DOCSLIB.ORG

On Biodiversity and Conservation of the Iris Hexagona Complex (Phaeiris, Iridaceae) 1, 2 3 1 EVGENY V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Biodiversity and Conservation of the Iris Hexagona Complex (Phaeiris, Iridaceae) 1, � 2 3 1 EVGENY V SYNTHESIS & INTEGRATION On biodiversity and conservation of the Iris hexagona complex (Phaeiris, Iridaceae) 1, 2 3 1 EVGENY V. M AVRODIEV, JUAN P. G OMEZ, NICHOLAS E. MAVRODIEV, ANTHONY E. MELTON, 4 4 1 1 MARIO MARTINEZ-AZORIN, MANUEL B. CRESPO, SCOTT K. ROBINSON, AND DAVID W. STEADMAN 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, PO Box 117800, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA 2Departamento de Quımica y Biologıa, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 Vıa a Pto. Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia 3Cornerstone Academy, 1520 NW 34th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32605 USA 4Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (Botanica), Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, Alicante E-03080 Spain Citation: Mavrodiev, E. V., J. P. Gomez, N. E. Mavrodiev, A. E. Melton, M. Martınez-Azorın, M. B. Crespo, S. K. Robinson, and D. W. Steadman. 2020. On biodiversity and conservation of the Iris hexagona complex (Phaeiris, Iridaceae). Ecosphere 12(1):e03331. 10.1002/ecs2.3331 Abstract. Taxonomic revisions using newly available molecular data can have profound consequences for identifying areas of high endemism and, therefore, high conservation priority. A good example of the con- nection between taxonomy, biodiversity ecology, and conservation issues is genus Phaeiris (Iris subsect. Hexagonae), an endemic taxon of the southeastern United States and in particular P. hexagona (I. hexagona) (Blue Flag), perhaps the best-known species of this genus. Some authors recently provided evidence for the need to revise the taxonomy of the Blue Flag, which has usually been considered to consist of a single species, P. hexagona. Using molecular and bioclimatic analyses of Blue Flags from Florida and Louisiana, collected at their loci classici, we challenge the notion that P. hexagona is a single species, referring to the almost forgotten taxonomic context of Phaeiris as established by John K. Small and Edward J. Alexander nearly 90 yr ago. Our vision of the P. hexagona complex reinforces the current treatment of Southern Coastal Plain as a biodiversity hotspot. Our results also argue for the complex nature of endemism on the Florida Peninsula, and elsewhere on the Southern Coastal Plain, including a new interpretation of the well-studied Louisiana irises. We also propose that the valleys of Florida rivers and lakes are likely to harbor additional hidden biodiversity. Accu- rate taxonomy proved to be a heuristic tool to characterize better the actual level of biodiversity within Southern Coastal Plain as well as to describe the different areas endemism. The newly re-documented taxo- nomic diversity in broadly defined P. hexagona should also be considered in future conservation efforts. Key words: bioclimatic analysis; Florida Peninsula; Louisiana irises; molecular phylogeny. Received 6 May 2020; accepted 13 May 2020; final version received 11 November 2020. Corresponding Editor: Debra P. C. Peters. Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. E-mail: evgeny@ufl.edu The watersheds of different rivers commonly harbor flags identify many cryptic, unrecognized, or simply of a single species or endemic plants. Small (1927:11). forgotten taxonomic entities (e.g., Mavrodiev et al. 2012a,b,c, 2013, 2014, 2015a, Yurtseva et al. INTRODUCTION 2016a,b, among others), some of which are poten- tially in need of conservation attention. Such new Modern phylogenetic methods, especially analyses have also provided new information on molecular approaches, have made it possible to the prevalence of previously unrecognized areas v www.esajournals.org 1 January 2021 v Volume 12(1) v Article e03331 SYNTHESIS & INTEGRATION MAVRODIEV ET AL. of endemism (Mavrodiev et al. 2012a,b) as well Therefore, we have to discuss: as on the importance of environmental variables 1. the possible cryptic diversity of the Florida that may be fully congruent with the observed Blue Flag, which is impossible without the biodiversity (Mavrodiev et al. 2015b). In this con- general taxonomic outlook on the Louisiana text, the challenging of traditional taxonomic cir- irises; cumscriptions suspected to contain hidden taxa 2. the possible structure of the SCP biodiver- can also