Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Chief Sarah 's Fight for Indian Rights by Dorothy Nafus Morrison Chief Sarah: Sarah Winnemucca's Fight for Indian Rights by Dorothy Nafus Morrison. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. What can I do to prevent this in the future? If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Cloudflare Ray ID: 65ff316c7a3e2c4e • Your IP : 116.202.236.252 • Performance & security by Cloudflare. Sarah Winnemucca. Sarah Winnemucca (1844-1891) was born Thocmentony, a Paiute name that means "Shell Flower." She was a peacemaker, teacher, interpreter, scout, and defender of the rights of Native Americans. She was notable for being the first Native American woman to secure a copyright and to publish in the English language. She was also known by her married name, Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, under which she published her book, Life Among the Paiutes: Their Wrongs and Claims, an autobiographical account of her people during their first forty years of contact with explorers and settlers. Sarah Winnemucca lived in two worlds; the world of Native Americans and the world of whites, and as such she was often caught in a no-win situation. On one side, her people, the Paiutes, would accuse her of being a collaborator with the U.S. Army and white government reservation officers, and on the other side, whites often did not keep their promises to her and her people. Her role as a peacemaker was a difficult one, yet one that she faced bravely and with great intelligence and eloquence. Her autobiography, Life among the Paiutes, reads like a heart crying out for help rather than as a mere recounting of historical fact. Contents. Winnemucca's pioneering activism has only recently received positive attention, and in 2005, a statue of her was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the U.S. Capitol. Early life. Born "somewhere near 1844" at the Humboldt Sink, in what is now western , Sarah Winnemucca was the daughter of Chief Winnemucca (Poito) . Her father was a shaman and her grandfather, being a recognized chief of the northern Paiutes, helped to earn her the nickname from the press of "Paiute Princess." Winnemucca's grandfather, Chief Truckee, was enthusiastic about the arrival of white people in the western part of the United States. He guided John C. Fremont during his 1843-45 survey and map-making expedition across the to . Later he fought in the Mexican- American War, earning many white friends. Winnemucca's initial experience of white people was one mixed with awe and fear. Her grandfather took her on a trip to the Sacramento, California, area (a trip her father, who remained skeptical of whites, refused to make). Later her grandfather placed her in the household of , of Carson City, Nevada, to be educated. Winnemucca soon became one of very few Paiutes in Nevada able to read and write English. William Ormsby was later killed in action at the first battle of the War, when the militia force he led was annihilated by a Paiute force led by Winnemucca's cousin, Numaga. Winnemucca's book tells how her brother, Natchez, unsuccessfully tried to save Ormsby by faking his death. Her father and brother both fought on the Paiute side. After the war, her family moved to the Malheur Reservation which was designated a reservation for the Northern Paiute and Bannock Indians by a series of Executive Orders issued by President Ulysses S. Grant. Winnemucca taught in a local school and acted as interpreter for Indian Agent Samuel Parrish. Parrish worked well with the Paiutes and established a coherent and well-managed agricultural program. Bannock War. After four years, Parrish was replaced by agent William Rinehart, who alienated many tribal leaders when he failed to pay Paiute workers for agricultural labor in commonly held fields. Conditions at the Malheur Reservation quickly became intolerable. Winnemucca's book tells how the Indian Agent sold many of the supplies intended for the people to local whites. Much of the good land on the reservation was also illegally expropriated by white settlers. In 1878 virtually all of the people on the reservation left in order to find better land and another source of subsistence. The Bannock tribes then began raiding isolated white settlements in southern Oregon and northern Nevada, triggering the Bannock War. During the Bannock War, Winnemucca worked as a translator for the U.S. Army. In her book, she describes scouting and message-carrying duties that she performed on behalf of the Army. Her description of engagements is frequently comical—according to her account the Bannock and the Army soldiers liked each other so much that they rarely shot to kill. Winnemucca was highly regarded by the officers she worked for, and her book includes letters of recommendation from several of them. In her autobiography, she recounts the story of raiding a Bannock camp at night in order to rescue her father and brother, who were being held captive. She said of this brave escapade, "It was the hardest work I did for the army." Yakama Reservation. Following the Bannock War, the Northern Paiute bands she was associated with were deemed untrustworthy and forced to march to the Yakama Indian Reservation (in Washington Territory), where