Detecting Adaptive Trait Introgression Between Iris Fulva and Iris Brevicaulis In
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Iris for the Home Gardener a Rainbow of Colors in Many Shapes and Sizes Bob Lyons
Iris for the Home Gardener A Rainbow of Colors in Many Shapes and Sizes Bob Lyons FEW PLANTS HAVE AS MUCH HISTORY and affection among gardeners than iris. In Greek mythology, Iris is the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the Gods, and indeed, Iris appear in many magical colors—a large and diverse genus. Some have large showy flowers, others more I. ‘Black Gamecock’ understated; some grow in clumps, others spread; some prefer I. ensata ‘Angelic Choir’ it dry, others are more partial to moist, even wet conditions; and some grow from bulbs, while others return each year from rhizomes just beneath the soil surface. How does one tell them apart and make the right choice for a home garden? Fortunately, horticulturists and iris enthusiasts have developed a system of organization to make sense out of the vast world of irises. Three groups that account for more than 75% of the commercial iris market today are the Bearded Iris, Siberian Iris, and Japanese Iris. Each group recognizes the best of the best with prestigious national awards, noted in the descriptions that follow. The Dykes Medal is awarded to the finest iris of any class. More iris plants are described in the “Plant Descriptions: I. ×pseudata ‘Aichi no Kagayaki’ I. ensata ‘Cascade Crest’ Perennial” section. Latin Name Common Name Mature Size Light Soil Pot Size Price Iris ‘Black Gamecock’ Louisiana Iris 2–3 .8 d 1 g $14 Late; stunning blue black, velvet-colored flowers; hummingbird haven; can grow in 4 inches of standing water; DeBaillon Medal. Iris ×pseudata ‘Aichi no Kagayaki’ Iris Hybrid 2 . -
Pollen Dispersal and Interspecific Gene Flow in Louisiana Irises
Heredity 68 (1992) 399—404 Received 26Apr11 1991 OThe Genetical Society of Great Britain Pollen dispersal and interspecific gene flow in Louisiana irises M. L. ARNOLD*, J. J. ROBINSON, C. M. BUCKNER & B. D. BENNETt Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA An analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation was carried out for 106 individual plants from three natural populations of Louisiana irises. Two of the samples (59 individuals) represented I. brevicaulis populations. The third sample was from a population defined by allozyme markers as an area of contact between I. fidva, I. hexagona and I. brevicaulis. The cpDNA acts as a seed-specific genetic marker because it is inherited from the maternal parent. cpDNA markers were thus used to discriminate between (i) introgressive hybridization due to seed movement followed by pollen transfer and, (ii) introgression resulting from direct transfer of pollen between allopatric populations of the hybridizing taxa. Furthermore, the concurrent analysis of biparental and maternal markers for the same individuals allowed a test for any directionality in the introgression. A comparison of cpDNA results with data from previous nuclear analyses led to the conclusion that pollen flow occurred from allopatric populations of I. hexagona into an area of sympatry involving I. fulva and I. brevicaulis. In addition, the genotypes detected in the hybrid population indicate that 1. fulva and I. brevicaulis have acted as both pollen and seed parents to produce introgressant individuals. The results of the present study and those of previous nuclear and cpDNA analyses suggest that pollen dispersal is the most important avenue for gene flow between these Iris species. -
Hybrid Fitness, Adaptation and Evolutionary Diversification: Lessons
Heredity (2012) 108, 159–166 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/12 www.nature.com/hdy REVIEW Hybrid fitness, adaptation and evolutionary diversification: lessons learned from Louisiana Irises ML Arnold, ES Ballerini and AN Brothers Estimates of hybrid fitness have been used as either a platform for testing the potential role of natural hybridization in the evolution of species and species complexes or, alternatively, as a rationale for dismissing hybridization events as being of any evolutionary significance. From the time of Darwin’s publication of The Origin, through the neo-Darwinian synthesis, to the present day, the observation of variability in hybrid fitness has remained a challenge for some models of speciation. Yet, Darwin and others have reported the elevated fitness of hybrid genotypes under certain environmental conditions. In modern scientific terminology, this observation reflects the fact that hybrid genotypes can demonstrate genotypeÂenvironment interactions. In the current review, we illustrate the development of one plant species complex, namely the Louisiana Irises, into a ‘model system’ for