be an important tool for both ecologists sity, in particular the possibility of river val- and conservation biologists, especially when leys to be potential sources of cryptic linked with actual or potential biodiversity hot biodiversity; spots (e.g., Mavrodiev et al. 2012a,b, Sokoloff 3. the future of the conservation status of the et al. 2019, see also Liu et al. 2019). Phaeiris hexagona complex, as well as the rest A good example of such a connection of the genus Phaeiris. between taxonomy, ecology, and conservation issues is the genus Phaeiris (I. subsect. Hexagonae; To achieve these goals, we perform bioclimatic Appendix S1), an endemic taxon of the south- and cladistic analyses of all extant non-hybrid eastern United States with its center of diversity taxa of the genus Phaeiris, with special attention in the Coastal Plain, particularly in the Missis- on those related to P. hexagona. sippi River Delta region (e.g., Small and Alexan- At least five related taxa have been segregated der 1931, Crespo et al. 2015). Phaeiris has a high from Phaeiris hexagona (Iris hexagona) in the past potential to contain cryptic or unrecognized spe- (e.g., Small 1930a, Small and Alexander 1931, cies (e.g., Small and Alexander 1931) in need of Foster 1937), namely Phaeiris albispiritus (I. conservation attention (Small 1931) and thus albispiritus; Small 1929a), P. giganticaerulea (I. gi- may also provide insights in identifying areas of ganticaerulea; Small 1929b), P. rivularis nom. prov. endemism and environmental conditions that (I. rivularis; Small 1927), P. kimballiae nom. prov. are congruent to the actual biodiversity of the (I. kimballiae; Small 1925c), and P. savannarum (I. genus. savannarum; Small 1925b; see Table 1 and Phaeiris hexagona (Iris hexagona) (Blue Flag; Appendix S1–S3 for details and complete Small 1925a) is perhaps the best-known species names). of the genus. The major goal of this study is to Today, however, a common belief is that this evaluate critically circumscription of Phaeiris group consists of only one (e.g., Hamlin et al. hexagona in the context of the growing recogni- 2017) to three species (e.g., Meerow et al. 2011; tion that: Table 1). Here we challenge that idea using 1. the Southern Coastal Plain of North Amer- molecular sequence data in a bioclimatic context ica (SCP) is a biodiversity hot spot (Noss thus referring to the almost forgotten taxonomic et al. 2015), and assessment of Phaeiris done long ago by John K. 2. the Florida peninsula, in particular, is an Small and Edward J. Alexander (Small and area of high endemism (reviewed in James Alexander 1931), who described numerous spe- 1961 and Reece and Noss 2014). cies of Phaeiris, mostly from the Mississippi River Table 1. Summary of the taxonomic treatments of Phaeiris hexagona and non-extinct related species referred to in this study. Small and Alexander Viosca (1935); Foster (1937); Hamlin Henderson (2002); Meerow et al. (2007, (1931) et al. (2017) 2011, 2017) This study Iris giganticaerulea Iris hexagona Iris. giganticaerulea Phaeiris giganticaerulea I. hexagona I. hexagona I. hexagona P. hexagona I. kimballiae I. hexagona I. savannarum P. kimballiae I. rivularis ignored I. savannarum P. rivularis I. savannarum I. hexagona I. savannarum P. savannarum v www.esajournals.org 2 January 2021 v Volume 12(1) v Article e03331 SYNTHESIS & INTEGRATION MAVRODIEV ET AL. Delta (Small and Alexander 1931, also see Hen- and Austin et al. 1987). In this context, the high derson 1994). Perhaps because of this, the popular diversity of iridaceous plants (Small 1925a, name of the genus Phaeiris became the Louisiana c,1927,1929a,b,1930a, Small and Alexander 1931) irises (e.g., Viosca 1935, among others). would be just another case of a widespread phe- Surprisingly, the results of Small and Alexan- nomenon. der (1931) soon were criticized by the field natu- The taxonomic interpretation of the blue flags ralist and amateur iridologist Viosca (1935), of Louisiana and Florida indeed has been partly whose primary scientific interests concerned her- challenged by Randolf (1966) and especially by petology, ichthyology, and invertebrate zoology Henderson (2002), Ward (2008, 2011), and (Penn 1962, Boudreaux 1967). Viosca (1935) had Meerow et al. (2007, 2011, 2017). For example, a major influence on the taxonomy of the Louisi- the studies of Hamlin and Arnold (2014, 2015) ana irises (e.g., Anderson 1949, 1961, Riley 1938, that combined the populations of three taxa (Iris Foster 1937, also see Hamlin et al. 2017). In