TECHNICAL REPORT 15 ASSESSMENT OF EFFECT S - C U L T U R A L
BASIN BRIDGE PROJECT
HAUWAI
WELLINGTON TENTHS TRUST & PORT NICHOLSON BLOCK SETTLEMENT TRUST
24 MAY 2013
Technical Report 15 Assessment of Effects - Cultural Basin Bridge Project TABLE OF CONTENTS
HAUWAI ...... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF ASSESMENT OF EFFECTS CULTURAL ...... 3 Project Description ...... 7 Transport Improvements ...... 8 Urban Design and Landscape ...... 11 Related Projects ...... 14 BACKGROUND TO THE CULTURAL IMPACTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT ...... 15 Te Aro and PukeAhu ...... 16 AKATAREWA PĀ, KAIPAPA AND HAUWAI ...... 17 MĀORI CULTURAL SITES AND INTERESTS ...... 17 TRADITIONAL HISTORY ...... 18 POTENTIAL CULTURAL IMPACTS OF THE BASIN RESERVE IMPROVEMENTS ...... 22 TANGATA WHENUA SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AFFECTED BY THE BASIN RESERVE ROADING DEVELOPMENT ...... 25 WAITANGI TRIBUNAL REPORT AND TRADITIONAL HISTORY ...... 26 WELLINGTON TOWN SECTIONS 89 & 90 BUCKLE AND TARANAKI STREET ...... 27 PORT NICHOLSON BLOCK SETTLEMENT ...... 29 RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL (RFR) ...... 30 CULTURAL REDRESS ...... 30 ARCHAEOLOGY ...... 31 ISSUES FOR TE ATIAWA/TARANAKI WHĀNUI ...... 31 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 34 APPENDIX 15.A – MĀORI SIGNIFICANT SITES AND STREAMS ...... 35 APPENDIX 15.B - HISTORY OF THE TANGATA WHENUA OF THE AREA ...... 36 APPENDIX 15.C - THOMAS WARD MAP ...... 38 APPENDIX 15.D - MĀORI SITES OF SIGNIFICANCE AND STREAMS ...... 39 APPENDIX 15.E - PORT NICHOLSON BLOCK SETTLEMENT AREA ...... 40 © Raukura Consultants
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF ASSESMENT OF EFFECTS CULTURAL
1. This report examines the section of the Wellington urban motorway from Taranaki Street to the entrance to the Mt Victoria Tunnel. There is a particular focus on the area around the Basin Reserve (In Māori tradition known as Hauwai) and the proposal to bridge a section the roadway around the Basin. The section of Buckle Street from Taranaki Street to Tasman Street will be dealt with in a separate project I will term the Memorial Park underpass. The report will focus on the preferred option for this part of a Road of National Significance (RoNS) that will eventually extend from near the Manawatu River to Wellington Airport. The potential Māori cultural impacts for this section of the RoNS, is examined in detail in this report. Particular information related to Pā sites and other sites of cultural significance in and the area of the development is provided here along with potential cultural impacts of the project on those sites. The report also looks at how those cultural sites may be recognised in the design of the project if that is possible. 2. The Wellington Tenths Trust (an Iwi-based land owning Trust with origins that date back to the first colonisation of Wellington) had historical interests in this area as part of the Wellington Tenths Reserve included Wellington Town Acres 89 and 90 at the corner of Taranaki Street and Buckle Street. Section 90 at 217 Taranaki Street is again a part of Wellington Tenths land known as Taranaki 217. A fully-owned subsidiary company of the Wellington Tenths Trust, Capital Hill Limited is part owner of the Old Dominion Museum Building along with Massey University. 3. This section of State Highway 1 being considered in this report is a part of the highway commonly known as the Inner City Bypass which links the Terrace Tunnel to the Basin Reserve. At Buckle Street below the historic Old Dominion Museum Building, the Ministry of Culture and Heritage and the New Zealand Transport Authority are planning (and now in the process of building) a Memorial Park to the north of the National War Memorial. This Park will link to the development of the Basin Bridge project. Both the Memorial Park and the Basin Bridge projects combined cover areas of very high significance to the Wellington Tenths Trust and the Port Nicholson Block Settlement
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Trust (the Trusts) and the Iwi Manawhenua of Te Atiawa-Taranaki Whānui of Wellington. 4. There are traditional interests going back to the earliest settlement of Māori in Wellington generally in this area with the original wetland which is now the Basin Reserve being known as Hauwai draining along what is now Cambridge and Kent Terraces through a stream know as the Waitangi Stream which now meets the harbour around the old Clyde Quay Wharf. Streams from Newtown drained into the Hauwai swamp. The Hauwai swamp was drained by the massive tectonic uplift that occurred in 1855. Overlooking the Hauwai swamp was the ancient Pā call Akatarewa with gardens all around this area. Garden activities of the waves of various tangata whenua who occupied the area over the centuries with the present tangata whenua of Taranaki whānui who occupied Te Aro Pā clearing much of the area for gardens including onto Puke Aho/Mt Cook 5. This report does not examine the Mount Victoria tunnel however it is of note that the western end (Basin Reserve) of the tunnel is closely associated with the important ancient Pā site called Te Akatarewa. The Pā was a centre for the first settlers in Wellington, Ngai Tara. It occupied the slopes of what was to become Mount Alfred which was previously known as Akatarewa. 6. Puke Ahu was an important garden site supporting the ancient Pā, Te Akatarawa which was located around the area now occupied by Wellington College. In the early 19th century Te Aro Pā was located on the harbour foreshore at the end of Taranaki Street however its influence extended into this area including the Aro Valley and out to the south coast at Paekawakawa/Island Bay. Puke Ahu also supported subsequent generations including the 19th century particularly for the Taranaki Whānui people of Te Aro Pā. 7. The whole length of the route is an area with strong association with the Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika and the hapu of Ngāti Tupaia of Ngāti Ruanui and Ngāti Haumia of the Taranaki tribe along with their Te Atiawa kin who are all represented by the Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust. 8. The report sets out the Māori cultural history and connection with this part of Wellington and how it fitted in the overall tribal situation around Te Whanganui a Tara.
