Protects the settings of such designations x In appropriate circumstances seeks adequate information (from desk based assessment and field evaluation where necessary) to enable informed decisions x Provides for the excavation and investigation of sites not significant enough to merit in-situ preservation.

2.2 In considering any planning application for development, the planning authority will be mindful of the framework set by government policy, in this instance the NPPF, by current Development Plan Policy and by other material considerations.

2.3 The Breckland District Council Core Strategy was adopted in December 2009 and contains the following relevant Policy:

Policy DC 17 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT ANY DEVELOPMENT THAT WILL AFFECT A LISTED BUILDING OR A CONSERVATION AREA WILL BE SUBJECT TO COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT. NEW DEVELOPMENT WILL BE EXPECTED TO PRESERVE AND ENHANCE THE CHARACTER, APPEARANCE AND SETTING OF CONSERVATION AREAS, SCHEDULED MONUMENTS, HISTORIC PARKS AND GARDENS AND OTHER AREAS OF HISTORIC INTEREST. WHERE A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT WILL AFFECT THE CHARACTER OR SETTING OF A LISTED BUILDING, PARTICULAR REGARD WILL NEED TO BE GIVEN TO THE PROTECTION, PRESERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF ANY FEATURES OF HISTORIC OR ARCHITECTURAL INTEREST.

THE CONVERSION OF BUILDINGS OF PARTICULAR ARCHITECTURAL OR HISTORIC MERIT FOR ECONOMIC OR RESIDENTIAL PURPOSES IN LOCATIONS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE UNACCEPTABLE WILL BE CONSIDERED WHERE THIS WOULD ENSURE THE RETENTION OF THE BUILDING. PROPOSALS WILL BE CONSIDERED AGAINST RELEVANT GUIDANCE INCLUDING NATIONAL POLICY ADVICE (CURRENTLY PPS7 & PPG15) AND SPECIALIST PUBLICATIONS SUCH AS ‘ENABLING DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONSERVATION OF SIGNIFICANT PLACES’ PRODUCED BY ENGLISH HERITAGE.

SITES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST AND THEIR SETTINGS WILL BE PROTECTED, ENHANCED AND PRESERVED; DEVELOPMENT WHICH HAS AN UNACCEPTABLE IMPACT UPON A SITE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST WILL NOT BE PERMITTED. WHERE IT IS CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE IN CASES

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WHERE DEVELOPMENT COINCIDES WITH THE LOCATION OF A KNOWN OR SUSPECTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD EVALUATION WILL BE REQUIRED. WHERE THE BENEFITS OF A PARTICULAR DEVELOPMENT ARE CONSIDERED TO OUTWEIGH THE IMPORTANCE OF RETAINING ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN SITU SATISFACTORY EXCAVATION AND RECORDING OF REMAINS WILL BE REQUIRED BEFORE DEVELOPMENT IS BEGUN.

REPLACEMENT OF DWELLINGS IN THE CASE OF TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS (11) WHICH POSITIVELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE CHARACTER OF BRECKLAND, REPLACEMENT WILL ONLY BE ACCEPTABLE WHERE THE APPLICATION IS ACCOMPANIED BY A DESIGN AND ACCESS STATEMENT WHICH INCLUDES A STRUCTURAL SURVEY THAT DEMONSTRATES THAT THE DEMOLITION IS NECESSARY AND THAT THERE IS NO ALTERNATIVE AND VIABLE SOLUTION OF RENOVATION TO PROVIDE AN ACCEPTABLE STANDARD OF ACCOMMODATION.

2.4 The site does not lie within a Conservation Area nor are any Scheduled Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens or Listed Buildings located on the site. A Methodist Church (Grade II Listed) lies approximately 75m north of the development boundary of the study site, close to the proposed entrance to the site. St Peters Church is Grade I Listed and lies approximately 350m south of the southern boundary of the study site. Whilst there is currently some intervisibilty between the study site and these designated assets, the current setting of both of these assets comprise urban development. The proposed development is therefore considered to have a neutral effect on the settings of these designated assets and, therefore, they are not considered further in this assessment.

