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Amina Kanwal Botany HSR 2

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Amina Kanwal Botany HSR 2 Dedicated to my Family Table of Contents Chapter #. Title. Page Acknowledgments ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv List of Plates vii List of Abbreviations viii List of published/accepted/submitted research papers xi Abstract xii 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 9 3. Materials and Methods 40 4. Results 47 5. Discussion 96 6. Conclusion 102 7. Recommendation 103 8. References 104 Appendix I Plates Appendix II Research paper (Published) Appendix III Research paper (Published) Appendix IV Research paper (Published) Appendix V Research paper (submitted) Appendix VI Supplementary graphs Appendix VII Details of selected species according to e-flora of Pakistan i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises and thanks are to Almighty ALLAH, Who is entire source of knowledge and wisdom endowed to mankind and all respects are for His Last Prophet Hazrat Mohammad Peace Be Upon Him. Special thanks to my praiseworthy supervisor, Dr. Safdar Ali Mirza for his guidance, valuable suggestions, inspirations and moral buck up in all situations during PhD. I want to cordially thank respectable Dr. Ghazala Yasmeen Butt for her ever- lashing kindness and time-to-time technical tips. I am thankful to Botany faculty particularly Dr. Zaheer-ud-din Khan and Mr. Umer Hayyat for their support and cooperation in the study. I extend my thanks to the administrative, technical and other staff of my department. I am grateful to my fellows Mr. Saad Ullah and Mr. Sohaib Mohammad for their heartfelt cooperation and buck up. Heartiest gratitude to my parents, family members and friends for their prayers. Thanks to my husband, Dr. Muhammad Farhan and our little tot, Taha Farhan and Dua Farhan for their continuous love and stress bearing attitude. Amina Kanwal ii List of Tables Table Title Page # Table 4.1. Average physio-chemical characteristics of wastewaters 47 Table 4.2. Impact of wastewaters on seed germination (%) of selected 49 tree species Table 4.3. Impact of WWs on height (cm) of selected tree species 62 Table 4.4. Impact of WWs on FW (g) of selected tree species 65 Table 4.5. Impact of different wastewaters on DW (g) of selected tree 68 species Table 4.6. Impact of different wastewaters on photosynthetic rate of 73 selected tree species Table 4.7. Impact of different wastewaters on stomatal conductance 76 of selected tree species Table 4.8. Impact of different wastewaters on transpiration rate of 79 selected tree species Table 4.9 MDA content (µmol/g FW) in leaf of selected tree species 82 in different wastewater concentrations Table 4.10 Proline (µg/g FW) content in leaf of selected tree species 85 in different wastewater concentrations Table 4.11 Heavy metals uptake rate of selected tree species in 86 different wastewater concentrations Table 4.12 Heavy metal translocation factor of selected tree species in 92 different wastewater concentrations iii List of Figures Figure Caption Page # Figure 4.1. Germination response of selected five tree species in 50 DWW Figure 4.2. Germination response of selected five tree species in 50 HWW Figure 4.3. Germination response of five tree species in IWW 51 Figure 4.4. “Mean time to germination” of selected plant species in 52 DWW Figure 4.5. “Mean time to germination” of selected plant species in 52 IWW Figure 4.6. “Mean time to germination” of selected plant species in 53 HWW Figure 4.7. Seedling fresh weight of selected plant species in DWW 54 Figure 4.8. Seedling fresh weight of selected plant species in HWW 54 Figure 4.9. Seedling fresh weight of selected plant species in IWW 55 Figure 4.10. Seedling length of selected five plant species in DWW 56 Figure 4.11. Seedling length of selected five plant species in HWW 56 Figure 4.12. Seedling length of selected five plant species in IWW 57 Figure 4.13. Vigor Index of selected plant species in DWW 58 Figure 4.14. Vigor Index of selected plant species in IWW 58 Figure 4.15. Vigor Index of selected plant species in HWW 59 Figure 4.16. Tolerance Index of selected plant species in DWW 60 Figure 4.17. Tolerance Index of selected plant species in IWW 60 Figure 4.18. Tolerance Index of selected plant species in HWW 61 Figure 4.19. Height response of selected five plant species in DWW 63 Figure 4.20. Height response of selected five plant species in HWW 63 Figure 4.21. Height response of selected five plant species in IWW 64 Figure 4.22. Fresh weight response of selected five plant species in 66 DWW Figure 4.23. Fresh weight response of selected five plant species in 66 HWW iv Figure Caption Page # Figure 4.24. Fresh weight response of selected five plant species in 67 