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This indicates the traditional significance of these sites in the broader context of Te Whanganui a Tara. The context of the tribal situation and how the Waitangi Tribunal has seen this is explained to ensure that decision makers are dealing with the appropriate mana whenua groups. 9. The Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust (PNBST) and Wellington Tenths Trust (WTT), ‘The Trusts’ are the iwi authorities in Wellington representing the tangata whenua as mandated iwi organisations. The Trusts have many interests from PNBST, being the Treaty of Waitangi Settlement entity with their takiwa or area of interest covering most of the areas of Wellington, Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt Cities. PNBST manage many properties in the Settlement area which are a mix of cultural redress along with various commercial redress properties1. In this area Wellington Tenths Trust through, Capital Hill Limited in partnership with Massey University has an ownership of the old Dominion Museum Building (Tokomaru) with a boundary extending along Buckle Street. 10. One of the many connections with the project area and the tangata whenua was the presence of prisoners from the altercations in Taranaki and particularly from the multi- tribal Pā of Parihaki2. In the non-violent resistance era prisoners were shipped from Taranaki around the country in 18793. In 1881 the Pā was invaded by special police and troops to try to quell the non-violent resistance to the confiscation of Māori land in Taranaki after early land wars4. The Parihaka prisoners were brought by ship from Taranaki having been arrested without trial and were incarcerated in the early Mt Cook prison and later the Terrace Goal. The prisoners were brought to make bricks at Mt Cook. These bricks are still to be found all around this area including in the long brick wall along Tasman Street, the Mt Cook Police Station and the demolished Alexandra Barracks.
1 See Appendix 15.E – Port Nicholson Block Settlement Area
2 Waitangi Tribunal, The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi, 1996 pp199- 243
3 Ibid p 228
4 Ibid p 236
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11. The Basin Bridge project will build into the design to the north of the Basin Reserve a wetland landscape reminiscent of the old swamp known as Hauwai. This will remind people of the pre-European natural landscape of the area as well as providing a natural landscape which softens the hard concrete structures. The areas involved include the Cambridge Terrace Buckle Bridge interface zone which will have rain gardens and wetland plantings and the Kent Cambridge Basin gateway. This design reflects and is reminiscent of the old Hauwai swamp with its wetlands, and it mahinga kai. The swamp not only provided food such as tuna/eels but also building and weaving materials such as raupo. These two areas will provide a natural, cultural as well as physical link to the Memorial Park currently under construction. 12. The Trusts do not see any cultural effects arising from a new entrance building to the Basin reserve on the northern side. This approximately 65 metre long building will extend from the RA Vance Stand to the existing toilet block. 13. The Trusts also support improvements to the entrance to Government House where the Governor General as the Queen’s Representative resides and welcome Heads of States from around the world.
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Project proposes to construct, operate and maintain new transport infrastructure for State Highway 1 at the Basin Reserve. A key component of the proposal is a multi-modal bridge that connects Paterson Street with Buckle Street. The bridge will provide a two lane one-way carriageway for SH1 westbound road users and includes a shared walking and cycling path on its northern side.
Proposed at-grade road improvements include changes to Dufferin Street and sections of Paterson Street, Rugby Street (including the intersection with Adelaide Road), Sussex Street, Buckle Street (SH1), Taranaki Street, Vivian Street (SH1), Pirie Street, Cambridge Terrace, Kent Terrace (SH1), Ellice Street and Hania Street. The overall road layout is shown diagrammatically on Figure 1.1 below.
Figure 1.1: Project Area showing the proposed roading layout and land to be designated
The Project also provides urban design and landscape treatments. These include new landscaped open space areas, a new building under the bridge on the corner of Kent Terrace
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and Ellice Street, a new entrance and Northern Gateway Building to the Basin Reserve, an improved streetscape entrance to Government House and adjacent schools, a modified car park for St Joseph’s Church, dedicated bus lanes and bus stops around the Basin Reserve, as well as new walking and cycling paths.
Proposed landscaping and urban design treatments include low level plantings, raingardens, trees, terracing, architectural bridge design including sculptured piers, furniture and paving. These measures aim to contribute to the overall integration of the proposed bridge structure into the surrounding urban environment.
TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENTS
The Project proposes a grade-separated route (the bridge element) for SH1 westbound traffic on the northern side of the Basin Reserve. As a result, SH1 traffic will be removed from the local road network around the eastern, southern and western sides of the Basin Reserve.
The bridge soffit will be up to 7.3m above the ground surface and the top of the guard rail will be up to 10.5m high above the ground. The bridge is approximately 263m long or 320m long if both abutments are included. It will be supported by six sets of piers (2 are double piers) and six smaller piers to support the western end of the shared pedestrian and cycleway where it splits away from the main bridge structure. The bridge has a minimum width of approximately 11.3m and a maximum width of approximately 16.7m. There are two bridge joins, one at each end.
The Project proposes changes to the SH1 westbound route, the SH1 eastbound route, and other roads on the network where they connect with SH1, including clearways on the eastern part of SH1 Vivian Street (from Tory Street to Cambridge Terrace). These propose to improve the efficient and safe movement of traffic (including buses), pedestrians and cyclists through intersections and provide entry and exit points for SH1. Supplementary works on the existing local road network are also proposed to be undertaken to take advantage of the additional capacity created by the SH1 improvements.
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The Project proposes new pedestrian and cycling routes throughout the Project area as well as improvements to existing infrastructure. The majority of the works to improve the walking and cycling routes are located on the north side of the Basin Reserve and connect with Mount Victoria suburb, Mount Victoria Tunnel and schools on Dufferin Street. These improvements will connect with the National War Memorial Park which is currently under construction and also with potential future duplication of Mount Victoria Tunnel.
A reduction in state highway traffic on the roads around the Basin Reserve allows for more efficient northbound and southbound movements from Kent and Cambridge Terrace to Adelaide Road. Accordingly, new dedicated bus lanes are proposed to provide for better public transport movements around the Basin Reserve.
The key traffic flows around the Basin Reserve following the implementation of the proposed Project are shown in Figure 1.2 below and described thereafter.
Figure 1.2: Proposed traffic directions for the Project
The package of transportation improvements proposed by the Project are summarised below and followed by a brief description of the works:
SH1 westbound (from Mount Victoria Tunnel to Buckle Street) o The Bridge - new direct link from Paterson Street to Buckle Street via a bridge;
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o Buckle Street three laning - provision of third lane along Buckle Street between Sussex Street (including minor modifications to Sussex Street) and Taranaki Street to improve capacity and accommodate the two lanes from the bridge; and o Taranaki Street improvements – modifications to the layout of Taranaki Street and Buckle Street intersection to accommodate the three laning of Buckle Street and to increase capacity.
SH1 eastbound (from Vivian Street – Kent Terrace - Mount Victoria Tunnel) o SH1 Eastbound re-alignment - realignment of SH1 eastbound between Hania Street and Brougham Street; and o Vivian Street and Pirie Street Improvements – as part of the modifications to the intersection of Pirie Street and Kent / Cambridge Terraces and Vivian Street, clearways on Vivian Street are proposed. The combination of improvements increases the capacity of the intersection for all traffic movements including public transport.