2.5 This desk-based assessment seeks to comply with central government policy by clarifying the potential for non-designated heritage assets on the site and clarifying whether the site can be considered to be of ‘archaeological interest’ and thus fall within the scope of Policy DC17.

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3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

3.1 Geology

3.1.1 The underlying geology of the site is recorded as Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation underlying Lowestoft Formation – Diamicton (BGS Map Viewer 2014).

3.2 Topography

3.2.1 The site is almost level at approximately 56m AOD.

3.2.2 No natural water courses lie on or close to the site. The site lies approximately 800m south of a tributary of the River Thet.

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, INCLUDING ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Timescales used in this report.

Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000 - 12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000 - 4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000 - 1,800 BC Bronze Age 1,800 - 600 BC Iron Age 600 - AD 43

Historic Roman AD 43 - 410 Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval AD 410 - 1066 Medieval AD 1066 - 1485 Post Medieval AD 1486 - 1749 Modern AD 1750 - Present

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 This assessment is based on a consideration of archaeological evidence within a study area defined by a 1km radius from the centre of the site, held on the Norfolk Historic Environment Records (Appendix 1), together with a map regression exercise charting the historic development of the site.

4.1.1 This chapter reviews existing archaeological evidence for the site and the archaeological/historical background of the general area and, in accordance with NPPF, considers the potential for as yet to be discovered archaeological evidence on the site.

4.1.2 Chapter 5 subsequently considers the site conditions and whether the theoretical potential identified in this chapter is likely to survive.

4.2 Palaeolithic

4.2.1 The vast majority of evidence of Palaeolithic activity within Norfolk comprises redeposited flint flakes and tools recovered from ancient river terrace deposits. The site’s location on Chalk suggests it is unlikely to produce such finds. The archaeological potential of the study site for evidence of this period is therefore considered to be low/nil.

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4.3 Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age

4.3.1 No evidence of in situ prehistoric settlement activity has been recorded within a 1km radius of the study site, although a number of isolated finds have been recorded during metal detecting in the vicinity of the site.

4.3.2 A Mesolithic blade core, later prehistoric lithics, Iron Age coins and pottery sherds were all found during metal detecting of a field approximately 450m south-west of the study site (36655). Metal detecting in a field approximately 900m south-west of the study site recorded a fragment of a Late Bronze Age spearhead (40488 TL9896).

4.3.3 Overall, the likelihood of prehistoric artefactual material being found on the study site is considered to be moderate to good. However, these artefacts will be in the ploughsoil, divorced from their original context.

4.4 Roman

4.4.1 Two Roman pottery vessels were ploughed up in 1948 in a field approximately 150m west of the study site. Subsequent investigations in 1948 produced many sherds of Roman pottery and a strip of copper alloy identified as possibly decoration from a bucket. Metal detecting the field in 1995 recorded further Roman finds including coins, a Roman decorated seal box lid and brooches (8966 TL9897). To the south of this field, a Roman coin and bracelet fragment were found approximately 250m south-west of the study site (31699 TL9897). The number and type of finds suggest occupational activity is highly likely in this location or its immediate vicinity.

4.4.2 Metal detecting a field approximately 450m south-west of the study site recorded a number of Roman coins (36655). Roman brooches were found during detecting approximately 1km south west of the study site (36654 TL9896), approximately 750m west of the study site (55467TL9897) and approximately 350m north-west of the study site (55024 TL9897). Further brooches and a pottery sherd were found approximately 1km north west of the study site (35591 TL9897).

4.4.3 Based on the available evidence in the immediate vicinity of the study site, particularly the Roman material from 150m west of the site, evidence of Roman settlement activity may occur within the site.

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4.5 Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval/Medieval

4.5.1 Metal detecting in a field approximately 150m west of the study site recorded a number of Saxon artefacts including a buckle, weight and a strap-end in the same field where a large number or Roman artefacts were also recorded (8966 TL9897). In the field to the south, further Saxon finds were recorded including a brooch and spindle whorl (31699 TL9897). Metal detecting in a field approximately 400m north-west of the study site recorded a number of finds including a buckle (55024 TL9897). Further finds including a pin and stirrup mount were found during detecting in a field approximately 450m south- west of the study site (36655) A brooch and strap end was found in a field approximately 600m west of the study site (44736 TL9897).