they endured great deprivation. Winnemucca went with them to serve as a translator even though her position did not require her to live on a reservation. Upon observing the plight of her people she began to speak out in lectures given across California and Nevada. During the winter of 1879 and 1880, she and her father visited Washington D.C. and gained permission from Secretary of the Interior, Carl Schulz, for the Paiutes to return to Malheur at their own expense. They also met briefly with President Rutherford B. Hayes. However, the promise of land at Malheur Reservation went unfulfilled for years. Winnemucca was bitterly disappointed by the orders from agent Wilbur stating that her people could not leave the Yakama Indian Reservation: Knowing the temper of the people through whom they must pass, still smarting from the barbarities of the war two years previous, and that the Paiutes, utterly destitute of everything, must subsist themselves on their route by pillage, I refused permission for them to depart … and soon after, on being more correctly informed of the state of affairs, the Hon. Secretary revoked his permission though no determination as to their permanent location was arrived at. This was a great disappointment to the Paiutes and the greatest caution and care was necessary in dealing with them. In 1884, she traveled to the East Coast once again, in order to testify before Congress. She asked that the Paiutes be given lands and citizenship. She also spoke before the Senate Subcommittee on Indian Affairs. On July 6, 1884, the Senate passed a bill which enabled the Paiutes to return to Pyramid Lake, but not to their preferred location, the Malheur Reservation. Lectures and writing. While lecturing in San Francisco, California, Sarah met and married Lewis H. Hopkins, an Indian Department employee. (She had two previous short-lived marriages to white men.) In 1883, they traveled east, where Sarah Winnemucca-Hopkins delivered nearly three hundred lectures. In Boston, the sisters Elizabeth Peabody and Mary Peabody Mann, wife of the educator Horace Mann, began to promote her speaking career. The latter helped her to prepare her lecture materials into Life Among the Paiutes, which was published in 1883. Sarah's husband supported his wife's efforts by gathering material for the book at the Library of Congress. However, her husband's tuberculosis, combined with his gambling addiction, left Winnemucca with little financial means. After returning to Nevada, Winnemucca-Hopkins pursued her dream of building a school for Native American children, hoping to promote the Native American culture and language. The school was forced to close after a few years, when the Dawes Act of 1887 was passed. The Act granted Native Americans citizenship, but simultaneously requiring their children to attend English-speaking boarding schools. Despite a bequest from Mary Peabody Mann and efforts to turn the school into a technical training center, Winnemucca-Hopkin's funds were depleted by the time of her husband's death in 1887, and she spent the last four years of her life retired from public activity. She died at her sister's home in Henry's Lake, Nevada, of tuberculosis. She was 47 years old. References. Canfield, Gae Whitney. Sarah Winnemucca of the Northern Paiutes. University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. ISBN 0806120908 Contemporary Authors Online, Gale Research, 2006. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. Morrison, Dorothy Nafus. Chief Sarah: Sarah Winnemucca's Fight for Indian Rights. Oregon Historical Society Press, 1991. ISBN 0875952046 "Sarah Winnemucca." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. "Sarah Winnemucca." Historic World Leaders. Gale Research, 1994. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. Winnemucca, Sarah. Life Among the Paiutes: Their Wrongs and Claims. University of Nevada Press, 1994. ISBN 0874172527. Further reading. Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. Henry Holt, 1970. ISBN 0805066349. External links. All links retrieved August 31, 2019. by Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins (1883). Full text online by Dan Anderson, 2005. from the National Women's Hall of Fame website. Credits. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia : Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Chief Sarah: Sarah Winnemucca's Fight for Indian Rights by Dorothy Nafus Morrison. Dickason Olive Patricia. Morrison (Dorothy Nafus) : Chief Sarah : Sarah Winnernucca's Fight for Indian Rights . In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer , tome 78, n°292, 3e trimestre 1991. pp. 444-445. BibTex RefWorks RIS (ProCite, Endnote, . ) MORR1SON (Dorothy Nafus) : Chief Sarah : Sarah Winnernucca's Fight for Indian Rights. — Portland, Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990. — 22 cm, XÏI-175 p., ill., cartes. Sarah Winnemucca (c. 1844-1891), du Grand Bassin situé au nord-ouest américain, au groupe Numa, « le peuple », connu par les Blancs sous le nom de Paiutes. Le terme Paiute serait issu du mot Numa, qui signifie « eau », ressource précieuse dans les territoires arides de la région où Sarah a vu le jour. Au début, les Blancs trouvèrent la région hostile et ce n'est que vers