Improvements to roads around the Basin Reserve o Paterson Street / Dufferin Street intersection – layout modifications to change in priority at the signals including provision of a significant increase in priority to Dufferin Street (south bound traffic from Kent Terrace/ Ellice Street); o Adelaide Road / Rugby Street intersection – reducing through lanes along Rugby Street from 3 lanes to 1 and allowing Adelaide Road traffic and Rugby Street traffic to flow at the same time. Pedestrian and cycling crossings will be via on-demand signals. Two lanes for access into Adelaide Road would remain with one operating as a dedicated bus lane; o Ellice Street link – new road link from Ellice Street to Dufferin Street/Paterson Street intersection (a similar vehicular movement can currently be made between Ellice Street and Dufferin Street). A new shared pathway for pedestrians and cyclists would be provided adjacent to this link to facilitate movements between the Mount Victoria suburb, the schools on Dufferin Street, and further south toward Adelaide Road; o Dufferin Street improvements – works to modify the layout of the road space and bus drop off zones on Dufferin Street and Rugby Street on the south east corner of the Basin Reserve and to improve vehicular access to Government House; and o Basin Reserve Gateway – treatment to Buckle Street where it meets Kent/Cambridge Terraces, and retains an entry point to the re-aligned SH1 eastbound.
Walking, Cycling, Public Transport (throughout the Project Area) o Walking and cycling path on bridge – new walking and cycling path on the bridge between Paterson Street and Buckle Street / NWM Park;
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o Existing pedestrian and cycle routes – existing at-grade pathways are retained or enhanced and additional and alternative routes are provided. Additional and improved pedestrian and cycling access would be provided in the landscaped area on the corner of Cambridge Terrace and Buckle Street and between Brougham Street and Kent Terrace. These routes link to the proposed pedestrian and cyclist facilities proposed through NWM Park; o Public Transport - new dedicated bus lanes are proposed on Ellice Street, Dufferin Street and Buckle Street, and the southbound bus stop is proposed to be relocated from Adelaide Road onto Rugby Street; and o Public Transport - existing priority for buses from Kent Terrace onto Ellice Street is retained. For further detail on the proposed transport improvements refer to Volume 3: Technical Report 4: Assessment of Transportation Effects of these documents. Details of the road design layouts are shown in Volume 5: Plan and Drawing Set. URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE Proposed urban design and landscape treatments to areas outside of the road carriageway form part of the Project works. The development of the proposed Project design has been iterative, responsive and collaborative. As such, it has been developed through an Urban Landscape and Design Framework (refer to Volume 3: Technical Report 2) to address the specific urban design principles for the Project. The Project proposes treatments to areas adjacent to the road network that would assist with the integration of the proposed bridge into the surrounding urban context.
Six zones and elements (Zones) for the Project area have been identified within which character and zone specific principles for those areas have been developed to define the design intent and to provide a framework for post RMA consenting detailed design development. The zones are shown on Figure 1.3 below.
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Figure 1.3: Urban and landscape zones for proposed works outside of the traffic lanes
These are briefly described for the urban and landscape zones below: . Zone 1 Cambridge/Buckle Bridge Interface Zone - proposed landscape treatments to land between Cambridge Terrace and the NWM Park, which includes rain gardens and wetland plantings for stormwater treatment. This landscape area has been designed as a continuation of NWM Park. The terracing in the NWM Park starts from Kent and Cambridge Terraces and are reflective of the cultural heritage of the area, as cultivation terraces. Wetland planting reflects the former Waitangi Lagoon which is now the Basin. The landscaping also provides an interface with the curtilage of the newly relocated Home of Compassion Crèche (former)5.
5 The Home of Compassion Crèche (former) is being relocated as part of the National War Memorial Park project.
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. Zone 2 Kent/Cambridge Basin Gateway: proposed landscaping between Kent/Cambridge Terrace responds to tangata whenua values in relation to the proposed historical wetland ecology and provides a safe and enlarged public access and gathering area relative to the Basin Reserve entrance. The proposed landscape aims to facilitate gathering and includes reconfigured pedestrian crossings, bus stops and Basin Reserve entrance. . Element 2.1 Entrance to the Basin Reserve – proposes a combination of planting (pohutukawa trees) and a new Northern Gateway Building on the northern boundary within the Basin Reserve. The combination of new Northern Gateway Building and pohutukawa trees screen the bridge from general views from within the Basin Reserve. The new Northern Gateway Building is designed to specifically remove potential views of traffic on the bridge from the views of batsmen (facing bowlers from the north). The new Northern Gateway Building) would provide space for player facilities and includes a wider entrance for visitors to the Basin Reserve that is aligned with the new entrance plaza located between Kent and Cambridge Terrace. The new structure will occupy the space between the RA Vance Stand and the existing toilet block at the edge of the northern embankment. It will be approximately 65m long and up to 11.2m high and includes a screen above the existing player’s pavilion between the new building and the RA Vance Stand. This option is preferred by the Basin Reserve Trust. Alternative mitigation proposals entail a 45m long structure and a 55m long structure and consequent increases in proposed tree planting have also been considered and are assessed within this report. . Zone 3 Kent/Ellice Street corner zone – proposes a new building under the proposed bridge at the corner of Kent Terrace and Ellice Street which would be made available for commercial use. It is intended to re-establish the historical built / street edge in this location and the building helps incorporate the bridge into the built urban environment. A green screen is proposed to be located above the new building to provide a level of screening for the adjacent apartment building and assist to visually integrate the bridge with the buildings at this corner. . Zone 4 Paterson/ Ellice/Dufferin Interface zone – proposes to continue ground landscape linking from across Kent/Cambridge Terraces and additional tree planting around the Basin Reserve’s outer square. The Project proposes works within St Joseph’s Church property using land that is currently used for car parking. Thus, the Project proposes to remove the existing building at 28 Ellice Street and to adjust the existing car park and provide landscape improvements for the Church within the remaining space. All of these works are located on land owned by the Church. . Zone 5 Dufferin/Rugby Streets, Schools/Church/Government House Interface zone which serves as a vehicular and pedestrian access area serving key adjacent land uses of the schools and Government House. Proposed works include the re-allocation of space
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in the roading corridor, layout modification and urban design and landscape treatments. . Zone 6 The Bridge Element – the horizontal alignment of the Bridge has retained a close reference to the historic street pattern (the Te Aro Grid) to strengthen and define the Basin square. The vertical alignment has utilised underlying landform to achieve grade separation between north-south and east west routes. The width of the bridge has been kept to a minimum that meets safe traffic design standards for a 50km/h road. Abutments are integrated and grounded in the form and material of the landscaping. Lighting on the bridge seeks to minimise glare and spill onto surrounding areas and integrates with the bridge form and with the adjacent NWM Park. Architectural lighting is provided underneath the bridge and across the landscape, highlighting forms, surfaces and textures of the superstructure, under croft, piers, abutments and landscape. The combination of treatments and design promote the perception of the bridge being an elevated street rather than motorway flyover. The Project will result in a number of transport benefits for the State highway network and the local road network (including public transport and walking and cycling) as well as new buildings, structures and landscape treatments for the Basin Reserve area. Construction of these transportation improvements is currently scheduled to start in 2014/15. RELATED PROJECTS The Project forms part of the Tunnel to Tunnel package of works that in combination would improve traffic and transportation between the Terrace Tunnel and Mount Victoria Tunnel. The Tunnel to Tunnel package also comprises: . Buckle Street Underpass as part of the National War Memorial Park project by the Ministry of Culture and Heritage. This project is currently under construction and expected to be completed by the end of 2014. Other NZTA studies of SH1 sections that are also being considered or are being progressed concurrently within Wellington: . Duplication of Mount Victoria Tunnel (construction planned for 2017/18). . Duplication of the Terrace Tunnel (subject to feasibility investigation in 2013/14). . Roading improvements along Cobham Drive and Ruahine Streets (construction planned for 2017/18). While there are linkages between these projects, each one is complex and entails significant use of resource. As a consequence each is being progressed separately while maintaining the appropriate design standards and specifications in order to achieve the NZTAs strategic objectives for the RoNS.
