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Evaluation of Techniques for Establishing Sedge Meadow Vegetation Tony Lee Bremholm Iowa State University

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Evaluation of Techniques for Establishing Sedge Meadow Vegetation Tony Lee Bremholm Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1993 Evaluation of techniques for establishing sedge meadow vegetation Tony Lee Bremholm Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Bremholm, Tony Lee, "Evaluation of techniques for establishing sedge meadow vegetation" (1993). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17332. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17332 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluation of techniques for establishing sedge meadow vegetation by Tony Lee Bremholm A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Botany Interdepartmental Major: Water Resources Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1993 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 PART 1: COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND CREATED SEDGE MEADOWS ...... 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 4 SITE DESCRIPTIONS ..................................................................................................... 6 Natural sedge meadows ............................................................................................... 6 Site selection .......................................................................................................... 6 Vegetation ............................................................................................................. 6 Soils ...................................................................................................................... 7 Created sedge meadows ............................................................................................. 10 Site description .................................................................................................... 10 Soils .................................................................................................................... 10 METHODS ............................................................................................................ ........ 13 Water table levels ...................................................................................................... 13 Natural sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 13 Created sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 14 Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................... 14 Natural sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 14 Vegetation sampling .................................................................................................. 14 Natural sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 14 Created sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 15 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 17 Water table levels ...................................................................................................... 17 Natural sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 17 Created sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 17 Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................... 30 Natural sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 30 Vegetation sampling ...................................................... ............................................ 30 Natural sedge meadows ...................................................... ................................. 30 iii Created sedge meadows ....................................................................................... 30 PART II: SEDGE ESTABLISHMENT STUDIES ......- .............................................. 42 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 43 METHODS ..................................................................................................................... 45 Seed studies ............................................................................................................... 45 Seed germination ................................................................................................. 45 Seed storage ........................................................................................................ 46 Growth studies .......................................................................................................... 48 Greenhouse studies .............................................................................................. 48 Field studies ......................................................................................................... 49 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 50 Seed studies ............................................................................................................... 50 Seed germination ................................................................................................. 50 Seed storage ........................................................................................................ 51 Growth studies .......................................................................................................... 57 Greenhouse studies .............................................................................................. 57 Field studies ......................................................................................................... 59 GENERAL DISCUSSION ....................................... , ........................................... ........... 67 Comparison of natural and created sedge meadows .................................................... 67 Sedge establishment studies ....................................................................................... 76 Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................................. 84 LITERATURE CITED ...................................................... ............................................. 85 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. 93 APPENDIX: MAPS SHOWING WELL PLACEMENTS AT THE FIVE NATURAL SEDGE MEADOW SITES ....................................... 94 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Recent legislation regulating activities impacting on wetlands was designed to slow or reverse trends in wetland acreage lost (Kentula et al., 1992a; Owen and Jacobs, 1992). However, reliance on compensatory mitigation to offset acreage losses may be degrading the quality and diversity of the nation's remaining wetland resources. Evaluations of created and restored wetlands indicate that our ability to create and restore wetland functions has not progressed far enough to warrant the present reliance on mitigation to offset wetland losses (Kusler and Kentula, 1989; Owen and Jacobs, 1992; Zedler and Weller, 1989). In evaluating of the results of wetland mitigation projects in Florida, Washington and Oregon, Kentula et al. (1992a) and Kentula et al. (1992b) noted the trend in created and restored freshwater wetlands offered as mitigation seemed to be toward hydrologically isolated small ponds with steep banks and a ring of vegetation composed of volunteer species around the shore. The types of wetlands resulting from mitigation were often different from the types of wetlands impacted. The situation described has generated interest in developing methods to create and restore wetlands other than ponds and cattail marshes. Particularly lacking are methods to create and restore wet meadows. These are seasonally flooded wetlands, often dominated by sedges (sedge meadows), that occupy the transition zone between marshes and non-wetland areas such as wet prairies. This is a report on research conducted for the wet meadow creation project at the Des Plaines River Wetland Demonstration Project (DPRWDP) in Lake County, Illinois. The work was done between May, 1991 and June, 1993. The goal of the research was to evaluate techniques available for establishing sedges of the genus Carex in created wet meadows. The format of this report reflects the two main objectives of the research project. Part I is a comparison of the hydrology, vegetation and soils of natural and created sedge meadows. 2 Part II reports on a series of studies conducted to evaluate
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