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An Introduction to the Main Forest Vegetation Types of Mainland SE Asia

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An Introduction to the Main Forest Vegetation Types of Mainland SE Asia Guihaia Jan． 2019，39( 1) : 62－70 http: / /www．guihaia－journal．com DOI: 10．11931/guihaia．gxzw201806022 引文格式: 朱华． 大陆东南亚( 中南半岛) 的主要森林植被类型介绍 ［J］． 广西植物，2019，39( 1) : 62－70． ZHU H． An introduction to the main forest vegetation types of mainland SE Asia ( Indochina Peninsula)［J］． Guihaia，2019，39( 1): 62－70． An introduction to the main forest vegetation types of mainland SE Asia ( Indochina Peninsula) ZHU Hua ( Center for Integrative Conservation，Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Mengla 666303，Yunnan，China ) Abstract: The vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia is less known to science． This article introduces the studies up to now on the vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia ( Indochina peninsula) ，and describes the main fo-rest vegetation types based on fragmentary information and field visits． Seven main terraneous and wet land forest vegetation types，including coniferous forest，coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest，tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest，tropical rain fo- rest，tropical seasonal moist forest，tropical monsoon forest，and dry thorny thickets/woodland ( savanna)，are recog- nized． Of them，the coniferous forest includes two subtypes: temperate coniferous forest and tropical coniferous forest; the coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest includes also two subtypes: warm temperate and temperate coniferous-broad- leaved mixed forests; and the tropical rain forest includes four main vegetation subtypes: tropical lowland evergreen rain forest，tropical seasonal rain forest ( tropical lowland semi-evergreen rain forest)，tropical montane rain forest，and peat swamp forest． The study history of the vegetation in the region，its classification，physiognomic characteristics，and do- minant species composition，are also concisely introduced． Key words: vegetation types，classification，physiognomic characteristics，distribution，mainland Southeast Asia CLC number: Q948 Document code: A Article ID: 1000-3142( 2019) 01-0062-09 大陆东南亚( 中南半岛) 的主要森林植被类型介绍 朱 华 ( 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园，保护生物学中心，云南 勐腊 666303 ) 摘 要: 大陆东南亚( 中南半岛) 的植被研究情况鲜为人知，至今仍无系统研究资料。该文依据数次对该地 区的野外考察和资料收集，介绍了东南亚植被的研究情况和文献资料以及对该地区主要森林植被的分类和 各主要植被类型的特征。大陆东南亚地区在植被分类上包括七个主要的陆生及湿地的森林植被类型: 针叶 林、针阔混交林、热带山地常绿阔叶林、热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带季风林( 季雨林) 、干旱刺灌丛 / 萨王纳植被。其中，针叶林植被型包括温性针叶林和热性针叶林二个植被亚型; 针阔混交林包括温性针阔 混交林和暖温性针阔混交林二个亚型; 热带雨林植被型包括热带低地常绿雨林、热带季节性雨林( 热带低地 半常绿雨林) 、热带山地雨林及泥炭沼泽森林四个植被亚型。该文还对大陆东南亚地区植被研究历史、植被 分类系统、类型特征及植物区系组成进行了讨论。 关键词: 植被类型，分类，群落特征，分布，大陆东南亚 收稿日期: 2018－08－17 基金项 目: 国家自然科学基金( 41471051，31170195，41071040) ［Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41471051，31170195，41071040)］。 作者简介: 朱华( 1960－) ，男，云南昆明人，博士，研究员，主要从事植被与植物区系研究，( E-mail) zhuh@ xtbg．ac．cn。 书 1 期 朱华: 大陆东南亚( 中南半岛) 的主要森林植被类型介绍 36 Fagaceae and Lauraceae species dominating the high- 1 Introduction lands． In Cambodia，Dy Phon ( 1970) published“La vege- Mainland Southeast ( SE ) Asia ( Indochina tation du sud-ouest du Cambodge”． Ｒollet ( 1972) pub- peninsula) is composed of five countries: Myanmar ( Bur- lished“La vegetation du Cambodge”，and Martin ( 1973) ma) ，Thailand，Cambodia，Lao PDＲ and Vietnam． In published “Notes on the vegetation of the Cardamon biogeography， mainland SE Asia is an intrinsically Mountains，Cambodia”． floristic unit ( Zhu，2017a) ． Vegetation studies for the In Myanmar，Stamp ( 1925) published “Vegetation whole of mainland SE Asia are lacking，except for the of Burma，from an ecological standpoint”and Champion works of Blasco et al． ( 1996)，Vidal ( 1997) and Ashton ( 1936) published “A preliminary survey of the forest ( 2014) ． Blasco published a vegetation map of tropical types of India and Burma”，as well as Davis ( 1960) pub- continental Asia，and Ashton described the forests of lished“The forests of Burma”． In recent years，Htun et tropical Asia，including seasonal forests in tropical conti- al． ( 2011) published“Classifying tropical deciduous veg- nental Asia． However，vegetation studies for each indivi- etation: a comparison of multiple approaches in Popa dual SE Asia country began early， especially in Mountain Park，Myanmar”，and Aye et al． ( 2014) pub- Thailand，Vietnam and Myanmar where there have been a lished “Floristic composition， diversity and stand lot of studies，but there have been fewer in Laos and structure of tropical forests in Popa Mountain Park”． Cambodia． However，comprehensive accounts of the vegetation In Thailand，the first vegetation survey was made by of mainland SE Asia are lacking． Here I provide a concise Credner ( 1935)，in which a concise outline of Thai vege- introduction to the main terraneous and wet land forest tation was given． Ogawa et al． ( 1961) focused on northern vegetation types