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BACKGROUND TO THE CULTURAL IMPACTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT
14. This report examines the areas around State Highway 1 from Tory along Buckle Street and thence around the Basin Reserve, however to understand cultural impacts it is necessary to look at the wider area known in Māori times as Huriwhenua and later as Te Aro Flat along with Pukeahu/Mt Cook, Hauwai/Basin Reserve and Akatarewa Pā/Mt Alfred. The highway will travel through areas that were cultivated by Māori for crops including fern root, kumara and other plants up to and during the time of colonisation. Taranaki Street at its lower end bisected Te Aro Pā and the area to the south of the Pā generally was used as gardens from the Pā across Te Aro Flat up to Puke Ahu/Mount Cook. 15. The Wellington Tenths reserves on town acres 89 and 90 although early on in the process were taken as endowment land for the military remained of interest to the iwi with Town Acre 90 being purchased and developed by the Wellington Tenths Trust. Town Acre 89 remains with the Defence Department however there will remain a right of first refusal interest over the land in favour of the Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust (PNBST). The highway passes the main entrance to the Old Dominion Museum Building which is part owner by Wellington Tenths and Massey University. 16. The west bound route travels from the exit of the Mt Victoria Tunnel which goes near the ancient Akatarewa Pā site by what was the old wetland swamp, known as Hauwai. Hauwai was a source of tuna/eel and other freshwater fish for Māori as well as wetland plants such as raupo which were used in construction of buildings. 17. The process for the Basin Reserve roading development has looked at three options, two of which feature a flyover highway around the Basin Reserve to take the westbound traffic (Options A & B) and a third outside option (Option X) which looked at a trenched section of Buckle Street and with no flyover but bridging part of the route. This report focuses on what was known as Option A where the bridge is located close to the north of the Basin Reserve. 18. The proposed works are part of the connection from the Terrace Tunnel to Wellington Airport with the aim of having a four lane expressway.
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Basin Reserve around 1900. Government House is on the extreme right and the area where the entrance to the Mount Victoria tunnel would later go is nearer the centre background of the picture. 6
TE ARO AND PUKEAHU 19. The Te Aro flats which extended from the foreshore around Te Aro Pā up to the slopes of Pukeahu (Mount Cook). The Te Aro flats were bounded by the Waitangi swamp on the eastern side and the Waikoukou and Waimapihi Streams on the western side. State Highway 1 crosses over the Waikoukou and Waimapihi Streams beneath Karo Drive, and Waitangi Stream at the Basin Reserve. These streams now are largely unseen being piped for much of their courses. Much of the area the road (State Highway 1) passes through where the garden areas used by the people of Te Aro Pa.
20. Puke Ahu or Mount Cook area of Buckle Street has a long association with the Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whānui tangata whenua with traditional garden sites covering much of the hill slopes. Today the Wellington Tenths Trust is a co-owner of the re-developed old Dominion Museum building with Massey University through the fully-owned subsidiary company, Capital Hill Limited.
21. The proposed New Zealand Memorial Park north of the National War Memorial will extend out from the existing War Memorial and the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior over the highway which we be placed under the new Park in a cut and cover operation.
6 Louis E Ward, Early Wellington Whitcombe and Tombs ltd, London 1928 , p368
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The Memorial is surrounded on three sides by the old Dominion Museum building with Buckle Street being the fourth side. The Memorial Park will utilize the access to the frontage of the Old Museum Building, Tokomaru.
AKATAREWA PĀ, KAIPAPA AND HAUWAI 22. The development is directly linked to the important hill slopes of Mt Alfred where Te Akatarewa Pā (above Wellington College) and Kaipapa (Government House) were located on the slopes leading up to the ridgeline of Te Ranga a Hiwi. Kaipapa was the name of the area where Government House now stands. Puke Ahu or Mount Cook, is where Massey University is now located including the old Dominion Museum Building. Between the two ran the streams that came from springs near where Wellington Hospital now stands. The streams ran through the swamp known as Hauwai, now the Basin Reserve and then into the Waitangi stream flowing down Cambridge and Kent Terrace to discharge to the harbour near the intersection with Courtenay Place. The Waitangi Stream is now largely piped under this area, but does partially emerge at Waitangi Park.
23. Mt Alfred and the environs of Akatarewa Pā would have been forested in Māori times. The slopes would have featured, Pukatea, Totara, Rata, Rimu, Kohekohe, Tawa, Hinau, Manuka and many other species. The clearings for gardens or cultivations were located on the hill tops of Puke Ahu and up the sides of Mt Alfred where Akatarewa Pā was located. Some remnants of terracing on Mt Alfred were visible on the hillside above Wellington College as late as the 1950s.