4.5.2 The number of finds recorded to the west of the study site suggest a possible continuation of activity in this location from the Roman into the Saxon period. A fairly large settlement was recorded at Rockland St Peter in the Domesday Survey of 1086 comprising of 21 households and 1 mill although no in situ evidence of a late Saxon/early Medieval settlement has as yet been recorded.

4.5.3 The Parish Church of St Peter dates largely from the 14th century with later modern additions. The church is Grade I Listed and lies approximately 350m south of the study site away from the historic core of the village (8987 TL99009704).

4.5.4 Apart from the Church, no evidence of in situ Medieval activity has been recorded in the vicinity of the study site although a substantial number of finds have been recorded by metal detecting (44736 TL9897, 36655, 55024 TL9897, 35591 TL9897, 31699 TL9897, 8966 TL9897, 55467 TL9897, 40488 TL9896). These finds may suggest casual loss but it could suggest settlement activity in the vicinity.

4.5.5 A sherd of Medieval pottery was found during building work along Chapel Street approximately 150m north west of the study site (12072 TL989975).

4.5.6 It is likely the site lay in a rural landscape interspersed with scattered farmsteads. The core of Medieval activity within Rockland St Peter may either have lain close to the Church or along Chapel Street as shown on later Post-Medieval maps. As a result the site lay on the edge of the historic core of Rockland, most likely comprising agricultural land during these periods. The archaeological potential of the study site is therefore considered to be moderate for stray finds, but low for evidence of settlement activity.

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4.6 Post-Medieval and Modern

4.6.1 A large number of Post-Medieval finds have been recorded in the vicinity of the site during metal detecting (40488 TL9896, 55467 TL9897, 8966 TL9897, 31699 TL9897, 35591 TL9897, 55024 TL9897, 36655, 44736 TL9897, 52571 TL9897, 51261 TL9897)

4.6.2 During the Post-Medieval period the settlement of Rockland St Peter developed as a linear settlement along Chapel Street on the edge of Rockland Common. Faden’s map of 1757 shows the site comprised of agricultural land to the south-east of the core of settlement activity (Fig. 2). There was no change by the early 19th century (Fig. 3).

4.6.3 The 1838 Rockland St Peter tithe map records the site occupied part of two arable fields to the south east of the core of settlement activity (Fig. 4).

4.6.4 In 1859 the Methodist Chapel was built on Chapel Road approximately 75m north of the northern boundary of the proposed development area. The chapel is Grade II listed and since its closure it has been converted into a private dwelling.

4.6.5 The 1883 Ordnance Survey shows the site continued as agricultural land on the edge of the settlement (Fig. 5). There has been little subsequent change to the site (Figs 6-8).

4.6.6 The archaeological potential of the site for significant Post-Medieval evidence is considered to be low.

4.7 Assessment of Significance

4.7.1 There are no designated heritage assets on the site.

4.7.2 Based on the HER evidence and other relevant material, there is a moderate potential for as yet to be discovered prehistoric and Roman evidence. Any archaeological interest on the site is likely to comprise of artefacts dating from prehistoric to Post Medieval periods. There is also some potential for evidence of Roman and/or Saxon settlement activity.

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5.0 SITE CONDITIONS, THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT ON HERITAGE ASSETS

5.1 Site Conditions

5.1.1 A site visit was undertaken in April 2014. The site comprises arable land to the rear of housing fronting onto Chapel Street. Access into the site is via a gap between two houses on Chapel Street (Plates 1-5).

5.1.2 Cartographic evidence confirms that no development has previously taken place at the site. Centuries of ploughing will have had a widespread below-ground archaeological impact.

5.2 The Proposed Development

5.2.1 It is proposed to develop the site with residential development and associated landscaping and infrastructure.

5.3 Impact on the significance of heritage assets

5.3.1 As identified above, there are no designated heritage assets on the site, therefore development will not impact any nationally important assets. Any development on the site is considered to have a neutral effect on the setting of the two nearby designated heritage assets.

5.3.2 There are no non-designated heritage assets on the site. However development on the site has the potential to impact on as yet to be discovered archaeological remains of a local interest.

