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Trabajo Fin De Grado. Pixar TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO Análisis de personajes y tristeza positiva en la narrativa de Pixar Jessica Cabrera Marín y Patricia Muñoz Gallardo Tutor: Sergio Cobo Durán Facultad de Comunicación, Universidad de Sevilla Junio 2017 ÍNDICE 1. Introducción ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Justificación ........................................................................................................................... 1 3. Objetivos ................................................................................................................................ 2 4. Pregunta de investigación y metodología .............................................................................. 2 5. Orígenes de la animación ....................................................................................................... 6 5.1 Inicios de la animación y diferentes técnicas ................................................................. 6 5.2 Orígenes de la animación por ordenador/autores ........................................................... 7 6. Pixar Animation Studios ........................................................................................................ 8 7. Estudio de la narrativa de Pixar ............................................................................................. 8 7.1 Proceso de creación de un film en Pixar ......................................................................... 8 7.2 Storytelling ..................................................................................................................... 9 7.3 Temas recurrentes ......................................................................................................... 11 8. Estudio de los personajes en pixar ....................................................................................... 11 8.1. Diseño de personajes y posibilidades expresivas ......................................................... 11 8.2. Psicología de los personajes ......................................................................................... 13 8.2.1. Necesidad dramática ............................................................................................. 13 8.2.2. Punto de vista como persona ................................................................................. 14 8.2.3. Actitud ................................................................................................................... 14 8.2.4. Cambio respecto a la narración ............................................................................. 15 9. El valor de las emociones en la cinematografía de Pixar ..................................................... 16 9.1. Estudio de las emociones .............................................................................................. 16 9.2. La tristeza positiva ........................................................................................................ 17 9.2.1. Definición y estudios ............................................................................................. 17 10. Análisis de personajes ........................................................................................................... 20 10.1. Toy Story (Lasseter, 1995) .............................................................................................. 20 10.2. Bichos (Lasseter y Stanton, 1998) .................................................................................. 21 10.3. Toy Story 2 (Lasseter, Unkrich y Brannon, 1999) .......................................................... 23 10.4. Monstruos S.A (Docter, Unkrich y Silverman, 2001)..................................................... 25 10.5. Buscando a Nemo (Stanton y Unkrich,2003) ................................................................. 27 10.6. Los Increíbles (Bird, 2004) ............................................................................................. 29 10.7 Cars (Lasseter y Ranft, 2006) .......................................................................................... 31 10.8. Ratatouille (Bird, 2007) .................................................................................................. 33 10.9. WALL-E (Stanton, 2008) ................................................................................................ 34 10.10. Up (Docter y Peterson, 2009) ....................................................................................... 36 10.11. Toy Story 3 (Unkrich, 2010) ......................................................................................... 38 10.12. Cars 2 (Lasseter y Lewis, 2011) ................................................................................... 41 10.13. Brave (Andrews, Chapman y Purcell, 2012) ................................................................ 43 10.14. Monstruos University (Scanlon, 201) ........................................................................... 44 10.15 Del revés (Docter y Del Carmen, 2015) ........................................................................ 46 10.16. El Viaje de Arlo (Sohm, 2015) ..................................................................................... 48 10.17 Buscando a Dory (Stanton y Maclane, 2016) ................................................................ 50 11. Conclusiones ......................................................................................................................... 52 12. Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................ 63 13. Anexos ................................................................................................................................... 69 13.1. Gráficas de recopilación de datos ................................................................................... 70 13.2. Fichas de todas las películas ........................................................................................... 89 13.2.1. Toy Story ................................................................................................................ 90 13.2.2. Bichos ................................................................................................................... 105 13.2.3. Toy Story 2 ........................................................................................................... 120 13.2.4. Monstruos S.A ...................................................................................................... 132 13.2.5 Buscando a Nemo ................................................................................................. 144 13.2.6. Los Increíbles ....................................................................................................... 154 13.2.7. Cars ...................................................................................................................... 169 13.2.8. Ratatouille ........................................................................................................... 178 13.2.9. WALL-E ............................................................................................................... 188 13.2.10. Up ....................................................................................................................... 196 13.2.11. Toy Story 3 ......................................................................................................... 204 13.2.12. Cars 2 ................................................................................................................. 224 13.2.13. Brave ................................................................................................................. 235 13.2.14. Monstruos University ......................................................................................... 242 13.2.15. Del revés ............................................................................................................ 254 13.2.16. El Viaje de Arlo .................................................................................................. 271 13.2.17. Buscando a Dory ............................................................................................... 280 1. INTRODUCCIÓN En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado se va a realizar una investigación sobre Pixar Animation Studios, estableciendo un recorrido general por el mundo de la animación desde sus orígenes hasta llegar a un apartado en concreto relacionado con las creaciones del propio estudio y haciendo especial énfasis en la tipología de personajes representados en los largometrajes y las emociones que se transmiten. Pixar tiene expertos en storytelling centrados en la importancia de contar historias. Como afirma Stanton (TED, 2012), uno de los directores del estudio, en relación a la importancia que tiene la narrativa en sus obras: “Just make me care”1. De hecho, mientras el guion va modificándose, así lo hacen los personajes en su diseño. (TED, 2012). Lo primordial en esto, según los propios diseñadores, es la conexión con la audiencia, saber qué características harán empatizar y cómo distribuirlas adecuadamente entre los distintos personajes. “Think about the meaning of the word 'character'. You're supposed to breath life into these things, make them appealing and give them the magic that will allow people to imagine what they're like to meet and how they might move.” 2 (McFarland en Pixar, 2017: p.4). El estudio de animación ha creado numerosos cortos
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