24. The Vice-Regal residence, Government House is located on the ridge off Te Ranga a Hiwi formerly known as Kaipapa. Government house has been extensively refurbished as the Wellington residence of the Governor General. Many representatives of the World’s countries are welcomed at Government House and the Mount Victoria Tunnel and the highway is part of those environs. The entrance to Government House is of cultural importance not only to the Queen’s representative but also the tangata whenua of Wellington and Aotearoa generally.
MĀORI CULTURAL SITES AND I NTERESTS
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TRADITIONAL HISTORY 25. Much of this area was occupied by gardens/ngākinga for the ancient Te Akatarewa Pā built by Ngai Tara possibly as early as 1250 AD. Ngāi Tara occupied this area for many centuries establishing strong settlements which from time to time were attacked but were not displaced. Over the centuries various tribes came through the area such as Ngāti Mamoe and Ngāi Tahu who were to travel further south to Te Waipounamu after a period of residence around the Wellington Coast. Te Akatarewa Pā was located on the hillside above Wellington College. The area of the Basin Reserve was known as Hauwai which was swamp land and a mahinga kai or food gathering area with habitat for eels/tuna, along with giant and banded kokopu. Several centuries after Ngāi Tara established its major Pā in this area another tribal group arrived in the area. They were the Ngāti Ira groups from the Wairoa area. Ngati Ira did not arrive in conquest but started occupying sites around the harbour and were to inter-marry with Ngāi Tara and Ngāi Tara probably became Ngāti Ira. Akatarewa was probably continued by Ngati Ira however as a result of internal fighting this area was probably vacant from the turn of the 19th century.
26. When the war parties from Nga Puhi, Ngati Whatua and others came around 1820 the Pā around this area were probably empty, as was the case when Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama of Taranaki whānui moved into the harbour a few years later. Taranaki whānui established their pā around the harbour and also around the coastal fringe. There was a lesser need for the old pallisaded Pā on the ridgelines or on headlands. Ngāti Mutunga established Te Aro Pā and also established gardens across the Te Aro flats. When Ngāti Mutunga departed for the Chathams Islands in 1835, the Taranaki hapu of Ngati Haumia and the Ngati Ruanui hapu of Ngati Tupaia joined with Ngatata i te Rangi of Te Atiawa to occupy Te Aro.
27. Puke Ahu which had been used for gardens and settlement in ancient times as well as being used for the extensive clearing for gardens/ngākinga in the early 19th century. When the New Zealand Company drove colonisations in 1840, things change very rapidly for the Taranaki whānui tangata whenua especially for Te Aro Pā. Although the
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Deed signed with the New Zealand Company by Te Atiawa/Taranaki whānui excluded from the purchase the Pā, kainga, urupa/burial grounds and ngākinga/gardens the area excluded was much reduced from the actual occupation of space.
28. As a result of the altercations at Parihaka in Taranaki in the 1870s and 1880s Taranaki prisoners were brought to Wellington for incarceration at the Mount Cook Prison (located where the Mount Cook School now stands) as well as at the Terrace Gaol (at the southern end of the Terrace. Some of the prisoners were taken for trial at the Wellington Courts, however most were transported to Dunedin without trial. The Taranaki prisoners went to labour at the Mount Cook brickworks each day. The bricks were used for the construction of the Mount Cook Barracks/Gaol and the old Mount Cook Police Station which still stands on the corner of Buckle and Tasman Streets. The Gaol was later to become the military Barracks. It is of note that the Gaol dominated the landscape and was universally loathed. It was later demolished although not fully until the Dominion Museum was constructed.
The ridgeline of Te Ranga a Hiwi and the site of Te Akatarewa Pā are in the background with part of Wellington East Girls College in the centre left of picture above the entrance to the Mt Victoria Tunnel
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29. The many paths from the harbour ran through this area to the south coast at Island Bay. Māori from the earliest settlements would have cleared much of the elevated ground for gardens with much land being needed. Māori gardens used the process of fallowing the land. This requires leaving around 90% fallow with 10% in active use. This means a specific piece of cleared land would be left fallow for 9 years before being used. These garden clearings extended into the Aro Valley and were in active use when the New Zealand Company surveyors arrived in 1839 to divide the area up for ‘town acres’ under the New Zealand Company Deed of Purchase signed in September 1839.
30. Charles Heaphy speaking in 1879 to the Wellington Philosophical Society, recalled that forty years earlier when he had arrived, Tinakori Hill was ‘densely timbered .... the rata being conspicuous’. Wellington Terrace was timbered with ‘high manuka some 40ft high.’7 Te Aro, one of the Māori occupation areas, was covered in high fern and tutu, and beyond the Māori villages was an impassable swamp which the new settlers plan to turn into a boat harbour [Basin Reserve].
Pictorial Illustrations of New Zealand, S C Brees, Principal Engineer to the New Zealand Company, London 1847 showing Mt Alfred in background right
31. There are several Māori sites of significance along the route of State Highway 1 around the Basin Reserve, in Wellington, however there are many more in the vicinity which
7 Heaphy , C. 1880 Notes on Port Nicholson and the Natives in 1839. Transactions and Procedings of the New Zealand Institute XII.
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although largely unaffected by any proposed development have had an influence on the area.
Hauwai cultivation area was situated on the edge of what is now Basin Reserve up to the entrance to Wellington College. The cultivation area bordered the swamp/wetland area that is now the Basin Reserve. The cultivation area is connected to Ngāti Hinewai hapu of Ngāi Tara who occupied Te Akatarewa.
Te Akatarewa Pā was located on the slopes of Mt Alfred above the Mt Victoria Tunnel and Wellington College. This was a major Pā for the Ngāti Hinewai hapu of Ngai Tara and had resources surrounding the Pā with garden sites as Hauwai, Puke Ahu, Nga Kumikumi all of which were also to be utilised by the Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whānui people from Te Aro Pā centuries later.
Huriwhenua Flat included the Te Aro Flat and extended southwards back to the base of Tawatawa Ridge so included Newtown.
Kaipapa is the name for the area of Government House and the ridge on which it sits leading down to what was the Waitangi Stream running from around Wellington Hospital.
Te Aro was the Pā on the waterfront which was dissected by Taranaki Street to give access to the Taranaki Wharf. The people of Te Aro that followed Ngāti Mutunga were of the hapu of Ngāti Tupaia of Ngāti Ruanui and Ngāti Haumia. The people of Te Aro used Puke Ahu as one of their garden areas along with the Aro valley and Nga Kumikumi
Moe-i-ra The area to the west of this site was known as Moe-i-te-ra which was a Te Atiawa village and cultivations in the vicinity of Central Park and the north-facing slopes above the Park and joining to the Prince of Wales Park. The area is eventually drained by the Waimapihi Stream which flowed to the Harbour just west of Te Aro Pa.