la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle que les colons disloquèrent le mode de vie des indigènes de façon sérieuse. Fille et sœur de chefs, Sarah parlait l'anglais, l'espagnol, le. Tag: Darlis A. Miller. Sue Armitage, long-time professor of history and women’s studies at Washington State University, achieves here what no previous scholar accomplished: a helpful overview of women’s varied and significant roles in the history of the Pacific Northwest from early Indian societies to the present. This is an extraordinarily valuable book in furnishing specialist and general readers with useful generalizations about women’s participation in events and trends usually limited to men in previous regional histories. Early on, the author tells us that “the major activity of women” of the Greater Northwest (Washington, Oregon, , western Montana, and British Columbia) “has been to build and rebuild families and communities” (17). Drawing extensively on published primary and secondary sources, Armitage shows how women influenced family and communal life from the pre-1800 era to the early 21st century. Particularly appealing are the pen portraits of dozens of individual women who illustrate the general trends the author describes. We see the impact of scores of women from Sacagawea and Narcissa Whitman to Betty Roberts and Kathryn Harrison. Armitage does not limit her story to the elite, leading women; she also deals with wives and mothers, domestic and field workers, and low-paid clerical workers. She clearly shows, from generation to generation, how women shaped communities through their domestic engineering as well as, increasingly, in their wage work. In these pages, we are treated to coverage, over time, of the significant but often overlooked or misunderstood participation of women in labor unions, women’s activist groups, political organizations, and numerous support groups. Armitage contributes numerous discussions of minority women (or women of color), with especially numerous comments on Native American women. Some readers might have wished for more emphasis on other topics. Armitage stresses social and economic subjects, and to a less extent political topics. But she devotes less space to traditional cultural-intellectual life; thus we hear almost nothing about major women writers, save for their books that illuminate social concerns. The author also points to regional patriarchal tendencies that held women back over the decades. Perceptive observation. Still, we might have benefited from more examples of how husband-wife, father-daughter, and brother-sister endeavors opened doors for other women. And, where did women make mistakes or fail? These are but quibbling reservations. Know this, after one reads Armitage’s book, he or she cannot accept previous, narrow histories about the Pacific Northwest that skip over women. Finally, for ambitious readers and researchers, this clear, smoothly written book provides a multitude of women and their activities to pursue in new research. The helpful listings of “Sources” at the end of each chapter are invaluable beginning points for ambitious readers and writers alike. — Richard W. Etulain. Other Books on Women and Family. G. Thomas Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds: The Northwest Suffrage Campaigns of Susan B. Anthony . Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990. Cloth, 355 pp., the first page is missing. $10. Susan B. Anthony traveled to Oregon for several efforts to pass woman’s suffrage measures. Edwards deals with Anthony’s travels, her suffrage campaigns, and particularly her revealing contacts with Oregon women’s leader, Abigail Scott Duniway. Glenda Riley. Inventing the American Woman . Vol 2. Since 1877. 3d ed., Rev ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 2001. Pp. 281-573. Paper. $10. In this very helpful overview, the leading western women’s historian provides a thorough introduction to women’s thoughts, actions, and experiences from 1877 to the present. Julie Roy Jeffrey. Converting the West: A Biography of Narcissa Whitman . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. Cloth, 238 pp. $10. Jeffrey, a noted authority on women’s experiences in the American West, has written here a probing biography of missionary Narcissa Whitman. Balanced and analytical, the life story furnishes a thoughtful treatment of an important western woman with a tragic ending. Elliott West. Growing up with the Country: Childhood on the Far Western Frontier . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989. 343 pp. $10. West, a leading western historian with a superb literary style, provides an extraordinary study of childhood on the frontier. Overflowing with insights and intriguing pen portraits. Sheri Bartlett Browne. Eva Emery Dye: Romance with the West . Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2004. Paper, 186 pp., $10. Eva Emery Dye wrote historical romances and romantic history about Lewis and Clark, Sacagawea, Dr. John McLoughlin–and several others. Browne deals with Dye’s life, her research, and her novels and histories. A helpful, valuable introduction. Yates provides the only book-length study of women writers of formula Westerns. Dealing with, among others, B. M. Bower, Caroline Lockhart, and Vingie E. Roe, the author demonstrates how these female writers put their gender brands on the popular Western. Darlis A. Miller. Mary Hallock Foote . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. 297 pp. Miller’s study of Mary Hallock Foote, a leading Local Color writer, and artist, is a first-rate contribution on an eastern woman who came west and lived most of her life in her adopted region. Foote became the model for the heroine in Wallace Stegner’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Angle of Repose (1971). Darlis A. Miller. Matilda Cox Stephenson: Pioneering Anthropologist . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 298 pp. $12. Miller, the military historian and biographer of the American West, contributes a revealing life story of Matilda Cox Stephenson, an early anthropologist studying the American West. The product is a probing, insightful life of a path-breaking woman in the region. Sarah Winnemucca. Dorothy Nafus Morrison. Chief Sarah: Sarah Winnemucca’s Fight for Indian Rights . Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1980. Cloth, 170 pp., $20. A straightforward, easy-to-read account of a notable Indian woman leader. A Paiute leader, Sarah dramatically made her way in both Indian and white worlds. Sally Zanjani. Sarah Winnemucca . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 368 pp. $15. Author Zanjani, a political scientist, provides the most thorough study to date of Sarah Winnemucca. Wide and deep in research, revealing in interpretations, and smoothly written, Zanjani’s book deserves the positive attention it has received. Gae Whitney Canfield. Sarah Winnemucca: of the Northern Paiutes . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. 336 pp. $12.00. Librarian Canfield drew on a wide variety of sources to provide a scholarly study of Sarah Winnemucca. The author’s full-length biography emphasizes this Native woman as a cultural go-between, building bridges of understanding between Native American and Anglo American societies. Sarah Winnemucca. Known for: working for Native American rights; published first book in English by a Native American woman Occupation: activist, lecturer, writer, teacher, interpreter Dates: about 1844 - October 16 (or 17), 1891. Also known as: Tocmetone, Thocmentony, Thocmetony, Thoc-me-tony, Shell Flower, Shellflower, Somitone, Sa-mit-tau-nee, Sarah Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins. A statue of Sarah Winnemucca is in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., representing Nevada. See also: Sarah Winnemucca Quotations - in her own words. Sarah Winnemucca Biography. Sarah Winnemucca was born about 1844 near Humboldt Lake in what was then Territory and later became the U.S. state of Nevada. She was born into what were called the Northern Paiutes, whose land covered western Nevada and southeastern Oregon at the time of her birth. In 1846, her grandfather, also called Winnemucca, joined Captain Fremont on the California campaign. He became an advocate of friendly relations with the white settlers; Sarah's father was more skeptical of the whites. In California. Around 1848, Sarah's grandfather took some member of the Paiutes to California, including Sarah and her mother. Sarah there learned Spanish, from family members who'd intermarried with Mexicans. When she was 13, in 1857, Sarah and her sister worked in the home of Major Ormsby, a local agent. There, Sarah added English to her languages. Sarah and her sister were called home by their father. . In 1860, tensions between the whites and the Indians broke into what's been called the Paiute War. Several members of Sarah's family were killed in the violence. Major Ormsby led a group of whites in an attack on Paiutes; the whites were ambushed and killed. A peace settlement was negotiated. Education and Work. Soon after that, Sarah's grandfather, Winnemucca I, died and, at his request, Sarah and her sisters were sent to a convent in California. But the young women were dismissed after just days when white parents objected to the presence of Indians in the school. By 1866, Sarah Winnemucca was putting her English skills to work as a translator for the U.S. military; that year, her services were used during the . From 1868 to 1871, Sarah Winnemucca served as an official interpreter while 500 Paiutes lived at Fort McDonald under the protection of the military. In 1871, she married Edward Bartlett, a military officer; that marriage ended in divorce in 1876. Malheur Reservation. Beginning in 1872, Sarah Winnemucca taught and served as an interpreter on the Malheur Reservation in Oregon, established only a few years earlier. But, in 1876, a sympathetic agent, Sam Parrish (with whose wife Sarah Winnemucca taught at a school), was replaced by another, W. V. Rinehart, who was less sympathetic to the Paiutes, holding back food, clothing and payment for work performed. Sarah Winnemucca advocated for fair treatment of the Paiutes; Rinehart banished her from the reservation and she left. In 1878, Sarah Winnemucca was married again, this time to Joseph Setwalker. Little is known of this marriage, which was brief. A group of Paiutes asked her to advocate for them. Bannock War. When the Bannock people -- another Indian community that was suffering under mistreatment