short, giganticaerulea, I. hexagona, and I. savannarum) Viosca argued that only three species from Iris under I. hexagona “... may be more a scenario of subsect. Hexagonae occur in southeastern Louisi- species divergence than population level adapta- ana: Iris foliosa (today conceptualized as a syn- tion” (Meerow et al. 2017:318, see also Meerow onym of I. brevicaulis; Henderson 2002), I. fulva, et al. 2011). and I. giganticaerulea (Viosca 1935), the actual In this study, we continue the molecular inves- synonym of I. hexagona (Viosca 1935; Table 1). tigation of the non-hybrid species of Phaeiris in The natural hybrids between I. fulva and I. hexag- Florida and Louisiana. We evaluate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • Americus, Georgia
    July 2004 Rev. 1 Jimmy Carter Plant Materials Center Americus , Georgia WETLAND PLANTS SELECTED for CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS and STORMWATER SYSTEMS Wetland Plants Selected for Constructed Wetlands and Stormwater Systems From the Plant Materials Specialist Notebook This publication provides specific information on wetland plants for stormwater constructed wetlands. It contains recommendations for selection of wetland vegetation for stormwater management systems. The wetland plant technology was developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service; the Jimmy Carter Plant Materials Center in Americus, Georgia. The Jimmy Carter Plant Materials Center located in Americus, Georgia, has released `Restorer´ giant bulrush, Scirpus californicus and `Wetlander´ giant cutgrass, Zizaneopsis miliacea as new proven wetland native plant materials for constructed wetlands, and both are available from commercial nurseries. Stormwater wetlands perform by temporarily storing stormwater runoff in shallow pools that create favorable growing conditions for emergent and riparian wetland plants. The stormwater storage, contact area, microtopography, and the emergent plants together form an ideal matrix for the removal of pollutants normally associated with urban development. Emergent wetland vegetation such as, `Restorer´ giant bulrush, Scirpus californicus, Maidencane, Panicum hemitomon and blue flag iris, Iris versicolor, canna lily, canna spp, are quite attractive and provide adequate removal of contaminants. The use of constructed wetlands for stormwater quality control has attracted a great deal of attention. The 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act focused attention on urban runoff. Stormwater (runoff) is the surface and ground water that results from precipitation. In developed areas, urban stormwater is the major component of sewer and stream flows. Stormwater runoff from parking lots, roofs, contains fertilizer, pesticides, animal waste, oil, grease, heavy metals, and other potential pollutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Iris for the Home Gardener a Rainbow of Colors in Many Shapes and Sizes Bob Lyons
    Iris for the Home Gardener A Rainbow of Colors in Many Shapes and Sizes Bob Lyons FEW PLANTS HAVE AS MUCH HISTORY and affection among gardeners than iris. In Greek mythology, Iris is the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the Gods, and indeed, Iris appear in many magical colors—a large and diverse genus. Some have large showy flowers, others more I. ‘Black Gamecock’ understated; some grow in clumps, others spread; some prefer I. ensata ‘Angelic Choir’ it dry, others are more partial to moist, even wet conditions; and some grow from bulbs, while others return each year from rhizomes just beneath the soil surface. How does one tell them apart and make the right choice for a home garden? Fortunately, horticulturists and iris enthusiasts have developed a system of organization to make sense out of the vast world of irises. Three groups that account for more than 75% of the commercial iris market today are the Bearded Iris, Siberian Iris, and Japanese Iris. Each group recognizes the best of the best with prestigious national awards, noted in the descriptions that follow. The Dykes Medal is awarded to the finest iris of any class. More iris plants are described in the “Plant Descriptions: I. ×pseudata ‘Aichi no Kagayaki’ I. ensata ‘Cascade Crest’ Perennial” section. Latin Name Common Name Mature Size Light Soil Pot Size Price Iris ‘Black Gamecock’ Louisiana Iris 2–3 .8 d 1 g $14 Late; stunning blue black, velvet-colored flowers; hummingbird haven; can grow in 4 inches of standing water; DeBaillon Medal. Iris ×pseudata ‘Aichi no Kagayaki’ Iris Hybrid 2 .