based on the fragmentary published infor- Thailand vegetation and published “A preliminary survey mation and my own field visits． This article is intended as on the vegetation of Thailand”． Smitinand ( 1966) studied a reference for people who are interested in the vegetation the limestone vegetation in northern Thailand and of mainland SE Asia，especially for the researchers in the Santisuk ( 1988) gave an account of the vegetation of recently established Southeast Asia Biodiversity Ｒesearch northern Thailand． Phengklai ( 1989) studied the peat Institute，Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS-SEABＲI) ． swamp forest of Thailand． After these authors’works，a lot of studies on vegetation for various national parks and 2 Vegetation classification nature reserves，such as Maxwell ＆ Elliott ( 2001) for Doi-Sutep National Park，have also been made． Classications of tropical forests are essential for In Vietnam，Schmid ( 1974) published “Vegetation production forestry，conservation planning，and ecological du Viet Nam”． Many vegetational studies on various na- research ( Corlett，2014) ． The terminology and classifica- tional parks and nature reserves have also been made， tion of tropical vegetation have not been standardized such as Thin’s work ( 1997)，“The vegetation of Cuc- world－wide，because different approaches were used by phuong National Park，Vietnam”． different investigators． As Corlett stated that there is no In Laos PDＲ，Vidal ( 1960，1972) published “The single，agreed， global， or pantropical classication forests of Laos”and“La vegetation du Laos”． He distin- system for vegetation or just for forests ( Corlett， guished the forest types of Laos as moist semi－deciduous 2014) ． Beard ( 1944，1955) made the earliest classifi- forests with dipterocarps，mixed deciduous forests，and cation of the tropical American vegetation types． Ｒich- savanna in the lowlands，and moist montane forest of ards ( 1983，1996) classified the tropical rain forests of 46 广 西 植 物 39 卷 the world． Hall ＆ Swaine ( 1976，1981) classified the form a particular ecosystem． Mangroves are not African tropical rain forest，Webb ( 1959) classified the introduced in this article because of their popular well－ Australian rain forest， and Ｒobbins ( 1968 ) and known fact． The seven vegetation types here introduced， Whitmore ( 1984 ) classified the tropical Asian rain are coniferous forest，coniferous-broad-leaved mixed for- forest． Zhu ( 2006，2017b) and Zhu et al． ( 2015a) est，tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest， classified the tropical forests in South China at the tropical rain forest， tropical seasonal moist forest， northern margin of mainland SE Asia． tropical monsoon forest，and dry thorny thickets and Blasco et al． ( 1996) classified the main vegetation woodland ( savanna) ． types of tropical continental Asia into ( 1) Tropical rain Here I would like especially to clarify the names forest formation ( including tropical lowland evergreen and applications of several forest types in this rain forest，tropical lowland semi-evergreen rain forest， article． ( 1 ) The tropical seasonal rain forest in tropical montane rain forest and peat swamp forest) ， mainland SE Asia． In terms of physiognomy and struc- ( 2 ) Mangroves，( 3 ) Monsoon forest formation ture，it is similar to the evergreen seasonal forest of ( including tropical dry deciduous forest，tropical moist tropical America of Beard ( 1944，1955)，to the humid deciduous forest，dry evergreen forest) ，( 4) Woodland evergreen type of the African tropical rain forest of Hall ( including dry deciduous dipterocarp woodlands and ＆ Swaine ( 1976，1981)，to the mesophyll vine forest of mixed deciduous woodlands)，and ( 5) Thickets ( inclu- the Australian rain forest of Webb ( 1959) or to the ding dry thorny thickets and coastal Melaleuca stands) ． semi-evergreen rain forest of Walter ( 1971) ． However， Corlett ( 2014 ) commented that local ( or it resembles largely the semi-evergreen rain forests of SE landscape-scale) classications were usually at least Asia of Whitmore ( 1984)，or tropical seasonal forests of partly based on oristics: dominant species，indicator Corlett ( 2005) ． I used the name“tropical seasonal rain species， or overall oristic composition， and forest”for this kind of forest in South China at the classications at the largest scales were usually based on northern margin of mainland SE Asia ( Zhu，1997， the dominant growth forms． Physiognomic and ecological 2004，2006，2017b) ． It is still suitable to use this forest characteristics have been mainly used for classification type in the tropical seasonal region of mainland SE at the SE Asia vegetation type level ( Ｒichards，1983)， Asia． ( 2) The tropical montane rain forest． This is the while floristic composition and habitats combined were same as the lower montane rain forest of tropical Asia mainly used at the formation level． In this article，clas- ( Whitmore，1984，1990)，although it is somewhat dif- sification is based
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