by the Indian agent -- rose up, joined by the Shosone, Sarah's father refused to join the revolt. To help get 75 Paiutes including her father away from imprisonment by the Bannock, Sarah and her sister-in-law became guides and interpreters for the U.S. military, working for General O. O. Howard, and brought the people to safety across hundreds of miles. Sarah and her sister-in-law served as scouts and helped to capture Bannock prisoners. At the end of the war, the Paiutes expected in exchange for not joining the rebellion to return to the Malheur Reservation but, instead, many Paiutes were sent in wintertime to another reservation, Yakima, in Washington territory. Some died on the 350-mile trek over mountains. At the end the survivors found not the promised abundant clothing, food and lodging, but little to live on or in. Sarah's sister and others died in the months after arriving at the Yakima Reservation. Working for Rights. So, in 1879, Sarah Winnemucca began working toward changing the conditions of Indians, and lectured in San Francisco on that topic. Soon, financed by her pay from her work for the army, she went with her father and brother to Washington, DC, to protest the removal of their people to the Yakima Reservation. There, they met with the Secretary of the Interior, Carl Shurz, who said he favored the Paiutes returning to Malheur. But that change never materialized. From Washington, Sarah Winnemucca began a national lecture tour. During this tour, she met Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and her sister, Mary Peabody Mann (wife of Horace Mann, the educator). These two women helped Sarah Winnemucca find lecture bookings to tell her story. When Sarah Winnemucca returned to Oregon, she began working as an interpreter at Malheur again. In 1881, for a short time, she taught at an Indian school in Washington. Then she again went lecturing in the East. In 1882, Sarah married Lt. Lewis H. Hopkins. Unlike her previous husbands, Hopkins was supportive of her work and activism. In 1883-4 she again traveled to the East Coast, California and Nevada to lecture on Indian life and rights. Autobiography and More Lectures. In 1883, Sarah Winnemucca published her autobiography, edited by Mary Peabody Mann, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims . The book covered the years from 1844 to 1883, and documented not only her life, but the changing conditions her people lived under. She was criticized in many quarters for characterizing those dealing with Indians as corrupt. Sarah Winnemucca's lecture tours and writings financed her buying some land and starting the Peabody School about 1884. In this school, Native American children were taught English, but they were also taught their own language and culture. In 1888 the school closed, never having been approved or funded by the government, as hoped. Death. In 1887, Hopkins died of tuberculosis (then called consumption). Sarah Winnemucca moved in with a sister in Nevada, and died in 1891, probably also of tuberculosis. Sarah Winnemucca was a skilled interpreter, an Army scout, a well-known lecturer, a teacher, and the first Indian woman to publish a book. She was born near Humboldt Lake about 1844 in the part of Utah Territory that later became Nevada, the fourth child of her father, Chief Winnemucca, called Old Winnemucca and mother, Tuboitonie. Winnemucca's own friendship may have been influenced by her maternal grandfather, the leader of the tribe. He was known as Truckee, from a Paiute word meaning "good" or "all right." Further Reading on Sarah Winnemucca. American Indian Intellectuals, edited by Margot Liberty, West Publishing, 1976. Bataille, Gretchen M., and Kathleen M. Sands, American Indian Women: A Guide to Research, Garland, 1991. Chief Sarah book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. A moving account of Sarah Winnemucca, a brilliant young woman with very little... Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Start by marking “Chief Sarah: Sarah Winnemucca's Fight for Indian Rights†​ as Want to Read: Want to Read saving… Want to Read. Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins (born Thocmentony, meaning "Shell Flower; also seen as "Tocmetone" in Northern Paiute; c. 1844 – October 16, 1891) was a Northern Paiute author, activist and educator. Sarah Winnemucca was born near Humboldt Lake, Nevada, into an influential Paiute family who led their community in pursuing friendly relations with the arriving groups of Anglo-American settlers. She was sent to study in a Catholic school in Santa Clara, California. When the Paiute War erupted between the... Chief Sarah: Sarah Winnemucca's fight for Indian rights. 1990, Oregon Historical Society Press. in English - 2nd ed. A biography of the Paiute Indian woman, scout, lecturer, author, educator, and lobbyist who has been called the Indian Joan of Arc because of her efforts to gain and protect the rights of her people. Edit. Chief Sarah. Sarah Winnemucca's fight for Indian rights. 2nd ed. This edition was published in 1990 by Oregon Historical Society Press in Portland. Edition Description. Recounts the life story of the influential Paiute woman who fought for justice and a better life for her people. Edition Notes. Includes bibliographical references.