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Document
    ~ l ....... , .,. ... , •• 1 • • .. ,~ . · · . , ' .~ . .. , ...,.,, . ' . __.... ~ •"' --,~ ·- ., ......... J"'· ·····.-, ... .,,,.."" ............ ,... ....... .... ... ,,··~·· ....... v • ..., . .......... ,.. •• • ..... .. .. ... -· . ..... ..... ..... ·- ·- .......... .....JkJ(o..... .. I I ..... D · . ··.·: \I••• . r .• ! .. THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP OF THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY \' -... -S:IGNA SPECIES IRIS GROUP OF NORTH AMERICA APRIL , 1986 NO. 36 OFFICERS CHAIRMAN: Elaine Hulbert Route 3, Box 57 Floyd VA 24091 VICE--CHAI.RMAN: Lee Welsr, 7979 W. D Ave. ~<alamazoo MI 4900/i SECRETARY: Florence Stout 150 N. Main St. Lombard, IL 6014~ TREASURER: Gene Opton 12 Stratford Rd. Berkelew CA 9470~ SEED EXCHANGE: Merry&· Dave Haveman PO Box 2054 Burling~rne CA 94011 -RO:E,IN DIRECTOR: Dot HuJsak 3227 So. Fulton Ave. Tulsc1, OK 74135 SLIDE DIRECTO~: Colin Rigby 2087 Curtis Dr . Penngrove CA 9495~ PUBLICATIONS SALES: Alan McMu~tr1e 22 Calderon Crescent Willowdale, Ontario, Canada M2R 2E5 SIGNA EDITOR : .Joan Cooper 212 W. Count~ Rd. C Roseville MN 55113 SIGNA PUBLISl-!ER:. Bruce Richardson 7 249 Twenty Road, RR 2 Hannon, Ontario, Canada L0R !Pe CONTENTS--APRIL, 1986--NO. 36 CHAIRMAN'S MESSAGE Elaine HL\l ber t 1261 PUBLICATI~NS AVAILABLE Al an McMwn tr ie 12c)1 SEED EXCHANGE REPORT David & Merry Haveman 1262 HONORARY LIFE MEMBERSHIPS El a ine? HLtlbert 1263 INDEX REPORTS Eric Tankesley-Clarke !263 SPECIES REGISTRATIONS--1985 Jean Witt 124-4' - SLIDE COLLECTION REPORT Col in Rigby 1264 TREASURER'S REPORT Gene (>pton 1264, NOMINATING COMMITTEE REPORT Sharon McAllister 1295 IRIS SOURCES UPDATE Alan McMurtrie 1266 QUESTIONS PLEASE '-Toan Cooper 1266 NEW TAXA OF l,P,IS L . FROM CHINA Zhao Yu·-· tang 1.26? ERRATA & ADDENDA ,Jim Rhodes 1269 IRIS BRAI\ICHil\iG IN TWO MOl~E SPECIES Jean Witt 1270 TRIS SPECIES FOR SHALLOW WATER Eberhard Schuster 1271 JAPANESE WILD IRISES Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybrid Fitness, Adaptation and Evolutionary Diversification: Lessons
    Heredity (2012) 108, 159–166 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/12 www.nature.com/hdy REVIEW Hybrid fitness, adaptation and evolutionary diversification: lessons learned from Louisiana Irises ML Arnold, ES Ballerini and AN Brothers Estimates of hybrid fitness have been used as either a platform for testing the potential role of natural hybridization in the evolution of species and species complexes or, alternatively, as a rationale for dismissing hybridization events as being of any evolutionary significance. From the time of Darwin’s publication of The Origin, through the neo-Darwinian synthesis, to the present day, the observation of variability in hybrid fitness has remained a challenge for some models of speciation. Yet, Darwin and others have reported the elevated fitness of hybrid genotypes under certain environmental conditions. In modern scientific terminology, this observation reflects the fact that hybrid genotypes can demonstrate genotypeÂenvironment interactions. In the current review, we illustrate the development of one plant species complex, namely the Louisiana Irises, into a ‘model system’ for investigating hybrid fitness and the role of genetic exchange in adaptive evolution and diversification. In particular, we will argue that a multitude of approaches, involving both experimental and natural environments, and incorporating both manipulative analyses and surveys of natural populations, are necessary to adequately test for the evolutionary significance of introgressive hybridization. An appreciation of the variability of hybrid fitness leads to the conclusion that certain genetic signatures reflect adaptive evolution. Furthermore, tests of the frequency of allopatric versus sympatric/parapatric divergence (that is, divergence with ongoing gene flow) support hybrid genotypes as a mechanism of evolutionary diversification in numerous species complexes.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL REPORT PSRA Vegetation Monitoring 2005-2006 PC P502173