IWW Figure 4.25. Dry weight response of selected five plant species in 69 DWW Figure 4.26. Dry weight response of selected five plant species in 69 HWW Figure 4.27. Dry weight response of selected five plant species in IWW 70 Figure 4.28. Change in photosynthetic rate of selected five plant 71 species in DWW Figure 4.29. Change in photosynthetic rate of selected five plant 72 species in HWW Figure 4.30. Change in photosynthetic rate of selected five plant 72 species in IWW Figure 4.31. Change in stomatal conductance of selected five plant 74 species in DWW Figure 4.32. Changes in stomatal conductance of selected five plant 75 species in HWW Figure 4.33. Changes in stomatal conductance of selected five plant 75 species in IWW Figure 4.34. Change in Transpiration rate of selected five plant species 77 in DWW Figure 4.35. Changes in Transpiration rate of selected five plant species 78 in HWW Figure 4.36. Changes in Transpiration rate of selected five plant species 78 in IWW Figure 4.37 Changes in MDA content of selected five plant species in 80 DWW Figure 4.38 Changes in MDA content of selected five plant species in 81 HWW Figure 4.39 Changes in MDA content of selected five plant species in 81 IWW v Figure Caption Page # Figure 4.40 Changes in proline content of selected five plant species in 83 DWW Figure 4.41 Changes in proline content of selected five plant species in 84 HWW Figure 4.42 Changes in proline content of selected five plant species in 84 IWW Figure 4.43 Chromium bioaccumulation in selected five plant species 88 in IWW Figure 4.44 Copper bioaccumulation in selected five plant species in 88 IWW Figure 4.45 Manganese bioaccumulation in selected five plant species 89 in IWW Figure 4.46 Lead bioaccumulation in five selected plant species in 89 IWW Figure 4.47 Chromium bioaccumulation in selected five plant species 90 in HWW Figure 4.48 Copper bioaccumulation in selected five plant species in 90 HWW Figure 4.49 Manganese bioaccumulation in selected five plant species 91 in HWW Figure 4.50 Lead bioaccumulation in selected five plant species in 91 DWW vi List of Plates Table Title Plate 1 Collection of DWW Plate 2 Collection site of DWW at River Ravi Plate 3 Collection of HWW Plate 4 Collection of HWW Plate 5 Collection of IWW Plate 6 Collection of IWW Plate 7 Response of Albizia lebbeck in HWW Plate 8 Response of Albizia lebbeck in DWW Plate 9 Response of Albizia lebbeck in IWW Plate 10 Response of Millettia peguensis in IWW Plate 11 Response of Millettia peguensis in DWW Plate 12 Response of Millettia peguensis in HWW Plate 13 Response of Bauhinia purpurea in HWW Plate 14 Response of Bauhinia purpurea in IWW Plate 15 Response of Bauhinia purpurea in DWW Plate 16 Response of Dalbergia sissoo in HWW Plate 17 Response of Dalbergia sissoo in IWW Plate 18 Response of Dalbergia sissoo in DWW Plate 19 Response of Pongamia pinnata in IWW Plate 20 Response of Pongamia pinnata in HWW Plate 21 Response of Pongamia pinnata in DWW vii List of Abbreviations µgg -1 Microgram per gram µg/ml Microgram per milliliter APX Ascorbate peroxidase As Arsenic Ba Barium BCF Bio-concentration factor BF Bioaccumulation factor BOD Biological oxygen demand CAT Catalase Cd Cadmium CMR Chlorophyll meter readings Co Cobalt COD Chemical oxygen demand Cr Chromium Cu Copper DW Dry weight DWW Domestic Wastewater EC Electrical conductivity F Transfer factor FA Fly ash Fe Iron FW Fresh weight GB Glycine betaine GR Glutathione reductase GST Glutathione S-transferase GW Ground water H2O2 Hydrogen per oxide Hg Mercury viii HgCl 2 Mercuric chloride HM Heavy metals HM/R Heavy metal / radionuclide Hsp70 Heat Shock Proteins 70 HWW Hospital Wastewater IWW Industrial Wastewater LPO Lipid peroxidation MDA Malondialdehyde Mg Magnesium mgg -1 Milligram per gram mgkg -1 Milligram per kilogram mgL -1 Milligram per liter min Minute Mn Manganese Mo Molybdenum MTG Mean time to germination MWW Municipal wastewater NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards Ni Nickel nm Nanometer nmolg -1 Nanomole per gram OCPs Organo-chlorine pesticides OM Organic matter Pb Lead pH -ve log of H + concentration ppm Parts per million R Correlation coefficient RF Remediation factor ROS Reactive oxygen species SC Stomatal conductance Se Selenium ix SL Seedling length SOD Superoxide dismutase SW Sewage wastewater TDS Total dissolved solids TEM Transmission electron microscopy TF Translocation Factor Tha -1 Tons per hectare TI Tolerance index TSS Total suspended solids VI Vigor index WW Wastewater WWT Wastewater types xg Resolution Zn Zinc x Published Research paper S. # Title Appendix 1. Amina Kanwal , Safdar Ali Mirza And Muhammad Farhan. II 2015 . Exploring Germination Potential of tree species in DWW for use in urban Forestry.
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