investigating hybrid fitness and the role of genetic exchange in adaptive evolution and diversification. In particular, we will argue that a multitude of approaches, involving both experimental and natural environments, and incorporating both manipulative analyses and surveys of natural populations, are necessary to adequately test for the evolutionary significance of introgressive hybridization. An appreciation of the variability of hybrid fitness leads to the conclusion that certain genetic signatures reflect adaptive evolution. Furthermore, tests of the frequency of allopatric versus sympatric/parapatric divergence (that is, divergence with ongoing gene flow) support hybrid genotypes as a mechanism of evolutionary diversification in numerous species complexes. -
Iridaceae – Iris Family
IRIDACEAE – IRIS FAMILY Plant: herbs, perennial; can be shrub-like elsewhere Stem: Root: growing from rhizomes, bulbs, or corms Leaves: simple, alternate or mostly basal (sheaths open or closed), most grass or sword-like with parallel veins Flowers: perfect, regular (actinomorphic) or irregular (zygomorphic); flowers showy, often solitary; flowers in 3’s (petals, sepals, and stamens), both sepals and petals often colored; regular as in Blue-Eyed grasses (looks like 6-plan), or irregular as in true Irises; flower subtended by 2 bracts; ovary mostly inferior, 3 carpels, 1 style Fruit: capsule with seed Other: Monocotyledons Group Genera: 65+ genera; locally Belamcanda (blackberry-lily), Iris (iris), Sisyrinchium (blue-eyed grass) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Iridaceae (Iris Family) Examples of some common genera German Iris [Blue Flag] Iris germanica L. (Introduced Blackberry Lily Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. (Introduced) Dwarf Crested Iris Stout Blue-Eyed Grass Iris cristata Aiton Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Copper [Red] Iris Iris fulva Ker Gawl. Prairie Blue-Eyed Grass Sisyrinchium campestre E.P. Bicknell IRIDACEAE – IRIS FAMILY Blackberry Lily; Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. (Introduced) Dwarf Crested Iris; Iris cristata Aiton Copper [Red] Iris; Iris fulva Ker Gawl. German Iris [Blue Flag]; Iris germanica L. (Introduced) Yellow Iris [Flag]; Iris pseudacorus L. (Introduced) Southern Blue Flag [Shreve's Iris]; Iris virginica L. var. shrevei (Small) E.S. Anderson Common Blue-Eyed Grass; Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Stout Blue-Eyed Grass; Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Eastern Blue-Eyed Grass; Sisyrinchium atlanticum E.P. Bicknell Prairie Blue-Eyed Grass; Sisyrinchium campestre E.P. -
Iris Sibirica and Others Iris Albicans Known As Cemetery
Iris Sibirica and others Iris Albicans Known as Cemetery Iris as is planted on Muslim cemeteries. Two different species use this name; the commoner is just a white form of Iris germanica, widespread in the Mediterranean. This is widely available in the horticultural trade under the name of albicans, but it is not true to name. True Iris albicans which we are offering here occurs only in Arabia and Yemen. It is some 60cm tall, with greyish leaves and one to three, strongly and sweetly scented, 9cm flowers. The petals are pure, bone- white. The bracts are pale green. (The commoner interloper is found across the Mediterranean basin and is not entitled to the name, which continues in use however. The wrongly named albicans, has brown, papery bracts, and off-white flowers). Our stock was first found near Sana’a, Yemen and is thriving here, outside, in a sunny, raised bed. Iris Sibirica and others Iris chrysographes Black Form Clumps of narrow, iris-like foliage. Tall sprays of darkest violet to almost black velvety flowers, Jun-Sept. Ht 40cm. Moist, well drained soil. Part shade. Deepest Purple which is virtually indistinguishable from black. Moist soil. Ht. 50cm Iris chrysographes Dykes (William Rickatson Dykes, 1911, China); Section Limniris, Series Sibericae; 14-18" (35-45 cm), B7D; Flowers dark reddish violet with gold streaks in the signal area giving it its name (golden writing); Collected by E. H. Wilson in 1908, in China; The Gardeners' Chronicle 49: 362. 1911. The Curtis's Botanical Magazine. tab. 8433 in 1912, gives the following information along with the color illustration. -
