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Effects of Within-Field and Landscape Factors on Dasineura Brassicae in Winter Oilseed Rape Cultivations in Skåne, Southern Sweden

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Effects of Within-Field and Landscape Factors on Dasineura Brassicae in Winter Oilseed Rape Cultivations in Skåne, Southern Sweden Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science Effects of within-field and landscape factors on Dasineura brassicae in winter oilseed rape cultivations in Skåne, southern Sweden – A field survey with a special approach to pesticide-free control zones Emma Johansson Degree project • [30] hec Alnarp 2019 Effects of within-field and landscape factors on Dasineura brassicae in winter oilseed rape cultivations in Skåne, southern Sweden – A field survey with a special approach to pesticide-free control zones Effekter av fält- och landskapsfaktorer på Dasineura brassicae i höstrapsodlingar i Skåne - En fältstudie med en särskild inriktning på bekämpningsfria zoner Emma Johansson Supervisor: Mattias Larsson, SLU, Department of Plant Protection Biology Examiner: Anders TS Nilsson, SLU, Department of Biosystems and Technology Credits: 30 hec Project level: A2E, master’s thesis Course Title: Independent Project in Biology, A2E Course Code: EX0856 Subject: Biology Place of Publication: Alnarp Year of Publication: 2019 Cover Art: Emma Johansson Online Publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Keywords: Dasineura brassicae, brassica pod midge, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, cabbage seedpod weevil, winter oilseed rape, rapeseed crop damages, pesticide-free control zones, within- field factors, landscape factors SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science Department of Plant Breeding Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Oilseed rape ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 The study organisms ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Ceutorhynchus obstrictus - Cabbage seed weevil ............................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Dasineura brassicae Winn. - Brassica pod gall midge .................................................................................... 4 1.3 D. brassicae in Sweden .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Landscape factors ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Material and methods .............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 The study region ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 The study sites .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Collection of trap samples .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 Field survey of damages by D. brassicae ....................................................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Analyses of landscape factors ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.4 Data management and statistical tests ...................................................................................................................... 15 3 Results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Abundances of D. brassicae and C. obstrictus throughout the crop season ............................................................. 17 3.2 Difference in, and relation of, abundance of D. brassicae male and female ............................................................. 18 3.3 Relation between trap catches and the number of C. obstrictus counted on WOSR-plants ...................................... 20 3.4 Relation between abundances of D. brassicae and C. obstrictus .............................................................................. 20 3.5 Differences in abundances of D. brassicae and C. obstrictus within- and outside of the PFCZ ............................... 21 3.6 Relation of abundance of C. obstrictus between the trap types ................................................................................ 21 3.7 Difference in abundance of C. obstrictus between the season of 2017 and 2018 ..................................................... 22 3.8 Differences in within- field damages by D. brassicae in early- and late pod set ...................................................... 23 3.9 Effect of abundances of C. obstrictus and D. brassicae and chemical treatments on damages ................................ 29 3.10 Abundance and damage by D. brassicae in a geographic perspective ...................................................................... 32 3.11 Analyses of landscape factors ................................................................................................................................... 34 3.12 Questionnaire............................................................................................................................................................ 38 4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................ 39 4.1 Abundances of D. brassicae and C. obstrictus throughout the crop season ............................................................. 39 4.2 Difference in, and relation of, abundance of D. brassicae male and female ............................................................. 40 4.3 Relationship between trap catches and the number of C. obstrictus counted on WOSR-plants ............................... 41 4.4 Relation between abundances of D. brassicae and C. obstrictus .............................................................................. 42 4.5 Differences in abundances of D. brassicae and C. obstrictus within- and outside of the PFCZ ............................... 44 4.6 Relation of mean trap catches of C. obstrictus between the trap types ..................................................................... 44 4.7 Differences in within- field damages by D. brassicae in early- and late pod set ...................................................... 45 4.8 Effects of abundances of C. obstrictus and D. brassicae and chemical treatments on damages ............................... 49 4.9 Damage by D. brassicae in a geographic perspective .............................................................................................. 51 4.10 Analyses of landscape factors ................................................................................................................................... 52 4.10.1 Landscape complexity .............................................................................................................................. 52 4.10.2 Areas of 2017 WOSR- fields .................................................................................................................... 54 4.10.3 Distances to 2017 WOSR- fields .............................................................................................................. 56 5 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 57 6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................. 58 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................. 59 8 References ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 Abstract Winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is the most common oilseed crop grown in the province of Skåne in southern Sweden, where this study was performed. B. napus is often associated with various insect pests. This study regards two of these; the cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus) and the brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae). While direct infestations by C. obstrictus usually do not pose a major threat to B. napus cultivations, the attacks will often facilitate infestation by D. brassicae, which can cause considerable damage and subsequent yield loss through its destruction of pods. This study focuses on within-field and landscape factors that may affect abundance and damage by
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