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Pseudombrophila Fuscolilacina (Pezizales) Retrouvé En France Près D’Un Siècle Après Sa Découverte

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Pseudombrophila Fuscolilacina (Pezizales) Retrouvé En France Près D’Un Siècle Après Sa Découverte Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina (Pezizales) retrouvé en France près d’un siècle après sa découverte Michel HAIRAUD Résumé : Présentation d’une récolte de Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina (Grelet) Brumm. sur moquettes de Pascal CHAUTRAND cerf dans l’ouest de la France, espèce rare, illustrée de photos macro et microscopiques. Fourniture de la liste des espèces fimicoles observées sur le même substrat. Mots-clés : Ascomycota, champignons fimicoles, discomycètes operculés, mycosociologie, taxinomie. Ascomycete.org, 9 (7) : 250-254. Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina (Pezizales) refound in France about one century after its discovery Décembre 2017 Abstract: A collection of the rare Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina (Grelet) Brumm. on red deer droppings in Mise en ligne le 25/12/2017 Center West of France is described and illustrated by macro- and micropictures. The list of the species ob- served on the same substrate is given. Keywords: Ascomycota, fimicolous fungi, mycosociology, operculate discomycetes, taxonomy. Cet article est dédicacé à notre ami René Dougoud, à l’occasion de son 70e anniversaire, en hommage à sa passion pour les ascomycètes, notamment operculés, et son désir permanent de partager ses connaissances. ֍֍֍ Introduction Diagnose originale (GRELET, 1926) : Sparsus, superficialis, sessilis, car- nosus, basi hyphis hyalinis, septatis, 3 µ circ. crassis adfixus, primo globoso- oblongus suburceolatus, dein obconicus aut hemisphaericus, 0,5-1 mm. La forêt de La Coubre borde le littoral atlantique au nord de l’es- latus, extus lilacinus, fibrillis subhyalinis, septatis, intricatis, adpressis, ex- tuaire de la Gironde. Ce vaste ensemble forestier de près de 8000 tremitatibus obtusis plus minusve patentibus furfurello-villosolus ; hymenio hectares est né de l’ensemencement dunaire décidé au XIXe siècle concaviusculo, pallidiore, minutissime papillato ; margine distincto, satu- afin de protéger les villages de la presqu’ile d’Arvert régulièrement riore, incurvo vel erecto, subtillisime serrato. Thecae subcylindraceae, ad engloutis par l’ensablement. Le pin (principalement Pinus pinaster) apicem rotundatae, ad basim attenuatae et longissime pedicellatae, oper- y est devenu l’essence dominante, se mêlant à des essences indi- culatae, octosporae, 160-275 µ × 15-18 µ, iodo haud tinctae. Paraphyses gènes méridionales telles que le chêne vert (Quercus ilex), l’arbousier numerosissimae, hyalinae, graciles, filiformes, apice non incrassatae, sep- tatae, plus minusve ramosae, 2 μ circ. crassae. Sporae ellipticae, monosti- (Arbustus unedo), le robinier (Robinia pseudoacacia). De nombreux chae, laeves, hyalinae, intus eguttulatae, 16-20 µ × 9-11 µ. — Excipulum mammifères y trouvent refuge comme le sanglier (Sus scrofa), le che- firmulum, e cellulis angulosis, brunneolis (sub lente) formatum ; ad margi- vreuil (Capreolus capreolus) ou le cerf (Cervus elaphus). Le climat sub- nem vero e cellulis elongatis, arctissimis, 3 µ circ. crassis, fusco-lilacinis, plu- méditerranéen, caractérisé par des étés ensoleillés et secs et des riseriatis, dense contextum. gelées limitées en hiver, y favorise des poussées fongiques d’une Toulon (Var), Februario 1925, in fimo ovino, invenit ac misit. Dñus A. De