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32. Another important cultural issue for the tangata whenua in Wellington City generally has been the significance of the many streams that drained the area many of which have since been piped and drain through culverts to the sea. As elevated land the side streams flowed to where Adelaide Road is now located, draining to the Basin Reserve and exiting via Waitangi Stream at Waitangi Park as a feature of that Park.
POTENTIAL CULTURAL I MPACTS OF THE BASIN RESERVE IMPROVEMENTS
33. The potential cultural impacts of the Basin Bridge project can be looked at from the perspective of the tangata whenua interests in the area. The first of these is the Wellington Tenths property called Taranaki 217 in Taranaki Street. There should be little impact on the business operation of the accommodation blocks which provides not only for tertiary students but also for younger people starting in employment and business. Access to public transport is important particularly to the Universities and tertiary education establishments. The location of the accommodation within the ‘Mount Cook Education precinct’ means that many of the students simply walk to their classes. Others however would travel to Victoria University by bus and other institutions that way. Tangata whenua cultural events are not generally run at Taranaki 217 but can happen there from time to time. There is off street parking within the block with access to Taranaki Street.
34. The old Dominion Museum Building (now called Tokomaru) as part of the Massey University campus has its front entrance off Buckle Street. This is the main entrance to the building both in a formal sense and the the operation of the main building and ancillary. There is an alternative access from Wallace Street, however that has a low capacity and involves coming through Wellington High School – not really a viable option for business as usual. The entrance is also the formal entrance to the National War Memorial and the Carillion and is one of the most significant areas in Wellington City. Although the Basin Bridge Project excludes this section inevitably the two projects must interact.
35. The issues around the enhancement of Memorial Park to ensure that the area works well for those events, such as ANZAC Day and the like. In these events there is usually a
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distinctive Maori cultural element. These events occur more than 8 times a year and as tangata whenua Taranaki Whānui have key roles in all of those events. With SH 1 to be trenched below the Memorial Park and the War Memorial running these events and managing elements such as the opening karanga (women’s call of welcome) and the whaikorero (mens’ speech of welcome) will be greatly enhanced along with the wreath laying at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior are another important aspect of the regular events at the Memorial Park.
36. Places such as the Parihaka Memorial are within the Massey site close to the front steps of the old Dominion Museum building. This is an important cultural site for the tangata whenua.
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Massey University – refurbished Old Dominion Museum Building with the Parihaka Memorial in the foreground
37. The cultural elements of Hauwai or the Basin Reserve have long since disappeared however there are elements today that remind us of the history of the area. One of the important elements currently lost is the presence of the Waitangi Stream which flows under the site. The use of water in wetland type gardens as a feature in the site provide a good acknowledgement of the presence that has been suppressed for so long. The wetland called Hauwai, which was drained in the uplift of 1855 later became the Basin Reserve. The streams of the area particularly Waitangi stream although now being buried in pipes well below the surface once carried populations of tuna/eel and various kokopu and inanga. Surprisingly eel and kokopu are still to be found even in the pipes under the roads.
38. The acknowledgement of the overshadowing presence of the ancient Akatarewa Pā around and above Wellington College and Wellington East Girls College. Although this is off the actual site the whole area was associated with the site,
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this may be something for the Victoria Tunnel duplication when that project goes forward.
TANGATA WHENUA SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVEL OPMENT AFFECTED BY T HE BASIN RESERVE ROADING DEVELOPMENT
39. A significant part of the Wellington Tenths Reserve was historically located in the suburbs of Newtown and Berhampore. Although the Tenths Reserve has changed with exchanges of particular properties. Māori were by and large not resident on the Reserve the changes, particularly to the Māori Reserved Lands Act 1955 (Amended in 1997), have in fact meant that the tangata whenua through the Wellington Tenths Trust are not only land owners in these suburbs but also more are resident in places such as Village at the Park. Village at the Park transformed the old Athletic Park into a retirement village and hospital facility. Also on that site is child care centre. The result of this and the independent residential development at what was known as Swanson’s Gully has seen a considerable increase in residential occupancy of the Newtown area. 40. Retirement villages do not create the traffic demand that general residential suburbs do, however these southern suburbs all require a very good connection with Wellington’s CBD for all their servicing requirements. It could be said that this demand is north-south as opposed to the east-west demands served by SH1. 41. The old Dominion Museum site is a neighbour to SH1 at Buckle Street. The main access to the building is via Buckle Street which in that area will be largely unchanged from what is the case now although eventually with the eventual construction of the second Mt Victoria Tunnel the density of traffic will increase considerably. 42. The accommodation at Taranaki 217 should not be adversely affected however Taranaki Street intersection with SH 1 will remain a point of conflict for both pedestrians and vehicular traffic.
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Old Dominion Museum Building with the National War Memorial Carillon and the Basin Reserve viewed from the ancient Akatarewa Pā site.
WAITANGI TRIBUNAL REPORT AND TRADITIONAL HISTORY 43. In its report the Waitangi Tribunal made the following statement with respect of the tangata whenua status in the part of Wellington:
At 1840, Māori groups with ahi kā rights within the Port Nicholson block (as extended in 1844 to the south-west coast) were Te Atiawa at Te Whanganui a Tara and parts of the south-west coast; Taranaki and Ngāti Ruanui at Te Aro; Ngāti Tama at Kaiwharawhara and environs and parts of the south west coast; and Ngāti Toa at Heretaunga and parts of the south-west coast. These groups also had take raupatu over the remainder of the Port Nicholson block.8
44. The main tangata whenua group around the harbour today are from various hapū of Te Atiawa. They originate largely from Ngā Motu (New Plymouth) in Taranaki. At Pipitea however the people were predominantly from the Te Matehou/Ngāti Hamua hapū of Te
8 Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanganui a Tara me Ōna Takiwā: Report on the Wellington District, 2003, p 479
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Atiawa iwi. These peoples’ descendants are beneficial owners in the Wellington Tenths Trust and are generally represented by the Trusts today.
