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The Gravettian in Southwest Germany - Environment and Economy 249 ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 1999 ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 31 ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA PUBLICATION OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN HUNTERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE THE MID UPPER PALAEOLITHIC OF EURASIA 30,000 - 20,000 BP EDITED BY WIL ROEBROEKS, MARGHERITA MUSSI, JIRI SVODOBA AND KELLY FENNEMA UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN 1999 This volume is dedicated to the memory of Joachim Hahn Published in cooperation with the European Science Foundation Editorial supervision of this volume: W. Roebroeks ISSN 0169-7447 ISBN 90-73368-16-2 Copyright 2000 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden Subscriptions to the series Analecta Praehistorica Leidcnsia and single volumes can be ordered exclusively at: Faculty of Archaeology P.O. Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands contents 1 Margherita Mussi, Wil Roebroeks and Jiri Svoboda: Hunters of the Golden Age: an introduction / 2 Dale Guthrie and Thijs van Kolfschoten: Neither warm and moist, nor cold and arid: the ecology of the Mid Upper Palaeolithic 13 3 Paul Pettitt: Chronology of the Mid Upper Palaeolithic: the radiocarbon evidence 21 4 Steven Churchill, Vincenzo Formicola, Trenton Holliday, Brigitte Holt and Betsy Schumann: The Upper Palaeolithic population of Europe in an evolutionary perspective 31 5 Olga Soffer: Gravettian technologies in social contexts 59 6 Wil Roebroeks and Raymond Corbey: Periodisations and double standards in the study of the Palaeolithic 77 7 Jean Clottes: Art between 30,000 and 20,000 bp 87 8 Margherita Mussi, Jacques Cinq-Mars and Pierre Bolduc: Echoes from the mammoth steppe: the case of the Balzi Rossi 705 9 Ludmila Iakovleva: The gravettian art of Eastern Europe as exemplified in the figurative art of Kostenki 1 125 10 Yvette Taborin: Gravettian body ornaments in Western and Central Europe 135 11 Martin Oliva: The Brno II Upper Palaeolithic burial 143 12 Lars Larsson: Plenty of mammoths but no humans? Scandinavia during the Middle Weichselian 155 13 Pavel Pavlov and Svein Indrelid: Human occupation in Northeastern Europe during the period 35,000 - 18,000 bp 165 14 Sergey Vasil'ev: The Siberian mosaic: Upper Palaeolithic adaptations and change before the Last Glacial Maximum 173 15 Jiri Svoboda, Bohuslav Klfma, Lenka Jarosova and Petr Skrdla: The Gravettian in Moravia: climate, behaviour and technological complexity 197 16 Martin Oliva: Some thoughts on pavlovian adaptations and their alternatives 219 17 Viola Dobosi: Interior parts of the Carpathian Basin between 30,000 and 20,000 bp 231 18 Anta Montet-White: A scarcity of MUP sites in the Sava Valley, stratigraphic hiatus and/or depopulation 241 19 Joachim Hahn: The Gravettian in Southwest Germany - environment and economy 249 20 Anne Scheer: The Gravettian in Southwest Germany: stylistic features, raw material resources and settlement patterns 257 21 Gerhard Bosinski: The period 30,000 - 20,000 bp in the Rhineland 271 22 Martin Street and Thomas Terberger: The German Upper Palaeolithic 35,000 - 15,000 bp. New dates and insights with emphasis on the Rhineland 281 23 Wil Roebroeks: A marginal matter: the human occupation of northwestern Europe - 30,000 to 20,000 bp 299 24 Francois Djindjian: The Mid Upper Palaeolithic (30,000 to 20,000 bp) in France 313 25 Jean-Philippe Rigaud: Human adaptation to the climatic deterioration of the last Pleniglacial in southwestern France (30,000 - 20,000 bp) 325 26 Joäo Zilhäo: Nature and culture in Portugal from 30,000 to 20,000 bp 337 27 Margherita Mussi: Heading south: the gravettian colonisation of Italy 355 28 Catherine Pedes: Greece, 30,000 - 20,000 bp 375 General index 399 Site index 405 Anne Scheer 20 The Gravettian in Southwest Germany: stylistic features, raw material resources and settlement patterns Gravettian sites are rare in Southwest Germany and are Salching (Weissmüller 1985, 1987, 1990; Weissmüller and mainly limited to cave sites. Nearly all have to be considered Bausch 1986) in Bavaria. In Ried near Dollnstein, a single as early Mid Upper Palaeolithic. Font Robert points are rare Font Robert point was found (Freund 1963; Zotz 1964), as in caves and innre abundant in open air .sites. Ivory pendants well as some blades and endscrapers (Rieder 1989). seem to play a characteristic role in the Gravettian of South The only site with Font Robert points in Eastern Germany Germany. The art is poor, in contrast to the Aurignacian, and is Bilzingsleben (Mania 1981). Probably also is represented l>y some engravings and the female figurine of Ilsenhöhle/Ranis (Feustel 1989) should be considered, but Weinberghöhle. Local raw material was mainly used but Font Robert points are absent there. other lithic and organic materials indicate long distances of If one compares the local results of climatic