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l J II iI I I 1: t; ,1!. ;1 I '/ , 1 l·l ·1 I :: 11 j; !, :. ,, · j I ' .. I: ,, Ii I 11 11 I! I ..I • I Ii THE SP EC I ES IRIS STU DY GROUP 11 1: OF THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY · !: j ! - =-=-================================================~~===- ===~ THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP OF THE AH~RICAN IRIS SOC I ETY October, 1968 - No . 2 . OFFICERS OF THE SOCIEI'Y CHAIR.NAN: B. LeRoy Davidson 911 We stern Ave . #200 , Seattle Washington 98104 Phone: (206) SH6 - 2156 SECRET kRY ~ Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe 588 East End Ave . 9 Pittsburg , TRE.hSURER I llinois 15221 Phone : (412) 242- 9673 LI BhRIJi.N: Thomas J . Buckley 6 JJO s . D81Ilen Ave. Chicago, Illino is 60636 SEED EXCHANGE DI RECTOR: Mrs. Ruth Hardy 296 Hunsaker Lane , Eugene, Oregon 97Irn2 EDITOR: Bruce Richar dson 492 Twenty Rd. E., R.R. 2 , Hannon, Onta rio, Canada Phone : (416) 679- 4636 O O O O O O O O • 0 o o O O O O O O O 0 CONT.i.:..NTS Page # -JI The Spuria Species IRIS BRlil'JDZh E SPURIA NEWSL ETTER1 1,pr il 1968 27 The Landscaping Value of Iris Bill Gunther 28 The Spuria Spceies IRIS MONNIERI SPURIJ. Ni:.WSLEI'TER J anuary , 1968 JO The Spuria Species IRIS NONN IERI Dr . Lee Lenz Jl Species No tes Lois Hale 32 J. Message to all I risarieins ~:verywhere Roy Davidson 33 Another Se eel Season Roy DE:vic• son 31.J. Our V2 n i shing 1..me rican Species Roy Davidson 36 Questions Please Roy Davidson 37 Catalog of Species Sources 39 From the Birdhouse 40 IRIS TIGRIDII~ 42 British Iris Society Speci e s Group Report on the Evansia Section 43 Membership List 47 Editoral Comments Bruce Richardson 50 0 o O O o O O O o O O o O O • 0 0 0 • 0 ~dited and printed by Br u ce Richardson. -
The Vascular Flora of the Red Hills Forever Wild Tract, Monroe County, Alabama
The Vascular Flora of the Red Hills Forever Wild Tract, Monroe County, Alabama T. Wayne Barger1* and Brian D. Holt1 1Alabama State Lands Division, Natural Heritage Section, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL 36130 *Correspondence: wayne [email protected] Abstract provides public lands for recreational use along with con- servation of vital habitat. Since its inception, the Forever The Red Hills Forever Wild Tract (RHFWT) is a 1785 ha Wild Program, managed by the Alabama Department of property that was acquired in two purchases by the State of Conservation and Natural Resources (AL-DCNR), has pur- Alabama Forever Wild Program in February and Septem- chased approximately 97 500 ha (241 000 acres) of land for ber 2010. The RHFWT is characterized by undulating general recreation, nature preserves, additions to wildlife terrain with steep slopes, loblolly pine plantations, and management areas and state parks. For each Forever Wild mixed hardwood floodplain forests. The property lies tract purchased, a management plan providing guidelines 125 km southwest of Montgomery, AL and is managed by and recommendations for the tract must be in place within the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural a year of acquisition. The 1785 ha (4412 acre) Red Hills Resources with an emphasis on recreational use and habi- Forever Wild Tract (RHFWT) was acquired in two sepa- tat management. An intensive floristic study of this area rate purchases in February and September 2010, in part was conducted from January 2011 through June 2015. A to provide protected habitat for the federally listed Red total of 533 taxa (527 species) from 323 genera and 120 Hills Salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton). -
De Novo Transcriptome Characterization of Iris Atropurpurea (The Royal Iris, Iris Section Oncocyclus) and Phylogenetic Analysis
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/680363; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. De novo Transcriptome Characterization of Iris atropurpurea (the Royal Iris, Iris section Oncocyclus) and Phylogenetic Analysis of MADS-box and R2R3- MYB Gene Families Bar-Lev Yamit1, Senden Esther1, Pasmanik-Chor Metsada2, and Sapir Yuval1 1 The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel 2 Bioinformatics Unit, G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel Bar-Lev Yamit [email protected], 972-3-6407354, Author for correspondence Senden Esther [email protected] Pasmanik-Chor Metsada [email protected] Sapir Yuval [email protected] Acknowledgments We thank the Technion Genome Center for technical assistance and the Bioinformatics Core Facility at Ben-Gurion University for their assistance in the bioinformatics analysis. We thank N. Kane for the Perl script for mining SSRs from transcriptome sequences. This research was funded by the Israel Science Foundation to YS (grant No. 336/16). 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/680363; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