45. The Waitangi Tribunal found that “in taking various reserves9 in and about Wellington from Māori in 1841 without their consent or any consultation, and without making payment, acted in breach of article 2 of the Treaty and failed to respect the rangatiratanga of Maori in and over their land. As a consequence, Te Atiawa, Ngati Tama, Taranaki, and Ngati Ruanui were prejudiced thereby.”10
46. It is of note that in the Tribunal’s report it did not place Ngāti Toa anywhere within Central Wellington. It said that, “The Tribunal considers that those Maori having rights in Wellington Harbour and its foreshore in 1840 were Te Atiawa, Ngati Tama, Taranaki, and Ngati Ruanui.”11
WELLINGTON TOWN SECTIONS 89 & 90 BUCKLE AND TARANAKI STREET 47. There were two ‘town sections’ located on parts of the original sections 89 and 90 which were part of the New Zealand Company Native Reserve made up of some 110 ‘town acres’ of which a remaining 36 acres constitutes the present Wellington Tenths Reserve owned by the Te Atiawa/Taranaki whanui beneficial owners and administered by the Wellington Tenths Trust. These sections were located on the corner of Buckle Street and Taranaki Street. They are adjacent to the campus and section 89 is again in the ownership of Wellington Tenths Trust. Section 90 being endowed by Sir George Grey for military purposes. 48. “..... The military also gained more lasting tenure of town acres 89 and 90, two tenths reserves in Mount Cook beside what later became the Buckle Street site of the Museum of New Zealand. These sections, along with the adjacent Government Reserve, were requested for a major military post in 1848, and in this case Eyre approved the
9 The various reserves included the Town Belt and other public reserves, Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanganui a Tara me ona Takiwa, 2003, Chapter 6.
10 Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanganui a Tara me ona Takiwa, 2003, p 109
11 Ibid p xxv –Executive summary
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application for the land to be Crown-granted to the military. However, this grant was not made immediately, and when the request was repeated in 1850, Eyre asked Attorney- General Daniel Wakefield about the legality of issuing such a grant. Wakefield replied that such reserves ‘cannot be granted without the consent of the natives beneficially interested therein’. As a result, Eyre granted only the Government Reserve, informing the military that the Government would also convey the native reserves ‘as soon they have power to do it’. The military continued to occupy these two reserves, apparently paying no rent, and eventually in 1874, the sections were bought from Maori, as described at section 13.2.6. 12 49. Although Section 89 remains in the ownership of the Ministry of Defence with HMNZS Olphert occupying part of the site for the Royal New Zealand Naval Reserve who do not have plans to exit the site. If they did so and the site was declared surplus it may come into consideration by the mechanism under the PNBST settlement of the right of first refusal.
Basin Reserve looking towards Puke Ahu with drainage in the foreground
12 Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanganui a Tara me ōna Takiwā – Report on the Wellington District, 2003,p 319
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PORT NICHOLSON BLOCK SETTLEMENT
50. The Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika Settlement is the final settlement of all Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika historical claims resulting from acts or omissions by the Crown prior to 21 September 1992 and is made up of a package that includes: • An agreed historical account and Crown acknowledgements, which form the basis for a Crown Apology to Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika, as well as a Statement of Forgiveness from Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika to the Crown; • Cultural redress; and • Financial and commercial redress.
51. Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika is a collective that comprises people of Te Atiawa, Taranaki, Ngāti Ruanui, Ngāti Tama and others including Ngāti Mutunga from a number of Taranaki iwi whose ancestors migrated to Wellington in the 1820s and 30s and who signed the Port Nicholson Block Deed of Purchase in 1839. The Port Nicholson Block runs from the Rimutaka Summit to the South Coast at Pipinui Point (Boomrock) around the coastline to Turakirae in the east and up the Rimutaka ridgeline to the summit. Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika, represented by the Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust and has over 17,000 registered beneficiaries.
52. The history of the interaction between Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika and the Crown has been outlined in The Waitangi Tribunal’s Te Whanganui a Tara Me ōna Takiwā report on the Wellington District Inquiry, published in 2003. The claims of Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika relate to breaches by the Crown of its obligations under the Treaty of Waitangi, particularly the Crown’s dealings over, and eventual acquisition of, the Port Nicholson Block, long delays in ensuring there was appropriate administration of the lands reserved for Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika in the Port Nicholson Block, and the Crown’s compulsory acquisition and endowment of Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika lands for public purposes.
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53. An account of the historical background agreed between the Crown and Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika is included in the Deed of Settlement, along with acknowledgments of Crown breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi, a Crown Apology for those breaches, and a statement of forgiveness by Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika. 54. On 28 January 2004, the Crown recognised the mandate of the Port Nicholson Block Claims Team to negotiate the settlement of the historical claims of Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika. Negotiations on the settlement package commenced with the signing of Terms of Negotiation on 27 July 2004. On 13 December 2007 the Crown and Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika signed an Agreement in Principle. A Deed of Settlement based on this agreement was initialled on 26 June 2008. 55. The Deed was then ratified by members of Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika and signed on 19 August 2008. The Deed of Settlement will be implemented following the passage of legislation which was completed on 4 August 2009. 56. There are no particular requirements from the Port Nicholson Block (Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o Te Ika) Claims Settlement Act 2009 pertaining to this area.
RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL (RFR) 57. The right of first refusal relates to land held in fee simple by the Crown or a Crown body. If the Crown wished to dispose of the land it must be firstly offered to the Trustees of the Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust. 58. In this situation it is not yet possible to identify any particular parcels for which the RFR would apply. Much of the land involved is either town belt or Wellington City Council.
CULTURAL REDRESS 59. The Deed of Settlement provides for various instruments to provide cultural redress. These instruments extend from the transfer of the fee simple of various Crown properties for which there is a direct connection with the claimants to areas where a statutory acknowledgement applies. There are no settlement properties within the scheme area and there are no statutory acknowledgement lands in this area.
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ARCHAEOLOGY 60. A fairly intense archaeological examination was carried out in Te Aro around the site where the Inner City Bypass/Karo Drive is now located around Tonks Avenue looking at the early colonial archaeology. This archaeological survey not did look directly at any possible pre-European archaeology which could have existed below the ‘colonial layers’. Māori archaeology is more difficult to locate. In places the old streams, for example, are now located well below the current ground level with many metres of fill above them. 61. In the Basin Reserve improvements there are no known Maori sites with archaeology however it does process through areas where there are possible remains including in the areas adjoining the old Waitangi Stream, however an accidental discovery protocol should be in place particularly for areas where there are earthworks such as foundation north of Basin Reserve. 62. Further intensive archaeological investigation was carried out over the area adjacent to Buckle Street between Tory Street and Taranaki Street. This work examined the colonial archaeology and the military sites that remained under the layers of pavement. This is not reported on extensively in this report.