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6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Land at Chapel Street, Rockland St Peter is proposed for development.

6.2 The available archaeological, historic, and topographic information indicates that there are no designated or non-designated heritage assets on the study site.

6.3 Based on the HER evidence and other relevant material, there is a moderate potential for as yet to be discovered archaeological evidence. Any archaeological interest on the site is likely to comprise prehistoric artefacts and there is also a moderate potential for evidence of Roman and/or Saxon settlement activity.

6.4 Centuries of past ploughing on the site will have had a widespread below-ground impact which will have truncated and potentially destroyed some archaeological evidence.

6.5 As a result, the proposed development has the potential to impact on archaeological assets of local significance.

6.6 The site can be considered to be of ‘suspected archaeological interest’ and so falls within the scope of Policy DC17. Accordingly it can be anticipated that the planning authority’s archaeological advisor will seek an archaeological evaluation of the site. This is likely to comprise in the first instance of a programme of geophysical survey.

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SOURCES CONSULTED

General

Norfolk Historic Environment Record British Library Norfolk Heritage Explorer http://domesdaymap.co.uk

Bibliographic

Blomefield, F 1805 An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk vol 2 Glazebrook, J (Ed) 1997 Research and Archaeology: a Framework for the Eastern Counties Wade-Martins, S 1997 A History of Norfolk Whites W 1883 History, Gazetteer and Directory of Norfolk

Cartographic

1797 Faden’s map 1826 Bryant’s map 1838 Rockland St Peter Tithe Map 1883 Ordnance Survey 1906 Ordnance Survey 1979 Ordnance Survey

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SOUTH NORFOLK DISTRICT Scoulton

Griston Little Ellingham

Northacre

Lincolnshire Caston Rockland St Peter Norfolk

BRECKLAND DISTRICT Great Ellingham

Stow Bedon Rockland All Saints

Cambridgeshire Lower Stow Bedon Suffolk A11(T) Breckles 297500 297000

598500 599000 599500

Scale at A4: 1:8,000 0 200 m

Site Boundary ± Figure 1: Site Location

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2013] N:\17000-17999\17097 - Rockland St Peter\Figures\Mapping\CAD\01 current\Figures.dwg LW / 22.04.14

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Location Figure 2: 1797 Faden's map CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL 100014723 N:\17000-17999\17097 - Rockland St Peter\Figures\Mapping\CAD\01 current\Figures.dwg LW / 22.04.14

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Location Figure 3: 1826 Bryant's map CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 4: 1838 Rockland St Peter

CONSULTING Tithe Map

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 5: 1883 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 6: 1906 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 7: 1979 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 8: Site as Existing CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 9: Aerial Photograph of the study site CONSULTING (Google Earth 2006) Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Plate 1: South facing photograph along access into the site taken from Chapel Street

Plate 2: East facing photograph looking along northern boundary of development site © CgMs N:\17000-17999\17097 - Rockland St Peter\Plates\Corel

Plate 3: South facing photograph looking along western boundary of study site

Plate 4: North east facing photograph taken from south western corner of study site © CgMs N:\17000-17999\17097 - Rockland St Peter\Plates\Corel

Plate 5: West facing photograph looking along southern boundary of study site Archaeological Desk Based Assessment Land at Chapel Street, Rockland St Peter

Appendix 1:

HER Location Plan (Norfolk HER 2014)

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53416

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Site Boundary Search Area (1km radius) 298000

35591 Designated Heritage Assets: *# Listed Building

Non-Designated Heritage Assets: FG Findspot $+ Historic Building Monument FG52571 55024 Findspot

FG12072 Historic Building

$+*#46704 297500

8966

55467 44736

31699

$+51060

FG51261 $+*#8987

8988 297000

8983

FG36654

36655 15256 ±

56041 Scale at A3: 1:8,000 0 250 FG20681 m $+*#34256 296500 $+34257 # * FG33169 Appendix 1: HER Location Plan (Norfolk HER 2014) 40488 36350 34985 598000 598500 599000 599500 600000

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 © English Heritage 2014. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2014 The Dataset contained in this material was obtained on 08/04/2014