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Classification of Oilseed Rape Visiting Insects in Relation to the Sulphur Supply

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Classification of Oilseed Rape Visiting Insects in Relation to the Sulphur Supply Sonderheft 312 Special Issue Classification of oilseed rape visiting insects in relation to the sulphur supply Fahmia Aljmli Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de . 2007 Landbauforschung Völkenrode - FAL Agricultural Research Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL) Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany [email protected] Preis / Price: 15 € ISSN 0376-0723 ISBN 978-3-86576-036-4 Sonderheft 312 Special Issue Classification of oilseed rape visiting insects in relation to the sulphur supply Fahmia Aljmli Aljmli,Table Classification of contents of oilseed rape visiting insects in relation to the sulphur supply i i TABLE OF CONTENT Table of content.……………………………….……………………………………..…….i List of figures.......................................................................................................................iii List of tables.........................................................................................................................ix List of tables and figures in the appendix.........................................................................xi 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Biology and damage of important pests in European oilseed rape cropping............... 4 1.2 Influence of fertilisation on the infestation of crops by insects................................. 10 1.3 Importance of secondary plant metabolites of Brassica napus in host-plant selection .................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Management strategies to reduce the infestation of oilseed rape by insect pests ...... 16 1.5 Response of generalist and specialist insects to defence compounds........................ 17 1.6 Objectives of this study.............................................................................................. 18 2 Material and Methods ................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Description of study sites........................................................................................... 19 2.2 Experimental design...................................................................................................21 2.3 Sampling procedures of oilseed rape visiting insects ................................................ 22 2.3.1 Sampling of adult insects................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Sampling of eggs and larvae.............................................................................. 30 2.4 Analysis of plant material and larvae......................................................................... 35 2.4.1 Analysis of plant samples .................................................................................. 35 2.4.2 Analysis of larvae .............................................................................................. 38 2.5 Classification of insects ............................................................................................. 39 2.6 Statistical analysis...................................................................................................... 40 3 Results ............................................................................................................................. 41 3.1 Influence of S-fertilisation on the S-status of oilseed rape and S-containing secondary metabolites................................................................................................ 41 3.2 Influence of S-fertilisation on the mineral composition of larvae collected from oilseed rape ................................................................................................................ 43 ii ii Landbauforschung Völkenrode,Table Special of Issue contents 312, (2007) 3.3 Influence of S-fertilisation on the number of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) .......... 49 3.4 Influence of S-fertilisation on the number of stem-mining weevils, the rape stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus napi) and the cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus).............................................................................................................. 54 3.5 Influence of S-fertilisation on the number of the cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus)........................................................................................ 61 3.6 Influence of S-fertilisation on the number of Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae)................................................................................................................... 67 3.7 Influence of S-fertilisation on the number of root flies (Delia radicum, Delia platura and Delia florilega).................................................................................................... 73 3.8 Influence of S- and N-fertilisation on the number of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)................................................................................................................... 80 3.9 Influence of S- and N-fertilisation on the occurrence of Staphylinidae and Tachyporus (adults and larvae).................................................................................. 82 3.10 Influence of S-fertilisation of oilseed rape on the number of miscellaneous insects 90 4 Discussion........................................................................................................................ 93 4.1 Significance of experimental conditions on infestation of oilseed rape with insects.. .................................................................................................................................... 93 4.2 Relationship between the S-nutritional status of oilseed rape and oilseed rape visiting insects......................................................................................................................... 96 4.3 Relationship between S-fertilisation and beneficial insects of oilseed rape............ 110 4.4 Relationship between N-fertilisation and infestation of oilseed rape with different pests and beneficial insects ...................................................................................... 113 5 Summary....................................................................................................................... 117 6 References..................................................................................................................... 123 7 Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 142 8 Appendix....................................................................................................................... 143 Aljmli,List ofClassification figures of oilseed rape visiting insects in relation to the sulphur supply iii iii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1: Important pest species which attack different plant parts of oilseed rape. ........ 2 Fig. 1.2: The life cycle of Meligethes spp. on oilseed rape.............................................. 5 Fig. 1.3: Life cycle of Dasineura brassicae..................................................................... 8 Fig. 2.1: Precipitation and temperature during the growing season 2004...................... 20 Fig. 2.2: Precipitation and temperature during the growing season 2005...................... 20 Fig. 2.3: Distribution of traps for the monitoring of oilseed rape visiting insects during different plant growth stages in the field trials. ............................................... 23 Fig. 2.4: The sampling of oilseed rape visiting insects using an emergence traps......... 25 Fig. 2.5: Different parts of the emergence traps............................................................. 26 Fig. 2.6: The collection of oilseed rape visiting insects by using a beating tray............ 28 Fig. 2.7: The sampling of oilseed rape visiting insects by using the Vortis’ suction sampler............................................................................................................. 29 Fig. 2.9: Meridian splitting in a main stem caused by larvae of Ceutorhynchus napi and destroyed second stems by larvae of Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus................. 33 Fig. 2.10: Symptoms on pods infected by larvae of Dasineura brassicae....................... 34 Fig. 2.11: Sampling of insect larvae from oilseed rape caught by funnel traps. .............. 35 Fig. 3.1: Relationship between the S-concentration and the biomass of larvae of Meligethes spp. ................................................................................................ 45 Fig. 3.2: Effect of S-application on the number of adults of Meligethes spp. collected by different methods from oilseed rape at flowering............................................ 49 Fig. 3.3: Effect of S-fertilisation on the number of adult of Meligethes spp. at flowering collected from oilseed rape. ............................................................................. 50 Fig. 3.4: Effect of N-application on the number of adults of Meligethes spp. collected from oilseed rape.............................................................................................. 50 Fig. 3.5: Number of Meligethes spp. larvae which were collected
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