ISSUES FOR TE ATIAWA/TARANAKI WHĀNUI
63. The new highway route in places, may warrant a more comprehensive archaeological examination and in other areas the accidental discovery protocol would ensure that any discovery of archaeological material is able to be examined as work progresses. The project area is now urban and has been heavily modified with roading and other developments since Māori lived on the land. One of the areas of concern for the tangata whenua is the area near the entrance on the Wellington City end of the tunnel being part of the very old Akatarewa Pā. The works are unlikely to affect any parts of the Pā and are remote from any likely archaeological sites which are further up the hillside. 64. Issues that may arise during construction works such as siltation of streams and discharges that may find their way into the harbour should be fully covered through resource consent conditions and the appropriate management plans for the project. It should be noted that even where stream area largely piped and buried they often support
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an indigenous fish population. Works around and over streams should aim to expose these in areas where this is practicable. 65. The issues around the War Memorial have been well covered elsewhere in the report. The Trusts consider more work is required on those areas.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
a. The Wellington Tenths Trust and Port Nicholson Settlement Trust note that there will be some archaeological examination of areas along the route however this usually does not include Māori cultural archaeology. There is some possibility that sites around the Basin Reserve may yield Māori archaeological material.
b. There is a need for an accidental discovery protocol for this development and a draft version of this is in the CEMP in Volume 4 of the documents.
c. In terms of the Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust Deed the exercise of its right of first refusal over Crown properties remains in place through and after the completion of the project.
d. At the various stages of the development the Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust will arrange the appropriate cultural blessing before work commences.
e. Follow up reports may be required for particular section of the highways projects through urban Wellington.
f. The Trusts would support an entrance to Government House such as a Tree lined avenue to ensure the entrance for the World’s heads of state to the residence of the Queen’s representative is appropriate.
g. Both the Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust and the Wellington Tenths Trust should have an on-going role in the design and implementation of the Memorial Park and the roading in and around that.
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View from the Memorial Park bringing surface water back into the area which was once a wetland and stream ecology. NZ Transport Authority LA.4.02
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
i. Adkin, G Leslie, The Great Harbour of Tara, Traditional Māori Place-names and Sites of Wellington Harbour and Environs, Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd 1959 ii. Best, E, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara Wellington in Pre- Pakeha Days, Vol 10, 1901
iii. Best, Journal of the Polynesian Society, The Land of Tara and they who settled it, Vol 26 & 27, 1917 – 1919. iv. Jellicoe, Roland L, The New Zealand Company’s Native Reserves, Government Printer, Wellington, 1930 v. Ward, Louis E. Early Wellington, Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd, 1928, vi. Māori Land Court Minute Book 1C vii. Mulgan, Alan, 1939 The City of the Strait, A H Reed Wellington viii. Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanganui a Tara me Ōna Takiwā: Report on the Wellington District, 2003 ix. Smith, S Percy. History and Traditions of the Māoris of the West Coast, Memoirs of the Polynesian Society, 1910. pp 406 - 411
x. Wellington Tenths Trust, GIS Map Book 2004, Neville Gilmore, Ritihia Hailwood and Liz Mellish, November 2004.
xi. Crown Congress Joint Working Party Historical Report on Wellington Lands, evidence of the Waitangi Tribunal, Document A44, Wai 145, Wellington Inquiry xii. Turton, H Hanson, An Epitome of Official Documents relative to Native Affairs and Land Purchases in the North Island of New Zealand, Government Printer, 1883 xiii. NZ Transport Authority – drawings for consenting xiv. Land Information New Zealand Deeds and Plans
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APPENDIX 15.A – MĀORI SIGNIFICANT SITES AND STREAMS
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APPENDIX 15.B - HISTORY OF THE TANGA TA WHENUA OF THE ARE A
1. According to Best13 and others the first people of this area could be called Maruiwi who were said to have originally landed in Taranaki and then moved to other places. Other used the term kāhui tipua or kāhui maunga for these early people. These people were less tribally organized and sometimes are referred to as moa hunters. Moa were likely to have been found in this area with bones found on the old Rongotai Airport site hence the name Moa Point.
2. The first of the tribal groups to settle this area was probably the Ngāi Tara peoples from the eponymous ancestor Tara (Tara-ika), son of Whātonga and Hotuwaipara. Around this area was the Ngāti Hinewai hapu of Ngai Tara who had the major Pā of Te Akatarewa.
3. These people were replaced over time with a related group of Ngāti Rangi who in turn were displaced by Ngāti Ira – the decendants of Ira-kai-putahi who resided in this area and in some place around Te Whanganui a Tara (Wellington Harbour).
4. Ngāti Ira were in turn displaced by the Taranaki iwi of Te Atiawa Nui Tonu firstly by Ngāti Mutunga and later those of the hapū of Ngāti Tupaia of Ngāti Ruanui and Ngāti Haumia of the Taranaki tribe. This particular area was probably vacant at the time of the arrival of the Taranaki iwi. The move into the area of the Taranaki people was prompted by the forays of a taua lead by the musket tribes of Ngāti Whātua and Ngā Puhi along with Ngāti Toa and Taranaki warriors. These fast moving taua moved through the area in 1818/1819 and 1820/21 leaving many areas almost vacant in their wake. This was followed by waves of migrations coming first to the Waikanae area and then dispersing around the region with Te Whanganui a Tara and this region being one of the later areas settled.
5. Te Aro Pā on Wellington’s waterfront was first occupied by Ngāti Mutunga but vacated by them in 1835 as they left to settle in the Chatham Islands leaving their
13 Best, Elsdon, Journal of the Polynesian Society, The Land of Tara and they who settled it, Vol 26 & 27, 1917 – 1919
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interests to Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whānui. At Te Aro the settlement was occupied by Ngāti Tupaia hapu of Ngāti Ruanui along with Ngāti Haumia of the Taranaki tribe along with their Te Atiawa kin.
6. Te Atiawa hapū occupied much of Te Whanganui a Tara with coastal settlements at Paekawakawa (Island Bay), Owhiro, Waiariki, and Oterongo, on Wellington’s south and west coasts. They also were located at Kumutoto,
7. To identify who are the tangata whenua in Wellington this report relies in part on the expert knowledge of the Waitangi Tribunal who sought to clarify this matter particularly with respect to who is able to claim an interest against the Crown14. Today, the descendants of the original inhabitants of Pipitea Pā are represented by the Wellington Tenths Trust and more recently by the Port Nicholson Block Settlement (Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika) Trust (PNBST) (the Trusts).
14 Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanganui a Tara me Ōna Takiwā: Report on the Wellington District, 2003, p 479
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APPENDIX 15.C - THOMAS WARD MAP
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APPENDIX 15.D - MĀORI SITES OF SIGNIFICANC E AND STREAMS
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APPENDIX 15.E - PORT NICHOLSON BLOCK SETTLEMENT AREA
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