    Rare Plants and Their Locations at Picayune Strand Restoration Area: Task 4a FINAL REPORT PSRA Vegetation Monitoring 2005-2006 PC P502173 Steven W. Woodmansee and Michael J. Barry [email protected] December 20, 2006 Submitted by The Institute for Regional Conservation 22601 S.W. 152 Avenue, Miami, Florida 33170 George D. Gann, Executive Director Submitted to Mike Duever, Ph.D. Senior Environmental Scientist South Florida Water Management District Fort Myers Service Center 2301 McGregor Blvd. Fort Myers, Florida 33901 Table of Contents Introduction 03 Methods 03 Results and Discussion 05 Acknowledgements 38 Citations 39 Tables: Table 1: Rare plants recorded in the vicinity of the Vegetation Monitoring Transects 05 Table 2: The Vascular Plants of Picayune Strand State Forest 24 Figures: Figure 1: Picayune Strand Restoration Area 04 Figure 2: PSRA Rare Plants: Florida Panther NWR East 13 Figure 3: PSRA Rare Plants: Florida Panther NWR West 14 Figure 4: PSRA Rare Plants: PSSF Northeast 15 Figure 5: PSRA Rare Plants: PSSF Northwest 16 Figure 6: PSRA Rare Plants: FSPSP West 17 Figure 7: PSRA Rare Plants: PSSF Southeast 18 Figure 8: PSRA Rare Plants: PSSF Southwest 19 Figure 9: PSRA Rare Plants: FSPSP East 20 Figure 10: PSRA Rare Plants: TTINWR 21 Cover Photo: Bulbous adder’s tongue (Ophioglossum crotalophoroides), a species newly recorded for Collier County, and ranked as Critically Imperiled in South Florida by The Institute for Regional Conservation taken by the primary author. 2 Introduction The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) plans on restoring the hydrology at Picayune Strand Restoration Area (PSRA) see Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Lntrogression and Its Consequences in Plants Loren H
    Botany Publication and Papers Botany 1993 lntrogression and Its Consequences in Plants Loren H. Rieseberg Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Jonathan F. Wendel Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/bot_pubs Part of the Botany Commons, Evolution Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Rieseberg, Loren H. and Wendel, Jonathan F., "lntrogression and Its Consequences in Plants" (1993). Botany Publication and Papers. 8. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/bot_pubs/8 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Botany at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botany Publication and Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. lntrogression and Its Consequences in Plants Abstract The or le of introgression in plant evolution has been the subject of considerable discussion since the publication of Anderson's influential monograph, Introgressive Hybridization (Anderson, 1949). Anderson promoted the view, since widely held by botanists, that interspecific transfer of genes is a potent evolutionary force. He suggested that "the raw material for evolution brought about by introgression must greatly exceed the new genes produced directly by mutation" ( 1949, p. 102) and reasoned, as have many subsequent authors, that the resulting increases in genetic diversity and number of genetic combinations promote the development or acquisition of novel adaptations (Anderson, 1949, 1953; Stebbins, 1959; Rattenbury, 1962; Lewontin and Birch, 1966; Raven, 1976; Grant, 1981 ). In contrast to this "adaptationist" perspective, others have accorded little ve olutionary significance to introgression, suggesting instead that it should be considered a primarily local phenomenon with only transient effects, a kind of"evolutionary noise" (Barber and Jackson, 1957; Randolph et al., 1967; Wagner, 1969, 1970; Hardin, 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Determining Population Structure and Hybridization for Two Iris Species Jennafer A
    Determining population structure and hybridization for two iris species Jennafer A. P. Hamlin & Michael L. Arnold Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green St., Davison Life Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia Keywords Abstract Genotyping-by-sequencing, introgression, population genetics, southeastern US, species Identifying processes that promote or limit gene flow can help define the eco- tree. logical and evolutionary history of a species. Furthermore, defining those fac- tors that make up “species boundaries” can provide a definition of the Correspondence independent evolutionary trajectories of related taxa. For many species, the his- Jennafer A. P. Hamlin, Department of toric processes that account for their distribution of genetic variation remain Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East unresolved. In this study, we examine the geographic distribution of genetic Green St. Davison Life Sciences Building, diversity for two species of Louisiana Irises, Iris brevicaulis and Iris fulva. Specif- Athens, GA. Tel: 706 410 