analyses with up to 300 km; movements seem to be dictated by the river those of French sites, most of the old dates of two gravettian Danube. The most intensive relationship exists between the cave sites (Geissenklösterle and Hohle Fels) assumed a caves in the Ach Valley, as proven by the raw materials and parallelism with the 'Tursac' oscillation (Laville and Hahn the pendants. Contemporaneity of the Ach Valley sites is 1981), a period which in the Ach Valley is cool and humid, demonstrated by the refittings of stone artefacts between the changing to a cold and dry climate (Hahn, this volume). The caves. The independency of the settlement groups is reflected l4C dates correlated approximately to this oscillation, but in their own special material, as well as in production newly available AMS dates are evidently older, as at other techniques or in different contacts and activities, as shown by sites, more comparable with the older datings from the distinct raw material resources and tool assemblages. Weinberghöhle and Brillenhöhle, and they could be Settlement density seems to decrease from the Middle correlated to what Movius called the 'Les Eyzies/Kesselt' Palaeolithic to the Gravettian, with a hiatus during the oscillation (Bricker et al. 1995). Pleniglacial and an increase towards the late Magdalenian. For the open air site of Salching, which should be This change in settlement pattern could have been caused by considered because of its microgravette- and Font Robert climatic events. Even though there is a partial overlapping of points, the climatic situation also points to the early MUP. settlement areas we cannot speak of a real cultural Artefacts were found in a loess layer above a soil which is continuity. Only in some techniques, like the production of referred to as 'Paudorf-Denekamp' (Weissmüller 1985: fig. ivory beads, does there seem to be a development from the 4, 199, 239), which is comparable to the stratigraphic Aurignacian to the Gravettian. position of Mainz-Linsenberg and Sprendlingen above the 'Lohne-soil' (cf. Bosinski, this volume). Notable in Salching 1. Introduction is the vertical distribution of artefacts over about 70 cm, Most gravettian sites in Southwest Germany are cave sites, certain indications of solifluction, and the position in a loess concentrated in the Swabian Jura in the Ach Valley, 20 km without soil which indicates a cold climatic situation. It is west of Ulm: Brillenhöhle (Riek 1973), Geissenklösterle uncertain here whether a correlating soil has eroded or that it (Hahn 1988), Sirgenstein (Schmidt 1910, 1912), and Hohle is a matter of (sheet)solifluction originally deposited on top Fels (Saier 1994). The cave site of Bockstein-Törle (Hahn of the soil which corresponds to the 'Denekamp'. 1977) in the Lone Valley should probably also be considered The geochronological position of Steinacker (Holdermann a Mid Upper Palaeolithic (MUP) site. More cave sites are 1997) still requires investigation of the soil. The artefacts situated in the Bavarian Jura, such as the Weinberghöhle were found above a loess layer in a decalcified loess with near Mauern (Böhmers 1951; Zotz et al. 1955), and perhaps gastropods characteristic of a cold and humid period. also the nearby Mittlere and Obere Klause (Freund 1963), as well as the Abri im Dorf (Prüfer 1961). 2. Lithic industry Open air sites are less numerous: Steinacker (Pasda 1995, Not only the climatic references but also the lithic typology in prep: Holdermann 1997) in the Upper Rhine Valley, and (Table 1) of Geissenklösterle correlates to the early French 258 HUNTERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE Table 1. Tools of the main cave sites in southwest Germany, numbers considered until 1983. SITE elk nil III SI WH ST artefact number 3 141 6554 1135 522 1641 17650 tool number 239 535 1 13 42 151 210 perc. of tools' 7.6 8.2 10.0 8.1 9.2 1.2 perc. of tools2 12.4 9.8 1 1.1 7.5 10.1 1.5 TOOLS </< burins 59 24.7 146 27.3 28 24.8 16 38.1 50 33.1 59 28.1 backed points 47 19.7 31 5.8 13 1 1.5 2 4.8 16 10.6 9 4.3 backed blades 40 16.7 15 2.8 18 15.9 1 2.4 9 6.0 5 2.4 scalar pieces 31 13.0 168 31.4 1 1 9.7 5 1 1.9 8 5.3 scrapers 12 5.0 5 7 10.7 8 7.1 7 16.7 14 9.3 16 7.6 borers 8 3.3 1 0.2 3 2.7 7 4.6 5 4.3 flcchcttes 7 2.9 13 2.4 6 5.3 14 9.3 scraper/burins 6 2.5 13 2.4 2 1.8 truncated pieces 5 2.1 10 1.9 7 6.2 3 7.1 13 8.6 22 10.5 pointed blades 5 2.1 4 0.7 ? 2 4.8 6 4.0 Font Robert 2 0.8 1 1 5.2 shouldered points 1 0.4 2 0.4 2 1.8 1 0.7 2 1.0 Kostenki 7 1.3 1 0.9 1 0.7 1 0.5 others 16 6.7 68 12.7 14 12.4 6 14.3 12 8.0 80 38.1 spalls1 134 4.3 95 1.5 13 1.1 13 0.8 44 0.3 unfinished/deblet 15 0.5 8 0.1 I 0.1 1 0.1 16 0.1 backed pieces GK = Geissenklösterle BH = Brillenhöhle HF = Hohle Fels SI = Sirgenstein WH = Weinberghöhle St = Steinacker ' without spalls and debiet 2 with spalls and debiet ' percentage of whole assemblage Gravettian (Abri Pataud V; Bosselin 1996) with more than Geissenklösterle has the lowest percentage of tools.
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