grande diversité quand les pluies se font suffisamment abondantes Crozals. en fin d’automne et en hiver. C’est l’un des sites préférés des myco- logues du centre ouest de la France. Macroscopie (planche 1) La récolte à plusieurs reprises d’un Pseudombrophila sur crottes Apothécies sessiles, urcéolées puis hémisphériques, jusqu’à de cerf en novembre et décembre 2016 s’est révélée apparentée à 2,4 mm de diamètre, pourpre violacé. Hyménium d’abord concolore l’espèce décrite par GRELET (1926) 90 ans auparavant sous le nom puis palissant en gardant une nuance violacée. Marge surélevée d’Ascophanus fuscolilacinus et intégrée au genre Pseudombrophila jusqu’à 1,3 mm, ne devenant ni crénelée ni fimbrillée. Surface ex- par BRUMMELEN (1995). terne recouverte d’une villosité plus ou moins lâche formée d’hyphes hyalines à blanchâtres, apprimées à hérissées en touffes particulièrement évidentes sur les apothécies naissantes. Matériel et méthode Microscopie (planches 2–3) Asques cylindracés, (215) 230–295 (320) × 16–19 (21) μm, oper- Les observations ont été réalisées sur matériel vivant de plusieurs culés, à sommet obtus, sans réaction à l’iode, pleurorynques, conte- récoltes. Les coupes et mesures ont été faites dans l’eau du robinet, nant huit spores unisériées. Ascospores ellipsoïdales, 19–21 × sur sporée pour les spores, en plusieurs séries d’au moins 15 me- 9,5–11,5 μm, lisses, hyalines, avec parfois quelques masses jaunâtres sures chacune. La recherche de l’amyloïdie des asques a été faite autour du noyau central dont le diamètre est de 4,5–5 μm, souvent avec une solution de Lugol, et l’ornementation éventuelle à l’aide avec une enveloppe détachable, visible dans l’eau et se colorant de bleu coton acide lactique. dans le bleu coton. Paraphyses filiformes, hyalines, fortement sep- La mycosociologie a été étudiée à partir d’une partie de la récolte tées, de 2–2,5 μm de diamètre, à extrémités jamais élargies, voire lé- du 18/12/2016 gardée en chambre humide pendant un mois et gèrement rétrécies et parfois divisées, recouvertes d’un épithécium demi. brun-violacé précipitant en grains très fins dans le milieu d’obser- vation. Sous-hyménium épais de 50–80 μm, de cellules arrondies à courtement cylindriques. Excipulum médullaire large d’environ Taxinomie 200 μm, de textura intricata, à cellules cylindriques orientées per- pendiculairement à l’hyménium, 20–50 (55) × 5–8 (11) μm. Excipu- Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina (Grelet) Brumm., Libri Bot., 14: 36 lum ectal plus épais, de textura globulosa/angularis, composé de (1995). cellules hyalines, jusqu’à 45 μm de diamètre, plus petites dans la Basionyme : Ascophanus fuscolilacinus Grelet, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr., zone la plus externe, 12–25 × 12–15 μm, et à parois brunâtre. La XLII: 205 (1926). structure évolue vers la marge en textura prismatica. Poils hy- 250 AB C D Planche 1 – Pseudombrophila fuscolilacea A. Surface hyméniale et marge. B et D. Divers aspects macroscopiques. C. surface externe. Photos : A, B, C : M. Hairaud ; D : P. Chautrand. Ascomycete.org 251 AB C D E F Planche 2 – Pseudombrophila fuscolilacea A. Coupe montrant la structure de la chair. B. Excipulum ectal. C. Excipulum médullaire. D. Coupe de la zone latérale de l’apothécie. E. Zone ectale de la marge. F. Poils hyphoïdes de surface, superposant l’image E. Photos : M. Hairaud. 