7529; Fax: 706 542 3910; ically, we asked how populations are structured and if population structure E-mail: [email protected] coincides with potential barriers to gene flow. We also asked whether there is evidence of hybridization between these two species outside Louisiana hybrid Funding Information zones. We used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach and sampled a large Funds from the American Iris Society number of single nucleotide polymorphisms across these species’ genomes. Two supported the collections and genotyping for different population assignment methods were used to resolve population struc- this project. JAPH and the research reported ture in I. brevicaulis; however, there was considerably less population structure in this publication were supported by the National Institute of General Medical in I.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Document
    l J II iI I I 1: t; ,1!. ;1 I '/ , 1 l·l ·1 I :: 11 j; !, :. ,, · j I ' .. I: ,, Ii I 11 11 I! I ..I • I Ii THE SP EC I ES IRIS STU DY GROUP 11 1: OF THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY · !: j ! - =-=-================================================~~===- ===~ THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP OF THE AH~RICAN IRIS SOC I ETY October, 1968 - No . 2 . OFFICERS OF THE SOCIEI'Y CHAIR.NAN: B. LeRoy Davidson 911 We stern Ave . #200 , Seattle Washington 98104 Phone: (206) SH6 - 2156 SECRET kRY ~ Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe 588 East End Ave . 9 Pittsburg , TRE.hSURER I llinois 15221 Phone : (412) 242- 9673 LI BhRIJi.N: Thomas J . Buckley 6 JJO s . D81Ilen Ave. Chicago, Illino is 60636 SEED EXCHANGE DI RECTOR: Mrs. Ruth Hardy 296 Hunsaker Lane , Eugene, Oregon 97Irn2 EDITOR: Bruce Richar dson 492 Twenty Rd. E., R.R. 2 , Hannon, Onta rio, Canada Phone : (416) 679- 4636 O O O O O O O O • 0 o o O O O O O O O 0 CONT.i.:..NTS Page # -JI The Spuria Species IRIS BRlil'JDZh E SPURIA NEWSL ETTER1 1,pr il 1968 27 The Landscaping Value of Iris Bill Gunther 28 The Spuria Spceies IRIS MONNIERI SPURIJ. Ni:.WSLEI'TER J anuary , 1968 JO The Spuria Species IRIS NONN IERI Dr . Lee Lenz Jl Species No tes Lois Hale 32 J. Message to all I risarieins ~:verywhere Roy Davidson 33 Another Se eel Season Roy DE:vic• son 31.J. Our V2 n i shing 1..me rican Species Roy Davidson 36 Questions Please Roy Davidson 37 Catalog of Species Sources 39 From the Birdhouse 40 IRIS TIGRIDII~ 42 British Iris Society Speci e s Group Report on the Evansia Section 43 Membership List 47 Editoral Comments Bruce Richardson 50 0 o O O o O O O o O O o O O • 0 0 0 • 0 ~dited and printed by Br u ce Richardson.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Flora of the Red Hills Forever Wild Tract, Monroe County, Alabama
    The Vascular Flora of the Red Hills Forever Wild Tract, Monroe County, Alabama T. Wayne Barger1* and Brian D. Holt1 1Alabama State Lands Division, Natural Heritage Section, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL 36130 *Correspondence: wayne [email protected] Abstract provides public lands for recreational use along with con- servation of vital habitat. Since its inception, the Forever The Red Hills Forever Wild Tract (RHFWT) is a 1785 ha Wild Program, managed by the Alabama Department of property that was acquired in two purchases by the State of Conservation and Natural Resources (AL-DCNR), has pur- Alabama Forever Wild Program in February and Septem- chased approximately 97 500 ha (241 000 acres) of land for ber 2010. The RHFWT is characterized by undulating general recreation, nature preserves, additions to wildlife terrain with steep slopes, loblolly pine plantations, and management areas and state parks. For each Forever Wild mixed hardwood floodplain forests. The property lies tract purchased, a management plan providing guidelines 125 km southwest of Montgomery, AL and is managed by and recommendations for the tract must be in place within the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural a year of acquisition. The 1785 ha (4412 acre) Red Hills Resources with an emphasis on recreational use and habi- Forever Wild Tract (RHFWT) was acquired in two sepa- tat management. An intensive floristic study of this area rate purchases in February and September 2010, in part was conducted from January 2011 through June 2015. A to provide protected habitat for the federally listed Red total of 533 taxa (527 species) from 323 genera and 120 Hills Salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton).