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...... JUNE 1974 - - Number 13 THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP OF THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY The Madonna of San Polo in Chianti The floral offering of a bunch of 1. pal Iida was placed there on the occasion of the first Iris Festa. ( See article on page 3 50 ) ( By courtesy of the British Iris Society ) : From on l:."ktachronu by H . Cw1lt Fltttll.:n - 321 - THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP of_ THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY SIGNA - - - Number 13 - - - JUNE 1974 OFFICERS OF THE SOC IETY Chairman- - - - - - - Roy Davidson- - - 911 Western Avenue" Number 200 Seattle, Washington ~8104 phone 206- 746- 2156 Secretary- Treasurer - - - Homer Metcalf - - Montana State Universit_y College of Agriculture Bo... eman Montana 597'1 5 phone 4 66 - 586- 5624 Librarian - - - - - - Jerry Flintoff 5608 North 18th Street Tacoma, Washington 98406 Seed Exchange Director Jean Witt - 16516 25th, N.E. Seattle, Washington 98155 Species Robins Director- Lorena Reid 17225 McKenzie Highwa'l, Route 2 Springfield, Oregon 97477 Editor of SIGNA - - - Bill Gunther 740 Crest Road Del Ma.;, California 92014 phone ,14- 755- 2798 Editor of Study Manual Roy Davidson- - 911 Western Avenue"' Number 200 Seattle, Washington ~8104 • • • • • • • • • • • SIGNA - - - Number 13 - - - JUNE 1974 TABLE OF CONTENTS Greetings from Your Chairman - Roy Davidson- 323 THE GENUS IRIS - - - - William R. Dykes- 324 The Iris - a collective name - George Rodionenko 325 Financial Status of the Group -- - Homer Metcalf 326 The AIS National Convention 1974- - E. Freeman Yendall 327 Species In Australia- - Gordon Loveridge 328 Purple pigment in iris leaves - Roy Davidson 330 Iris missouriensis - - - - Homer Metcalf 330 Iris Species as Garden Plants - Ernest Luscombe - 332 FLORA OF THE U.S.S.R. -
Louisiana Iris Is the Name Used Worldwide for a Unique Group of Louisiana Native Iris Species And, in Particular, Their Hybrids
Louisiana Iris Louisiana iris is the name used worldwide for a unique group of Louisiana native iris species and, in particular, their hybrids. The plants’ extraordinary beauty and reliability in the garden have made them increasingly popular, but they still deserve more recognition and use here in their home state. 1 Introduction Although a number of iris species are native to Louisiana, only five species are known as “The Louisianans.” They are Iris brevicaulis, Iris fulva, Iris giganticaerulea, Iris hexagona and Iris nelsonii. Iris brevicaulis and I. fulva are native to the Mississippi valley from Louisiana to Ohio, and I. giganticaerulea and I. hexagona are found along the Gulf Coast from Mississippi to Texas. Only in South Louisiana, however, do all five species occur together. You typically see them growing in damp or wet areas at the edge of swamps, in boggy areas or in roadside ditches. These five species are closely related and will interbreed with each other, but with no other species. The crossing, or interbreeding, of these species has resulted in the hybrid Louisiana iris cultivars we grow today. Their large, attractive flowers cover a wide range of colors, including many shades of blue, purple, red, yellow, pink, gold, brown, lavender, burgundy and white. Cultivars with bicolor flowers, bright yellow signal markings or ruffled petals add to their beauty. Culture situations generally do not go as dormant as those in drier conditions, and more of the foliage stays green Louisiana irises can be grown successfully through the summer. throughout Louisiana and in much of the United States. -
Botanická Zahrada IRIS.Indd
B-Ardent! Erasmus+ Project CZ PL LT D BOTANICAL GARDENS AS A PART OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE IRIS (KOSATEC, IRYS, VILKDALGIS, SCHWERTLILIE) Methodology 2020 Caspers Zuzana, Dymny Tomasz, Galinskaite Lina, Kurczakowski Miłosz, Kącki Zygmunt, Štukėnienė Gitana Institute of Botany CAS, Czech Republic University.of.Wrocław,.Poland Vilnius University, Lithuania Park.der.Gärten,.Germany B-Ardent! Botanical Gardens as Part of European Cultural Heritage Project number 2018-1-CZ01-KA202-048171 We.thank.the.European.Union.for.supporting.this.project. B-Ardent! Erasmus+ Project CZ PL LT D The. European. Commission. support. for. the. production. of. this. publication. does. not. con- stitute.an.endorsement.of.the.contents.which.solely.refl.ect.the.views.of.the.authors..The. European.Commission.cannot.be.held.responsible.for.any.use.which.may.be.made.of.the. information.contained.therein. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION OF THE GENUS IRIS .................................................................... 7 Botanical Description ............................................................................................... 7 Origin and Extension of the Genus Iris .................................................................... 9 Taxonomy................................................................................................................. 11 History and Traditions of Growing Irises ................................................................ 11 Morphology, Biology and Horticultural Characteristics of Irises ...................... -