252 Ascomycete.org A1 A2 BC D Planche 3 – Pseudombrophila fuscolilacea A1, A2. Sommet d’asques et de paraphyses. B. Ascospores, dans l’eau. C. Ascospores, dans le bleu coton. D. Ascospores, dans l’eau, montant des masses jaunâtres autour du noyau. Photos : M. Hairaud. Ascomycete.org 253 10 µm Planche 4 – Comparaison, à la même échelle, de spores de Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina (à gauche) et P. cervaria. Photos : M. Hairaud. phoïdes × 2,5–5 μm, intriqués, pigmentés de brun foncé. Hyphes tement plus grandes et P. laciniata Brumm., espèce non récoltée de- d’ancrage présentes, hyalines, à paroi épaisse de 2–3 μm. puis sa publication, qui diffère par la couleur de l’hyménium, la forme des spores et les extrémités des poils hyphoïdes. Récoltes étudiées : FRANCE, Charente-Maritime, La Tremblade, Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina ne semble pas avoir été signalé en forêt de La Coubre, 27/11/2016, sur crottes de cerf (Cervus elaphus), France depuis la récolte originale de GRELET (1926), sur laquelle BRUM- leg. P. Chautrand ; herbier personnel M. Hairaud MH 11216. Mêmes MELEN (1995) s’est basé pour l’intégrer au genre Pseudombrophila. La lieu et support, 18/12/2016, leg. P. Chautrand, M. Hairaud et L. Ra- répartition de cette belle espèce semble actuellement limitée à l’Ita- biller ; herbiers personnels P. Chautrand PCH16121801 et M. Hairaud lie (DOVERI, 2004) et à l’Espagne (E. Rubio ERD 6183, base de données MH 61216. d’Ascofrance). Mycosociologie Remerciements Les espèces suivantes ont été déterminées par Bruno Coué. Asco- bolus hawaiiensis Brumm., Coprinopsis stercorea (Fr.) Redhead, Vilga- À Bruno Coué pour le travail de détermination des espèces appa- lys & Moncalvo, Lasiobolus cuniculi Velen., Podospora pleiospora rues, en chambre humide, sur une partie du substrat de la récolte (G. Winter) Niessl, Schizothecium tetrasporum (G. Winter) N. Lundq, du 18/12 au cours des 45 jours suivants. Enrique Rubio Dominguez Trichobolus zukalii (Heimerl) Kimbr., Saccobolus depauperatus (Berk. et Francesco Doveri sont également remerciés pour leurs commen- & Broome) E.C. Hansen, Saccobolus versicolor (P. Karst.) P. Karst., Spo- taires comparatifs à leurs propres récoltes, ainsi que René Dougoud rormiella australis (Speg.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain et Preussia longisporopsis et Gilbert Moyne pour leurs indications et Nicolas Van Vooren pour (S.I. Ahmed & Cain) Kruys. l’aide à la réalisation des planches. Commentaires Bibliographie La présence de ce Pseudombrophila sur moquettes de cervidés BRUMMELEN J. (VAN) 1967. — A World-monograph of the Genus Pseu- évoque instantanément le taxon Pseudombrophila cervaria (W. Phil- dombrophila (Pezizales, Ascomycotina). Libri Botanici 14. Eching lips) Brumm., également récolté dans la région, mais un examen at- bei München, IHW-Verlag, 117 p. tentif éloigne rapidement cette hypothèse, en particulier la taille DOVERI F. 2004. — Fungi Fimicoli Italici. Vicenza, A.M.B. Fondazione des spores (Pl. 4). La couleur violette, longtemps soutenue, des apo- Centro Studi Micologici, 1024 p. thécies et leur couverture de poils hyphoïdes ont retenu notre at- GRELET L.-J. 1926. — Discomycètes nouveaux (2e série). Bulletin de la tention. D’autres caractères, notamment la taille des spores et la Société mycologique de France, XLII : 203-207 + pl. VIII. structure de l’excipulum ectal distinguent P. fuscolilacina des es- RUBIO E. 2014. — Pseudombrophila fuscolilacina. Site Ascofrance: pèces proches : P. hepatica (Batsch) Brumm. possède des spores net- http://www.ascofrance.fr/search_recolte/3799 ef Michel Hairaud Pascal Chautrand 2 impasse des Marronniers 62 rue des Chênes 79360 Poivendre de Marigny 17320 Marennes France France [email protected] [email protected] 254 Ascomycete.org.
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