    [Show full text]
  • Louisiana Iris Is the Name Used Worldwide for a Unique Group of Louisiana Native Iris Species And, in Particular, Their Hybrids
    Louisiana Iris Louisiana iris is the name used worldwide for a unique group of Louisiana native iris species and, in particular, their hybrids. The plants’ extraordinary beauty and reliability in the garden have made them increasingly popular, but they still deserve more recognition and use here in their home state. 1 Introduction Although a number of iris species are native to Louisiana, only five species are known as “The Louisianans.” They are Iris brevicaulis, Iris fulva, Iris giganticaerulea, Iris hexagona and Iris nelsonii. Iris brevicaulis and I. fulva are native to the Mississippi valley from Louisiana to Ohio, and I. giganticaerulea and I. hexagona are found along the Gulf Coast from Mississippi to Texas. Only in South Louisiana, however, do all five species occur together. You typically see them growing in damp or wet areas at the edge of swamps, in boggy areas or in roadside ditches. These five species are closely related and will interbreed with each other, but with no other species. The crossing, or interbreeding, of these species has resulted in the hybrid Louisiana iris cultivars we grow today. Their large, attractive flowers cover a wide range of colors, including many shades of blue, purple, red, yellow, pink, gold, brown, lavender, burgundy and white. Cultivars with bicolor flowers, bright yellow signal markings or ruffled petals add to their beauty. Culture situations generally do not go as dormant as those in drier conditions, and more of the foliage stays green Louisiana irises can be grown successfully through the summer. throughout Louisiana and in much of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter 2021 April
    NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS N e w s Native Plant Society of Texas, North Central Chapter P Newsletter Vol 33, Number 4 S April 2021 O ncc npsot newsletter logo newsletter ncc npsot © 2018 Troy & Martha Mullens & Martha © 2018 Troy Purple Coneflower — Echinacea sp. T April Program by April 2021 Program David Hopman Creating Beautiful Low Maintenance Polycultures of Native Plants in North Texas: Principles and Examples Bio Page 16 Virtual Meeting Chapter of the Year (2016/17) Chapter Newsletter of the Year (2019/20) Visit us at ncnpsot.org & Native Polyculture at Hopman residence 4-1-2018 www.txnativeplants.org Index Chapter Leaders President's Corner by Gordon Scruggs ..................... p. 3ff President — Gordon Scruggs Pollinator Pathway by Avon Burton .......................... p. 7 [email protected] Flower of the Month, Carolina Phlox Past President — Karen Harden by Josephine Keeney ........................................ p. 8f Activities & Volunteering for April 2021 Vice President & Programs — by Martha Mullens ....................................... p. 10f Morgan Chivers Everything you need to know about Wildflowers Recording Secretary — Debbie Stilson by Martha Mullens ....................................... p. 11 Treasurer — Position open Answer to last month’s puzzle and a new puzzle ...... p. 12 Hospitality Chair — Corinna Benson, April Calendar” Page by Troy Mullens ..................... p. 13 Traci Middleton Two Uncommon Native Flowers of the Prairie Membership Chair — Beth Barber by Martha Mullens .......................................... p. 14f April Program, Speaker Bio ........................................ p. 16f Events Chair — Position open Membership Report by Beth Barber .......................... p. 18 NICE! Coordinator — Avon Burton Hospitality by Corinna Benson .................................. p. 18 Plant Sales Coordinators - Gordon Scruggs March Meeting Minutes by Debbie Stilson ............... p. 19 & Sandy Fountain & Josephine Keeney Parting Shots, News & Views by the Editors ..........
    [Show full text]