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Dasineura Oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations on Cranberry and Blueberry in British Columbia: Same Species, Host Races Or Sibling Species?

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Dasineura Oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations on Cranberry and Blueberry in British Columbia: Same Species, Host Races Or Sibling Species? DASINEURA OXYCOCCANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) POPULATIONS ON CRANBERRY AND BLUEBERRY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: SAME SPECIES, HOST RACES OR SIBLING SPECIES? by Melissa Ashley Cook B. Sc. (Biology Co-op), Simon Fraser University, 2008 THESIS MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Sciences © Melissa Ashley Cook 2011 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2011 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Melissa Ashley Cook Degree: Master of Science Title of Thesis: Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations on Cranberry and Blueberry in British Columbia: Same Species, Host Races or Sibling Species? Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. D. J. Green, Associate Professor ___________________________________________ Dr. B. D. Roitberg, Professor, Senior Supervisor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. ___________________________________________ Dr. S. M. Fitzpatrick, Research Scientist Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada ___________________________________________ Dr. G. Gries, Professor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. ___________________________________________ Robert G. Bennett Public Examiner Independent Conservation Biology Consultant; Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum Date Defended/Approved: ___________________________________________ ii Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the “Institutional Repository” link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 Abstract The gall-inducing midge, Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, and highbush blueberry, V. corymbosum, in British Columbia. Dasineura oxycoccana was initially found on highbush blueberry and more recently on cranberry. Given the close proximity of many cranberry and blueberry farms in British Columbia, it was hypothesized that D. oxycoccana was moving from highbush blueberry onto cranberry. I investigated whether D. oxycoccana populations from these two crops were the same species, host races or sibling species. I examined two mechanisms that could contribute to reproductive isolation between these populations: temporal isolation and behavioural isolation. Phenological data show that D. oxycoccana populations were not temporally isolated, because several generations were active at the same time on both crops. Behavioural isolation data from mating experiments show that these populations are completely reproductively isolated and most likely represent cryptic species. Keywords: gall midge; host race; cryptic species; sibling species; phenology; assortative mating; host shift; Dasineura oxycoccana; Vaccinium corymbosum; Vaccinium macrocarpon iii Dedication To my Dad for opening the door to the world of biology iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Bernie Roitberg for his support, guidance and expertise. You showed me that my project could be both applied and theoretical. You always knew when to let me figure it out myself and when to guide me. Thank you to the Roitberg laboratory colleagues for their helpful comments and suggestions on my project and presentations and allowing me to bounce ideas off you when I was stuck. I would also like to thank my „unofficial‟ co-supervisor Dr. Sheila Fitzpatrick. I have known you since I began working with you as an undergraduate co-op student at SFU. You helped me to become the scientist that I am today and gave me my first opportunity to work in agriculture. Your expertise, support and guidance both inside and outside of school have been invaluable. I would also like to thank my committee member Dr. Gerhard Gries for his helpful suggestions and support during the course of this research and reviewing the thesis. I will always remember your enthusiasm and dedication in BISC 204 and 317 when I was an undergraduate student at SFU. You significantly impacted my future career path. Thank you to my external examiner Dr. Robb Bennett for reviewing my thesis and providing helpful and constructive comments. Thank you to Dan Peach, Sneh Mathur and Ringa Erio during my first field season for the countless hours spent staring through microscopes dissecting cranberry and blueberry shoots and processing sticky traps. Thank you to Sasha Ozeroff, Jordan Scheu and Kiran Ranganathan during my second field season for the never-ending hours and v days spent watching insects mate and not mate, misting of young cranberries vines and bagging and de-bagging blueberry bushes. Your humour during these field seasons was greatly appreciated. There‟s an African proverb that says “it takes a village to raise a child”, well in this case it took a village to get me through my Master‟s degree. To my Aunt Barb, Uncle Ken and Cousin Brittany Tunshell, thank you for your continuing love and support. A huge thank you to my Grandma Dagg for giving me a place to stay during my summer field seasons! Over the past two years of my Masters, plus three years of Co-op terms during my undergrad, you have opened your heart and home to me putting up with my voracious appetite. Natalie McCarthy and Dr. Sean Flynn thank you for everything you‟ve done. We‟ve been through so much over the last couple of years. Natalie you‟re the big sister I never had, your love and support since I was just a kid are invaluable. I always know that you‟ve got my back. To Barbara Best and Dr. Bill Hartwick, thank you for your love, support and encouragement. Bill the chiropractic treatments have saved my back and neck from all those years spent hunched over a computer. To Rose, Greg and Kim Morris, you‟ve become family to me over the last couple of years. Thank you for your support, all of the afternoon tea and cookies and continued interest in my project. Thank you to Jim Lanzo for your continued interest in my project and always asking when I was going to be finished and what was next. I always looked forward to tell you about my progress. vi To Kelly Ablard, thank you for all of your advice, helpful comments and pep talks before presentations. Your friendship is invaluable; I can‟t imagine surviving the last couple of years without your guidance and support. Mireille Kramer and Juliana Yeung we have been friends since we were undergrads at SFU. Thank you for your support and guidance during the last decade at SFU. Thank you to all of my friends at SFU that I have met along the way. To all of my field hockey friends- Erin, Grace, Karen, Elaine, Shelley, Tabby, Michelle and many more for putting up with all of my rants when I couldn‟t put my project away on the weekends. To my Mom and Dad. You always encouraged my interest in biology; from cats, dogs, hedgehogs, snakes, mice, earthworm farms, walkingsticks and cockroaches (admittedly the latter was a bit of a stretch!). In hindsight saying no to a horse was probably the right choice. You both encouraged and guided me in my studies as an undergraduate student. To Mom, the last couple of years have been really challenging for both of us without Dad and I know that I would not have been able to finish my Masters without you. You always know what to say when things were rough and always told me to keep going and that I was almost there. Well I‟m there know. To Dad, I owe my interest in biology to you. I still continue to grow your dahlia‟s and maintain your discus- filled aquariums. You always said “I was the only one who didn‟t know I could do it” and you know what you were right. Dad I finished my Masters! vii Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .........................................................................................................................................
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